By all means, please either help fix spelling, grammar and organization problems or contact the author about them. Thank you.
By all means, please contribute to the language's culture and/or history.
Progress 96% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Name: Umbrean
Type: Fusional Alignment: Tripartite Head Direction: Final Number of genders: 4 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
|
Setting
Umbrean is spoken in The Union of Confederated Umbrean Republican States, aka UCURS or Umbrean Confederacy, but is one of the major languages on Oyabizna. It is set in a steampunk fantasy world.
General Information
Umbrean is a verb based language, i.e. there are no adjectives and almost all other words are derived from their closest related verb, though some are stand alone nouns (but they are rare). The sentence structure of Umbrean is SOV, it is an agglutinating and isolating language in which both shift depending on what category of things one deals with, but it is consistent in that Category.
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Nouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Word order
Umbrean is a SOV language
Subject Postpositional Direct Object Supine Verb
Phonology
Single Letters
Umbrean alphabets sounds like this.
Romanized Alphabet
ABČÇDEFGǦHIJKLMNŊÑOPRSŠŞTUVYZŽÜËÖ abčçdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsšştuvyzžüëö
Consonants
Alphabet Diagraphs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiode. | Dental | Alveol. | Postalve. | Retrofl. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn. | Epiglot. | Glottal | ||||||||||||||
Plosives | pj (pj) p (p) p: (pp) |
bl (bl) bl: (bbl) b (b) |
tl (tl) |
dl (dl) dl: (ddl) d (d) d: (dd) dj (dj) |
k (k) k: (kk) kj (kj) kl (kl) kl: (kkl) |
gj (gj) g (g) g: (gg) |
|||||||||||||||||||
Affricates | t͡s (ts) t͡sj (tsj) |
d͡z (dz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fricatives | f (f) f: (ff) fj (fj) fj: (ffj) |
v (v) v: (vv) vj (vj) vl (vl) vl: (vvl) |
s (s) s: (ss) sj (sj) sj: (ssj) sl (sl) sl: (ssl) |
z (z) z: (zz) zj (zl) zj: (zzl) |
ʃ (sh) ʃ: (shh) ʃj (shj) |
ʒ (zh) ʒ: (zhh) ʒl (zhl) ʒj (zhj) |
ç (sh) ç: (shh) çl (shl) çj (shj) |
x (ch) x: (chh) xl (chl) xl: (chhl) xj (chj) |
h (h) | ||||||||||||||||
Lateral Fric. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nasals | m (m) m: (mm) | n (n) n: (nn) nl (nl) nl: (nnl) |
ɲ (ñ) ɲ: (ññ) | ŋ (kn) ŋ (knn) ŋl (knl) ŋj (knj) ŋj: (knnj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Trills | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flaps / taps | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Glides | Approxim. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral Appr. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Co-art. approx. |
Alphabet Diatrics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiode. | Dental | Alveol. | Postalve. | Retrofl. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn. | Epiglot. | Glottal | ||||||||||||||
Plosives | pj (pj) p (p) p: (pp) |
bl (bl) bl: (bbl) b (b) |
tl (tl) |
dl (dl) dl: (ddl) d (d) d: (dd) dj (dj) |
k (k) k: (kk) kj (kj) kl (kl) kl: (kkl) |
gj (gj) g (g) g: (gg) |
|||||||||||||||||||
Affricates | t͡s (Ş) t͡sj (Şj) |
d͡z (dz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fricatives | f (f) f: (ff) fj (fj) fj: (ffj) |
v (v) v: (vv) vj (vj) vl (vl) vl: (vvl) |
s (s) s: (ss) sj (sj) sj: (ssj) sl (sl) sl: (ssl) |
z (z) z: (zz) zj (zl) zj: (zzl) |
ʃ (Š) ʃ: (ŠŠ) ʃj (Šj) |
ʒ (Ž) ʒ: (ŽŽ) ʒl (Žl) ʒj (Žj) |
ç (Š) ç: (ŠŠ) çl (Šl) çj (Šj) |
x (Ğ) x: (ĞĞ) xl (Ğl) xl: (ĞĞl) xj (Ğj) |
h (h) | ||||||||||||||||
Lateral Fric. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nasals | m (m) m: (mm) | n (n) n: (nn) nl (nl) nl: (nnl) |
ɲ (ñ) ɲ: (ññ) | ŋ (ŋ) ŋ (ŋŋ) ŋl (ŋl) ŋj (ŋj) ŋj: (ŋŋj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Trills | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flaps / taps | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Glides | Approxim. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral Appr. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Co-art. approx. |
Vowels
Pronunciation of Umbrean Alphabet
Front | Near front | Central | Near back | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i (i) | y (y) | ɨ (i) | ʉ (u) | u (ü) | |||
Near-close | e (e) | |||||||
Close-mid | ɛ (ë) | ɵ (ö) | o (o) | |||||
Mid | ||||||||
Open-mid | ɛ (ë) | œ (ö) | o (ɔ) | |||||
Near-open | ||||||||
Open | a (a) | ɑ (a) | ɒ(a) |
Length: The length of a vowel is shown by the amount, two identical vowels next to each other indicate a long vowel unless colliding with diphthongs in which it takes presidence over the length
Diphthongs
Phonotactics
Possible syllables, note that the consonants in front of the vowel and behind it, are independent.
Syllable Structure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
General | ||||
C | C | V | C | C |
Possible | ||||
Initial | Vowel | Final | ||
Consonant | Vowel | Consonant | ||
Nasal | Unvoiced Affricative |
Vowel | Nasal | Nasal |
Nasal | Fricative | Vowel | Affricative | Nasal |
Nasal | Nasal | Vowel | Plosive | Fricative |
Nasal | Plosive | Vowel | Plosive | Plosive |
Affricative | Nasal | Vowel | Fricative | Fricative |
Voiced Plosive |
Nasal | Vowel | Fricative | Nasal |
Plosive | Fricative | Vowel | ||
Plosive | Plosive | Vowel | ||
Fricative | Fricative | Vowel | ||
Fricative | Plosive | Vowel |
Stress
Stress is regular and follows this rule
Ultima - unless the word ends with a vowel in which case it is penult.
Basic Grammar
Verbs
Notice, tables here and on Contionary may differ and in such an event go by those on Contionary and please copy them over here as they are more frequently updated to changes than these are, spellings of words are the same.
Verbal structure, bold isn't always present:
Verb-Tempus-Person
Voices
Voices are modified through cases
Name | Position | Usage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Agent | Patient | Postposition | ||
Active | Ergative | Accusative | Dative | Standard |
Anti-Passive | Intransitive | - | - | Focus on the Agent |
Passive | - | Intransitive | - | Focus on Patient |
Applicative Voice | - | - | Ergative + Postposition root | Focus on postposition |
Middle Voice | Reflexive |
|
Transitivity
A verbs transitivity can be altered through suffixes prior to the tempus' suffix
Verb Agreement
Magical
Magical (-av) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Voice | |||||||||||
Agent | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | -ivvas | -indzüş | -avliş | -müvves | -monnaş | -omaiş | -safiş | -esnat | -şaiş | |
Retrospective | -efjoss | -idzësit | -ësjit | -müvët | -monnëz | -omësji | -saviiş | -işneziş | -şediş | ||
Pausative | -evžëës | -indössiş | -aššuş | -movžit | -montës | -omašöş | -savëšiş | -işnšëiş | -şafšëiş | ||
Inceptive | -ifjǧyt | -andyǧs | -avyism | -müvmiş | -monmiş | -omyşm | -şavmë | -işnmy | -tasyme | ||
Continuative | -ivoşŋ | -inşnos | -avŋit | -müvŋiş | -monŋi | -omavŋ | -şavŋit | -isnoss | -şaŋif | ||
Terminative | -ivdjaş | -idjas | -azdjas | -müvdjiş | -momdois | -omaaş | -şazdjat | -insadit | -tavviit | ||
Genericative | -ivevşi | -inzuvs | -avevi | -myviss | -monëvi | -omave | -şavët | -isnevi | -şaviş | ||
Negative | Perfective | -iviiş | -inöitt | -avöitt | -müvös | -monëş | -ömvëş | -šavëss | -aşmës | -şivës | |
Retrospective | -ivdjiş | -inëşm | -avzjiş | -müvëş |
-monëdz |
-ömavëss | -šavözj | -adzëzzj | -şivëzz | ||
Pausative | -ivëšši | -inëëšis | -avëëşm | -müvvžyş | -monööş | -omafšëi | -šavëššy | -aşmëss | -şivöšee | ||
Inceptive | -ivëǧis | -inyǧys | -fyǧiss | -mügviş | -mongit | -omygvit | -aşmyymiş | -aşmöǧmiş | -ivvymisš | ||
Continuative | -ivöŋiiş | -inŋoş | -avöŋŋiş | -müvŋiş | -monŋoş | -ömaǧoz | -šavöŋŋiz | -amöŋiz | -şivgiş | ||
Terminative | -ivattiid | -iñödiid | -avödiidz | -müvbii | -mondii | -ömaždii | -šavödlaz | -aşmödiz | -idzvödiiz | ||
Genericative | -ivëvvid | -innëvid | -avëvid | -müvviş | -monëëş | -ömvëvid | -savviss | -admëfis | -şiëviş | ||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | -ivla | -indzü | -av | -müvva | -monn | -omav | -şavl | -işnna | -şaf | |
Retrospective | -efjës | -indzës | -ësj | -müvët | -monnëz | -omaësj | -savëz | -işnësj | -şaëd | ||
Pausative | -evžë | -indösšë | -afšë | -movvž | -monšë | -omašë | -savëš | -işnšë | -şafšë | ||
Inceptive | -ivlyǧ | -andyǧ | -avyǧm | -müvvym | -monym | -omym | -şavvym | -işnymm | -tasym | ||
Continuative | -ivoŋ | -inşno | -avŋo | -müüvoŋ | -monoŋ | -omavoŋ | -şavvoŋ | -isnoŋ | -şaoŋ | ||
Terminative | -ivldja | -indja | -avdja | -müvadj | -mondjo | -omadja | -şavdja | -isnadj | -tavja | ||
Genericative | -ivleef | -inzuef | -avef | -myvvef | -monev | -omave | -şavlë | -isnef | -şavvë | ||
Negative | Perfective | -ivaö | -innö | -avö | -müvö | -monö | -ömav | -šavvö | -aşmö | -şivö | |
Retrospective | -iivëdj | -innës | -avësj | -müvëë | -monëzj | -ömavës | -šavvösj | -adzësj | -şivëz | ||
Pausative | -ivöš | -inöš | -avëš | -müvvöšy | -moonöš | -omafšë | -šavëš | -aşmösse | -şivöšš | ||
Inceptive | -ivëǧm | -inyyǧ | -affyǧm | -müvögv | -monyg | -omygv | -aşmyym | -aşmöǧm | -şivvym | ||
Continuative | -ivöŋo | -inŋo | -avööŋo | -müvöŋo | -monöŋo | -ömaǧŋo | -šavöŋŋ | -aşmmöŋ | -şivög | ||
Terminative | -ivattja | -iñödja | -avödja | -müvbja | -mondja | -ömaždja | -šavödla | -aşmödj | -idzvödja | ||
Genericative | -ivëf | -innëv | -avëf | -müvëv | -monë | -ömavef | -saavëf | -aşmëf | -şiivëf | ||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | -ivjaöd | -andüüdl | -avjüdl | -müüdl | -omdla | -omadl | -şabüd | -işmü | -dzaš | |
Retrospective | -efjödl | -inzöd | -ösjüdl | -müvütü |
-mënöt |
-omaësjüdl | -saazüg | -işnësjüdl | -şaëdüdl | ||
Pausative | -evžës | -inöšöüd | -afšööt | -movžüdl | -monšöt | -omažödl | -savëdl | -işnšödl | -şafšëdl | ||
Inceptive | -ivlygü | -andgaüdl | -afǧmüt | -müvüd | -monnüd | -immüdl | -şavmütl | -işymm | -tassmüz | ||
Continuative | -ivoŋüt | -inşnüüdl | -avoünd | -müüvoŋg | -moŋŋüd | -omavoŋk | -tavoŋüd | -issoŋüdl | -şooŋüdl | ||
Terminative | -ivdjaüd | -indjaüdl | -avdaadl | -müvvdjüü | -mondjood | -omadl | -şavdad | -isnadedl | -ttavadl | ||
Genericative | -ivlüüd | -inzifüdl | -avvidl | -myvvët | -monevüdl | -omög | -dzavlöd | -innevüdl | -şavvös | ||
Negative | Perfective | -ivaadl | -inödl | -avöüdl | -müvvüd | -münnüd | -ömavvüd | -šavööd | -aşmüdd | -ssivüdd | |
Retrospective | -iivdjüdl | -innëdž | -avzzüdl | -müvëdl | -monzüdj | -ömvëzü | -šavzjüd | -adzëzjüd | -şivzü | ||
Pausative | -ivžüdl | -inöžüdl | -avëžüdl | -müvvžydl | -monšüdl | -omfšëd | -šavžüd | -aşmözëdl | -şivöžžüd | ||
Inceptive | -ifǧmüdl | -inyygdl | -aǧmüdl | -müvgvüdl | -mongüdl | -omgvüdl | -aşmmüü | -aşmmüd | -şymüd | ||
Continuative | -ivöŋodl | -inŋüd | -avöödzŋ | -müvŋödl | -monŋüdl | -öŋǧüdl | -šavŋüdl | -aşmŋüdl | -şivöd | ||
Terminative | -ifttjadl | -iñgaüdl | -avdjüdl | -müvbjad | -mondjad | -ömaždjaü | -šavdaüd | -aşnöüdl | -izvödaüdl | ||
Genericative | -ivëdv | -innüd | -avüdl | -müvvüdl | -monëdl | -ömvevüdl | -saavbüd | -aşnëdv | -şiivvüdl | ||
Patient | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | -epja | -imža | -pa | -mëpja | -miza | -mba | -isëpj | -ismza | -ispa | |
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Passive Voice | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -paivvas | -paindzüş | -paavliş | -pamüvves | -pamonnaş | -paomaiş | -pasafiş | -paesnat | -paşaiş | |
*Retrospective | -paefjoss | -paidzësit | -paësjit | -pamüvët | -pamonnëz | -paomësji | -pasaviiş | -paişneziş | -paşediş | ||
*Pausative | -paevžëës | -paindössiş | -paaššuş | -pamovžit | -pamontës | -paomašöş | -pasavëšiş | -paişnšëiş | -paşafšëiş | ||
*Inceptive | -paifjǧyt | -paandyǧs | -paavyism | -pamüvmiş | -pamonmiş | -paomyşm | -paşavmë | -paişnmy | -patasyme | ||
*Continuative | -paivoşŋ | -painşnos | -paavŋit | -pamüvŋiş | -pamonŋi | -paomavŋ | -paşavŋit | -paisnoss | -paşaŋif | ||
*Terminative | -paivdjaş | -paidjas | -paazdjas | -pamüvdjiş | -pamomdois | -paomaaş | -paşazdjat | -painsadit | -patavviit | ||
*Genericative | -paivevşi | -painzuvs | -paavevi | -pamyviss | -pamonëvi | -paomave | -paşavët | -paisnevi | -paşaviş | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -paiviiş | -painöitt | -paavöitt | -pamüvös | -pamonëş | -paömvëş | -pašavëss | -paaşmës | -paşivës | |
*Retrospective | -paivdjiş | -painëşm | -paavzjiş | -pamüvëş |
-monëdz |
-paömavëss | -pašavözj | -paadzëzzj | -paşivëzz | ||
*Pausative | -paivëšši | -painëëšis | -paavëëşm | -pamüvvžyş | -pamonööş | -paomafšëi | -pašavëššy | -paaşmëss | -paşivöšee | ||
*Inceptive | -paivëǧis | -painyǧys | -pafyǧiss | -pamügviş | -pamongit | -paomygvit | -paaşmyymiş | -paaşmöǧmiş | -paivvymisš | ||
*Continuative | -paivöŋiiş | -painŋoş | -paavöŋŋiş | -pamüvŋiş | -pamonŋoş | -paömaǧoz | -pašavöŋŋiz | -paamöŋiz | -paşivgiş | ||
*Terminative | -paivattiid | -paiñödiid | -paavödiidz | -pamüvbii | -pamondii | -paömaždii | -pašavödlaz | -paaşmödiz | -paidzvödiiz | ||
*Genericative | -paivëvvid | -painnëvid | -paavëvid | -pamüvviş | -pamonëëş | -paömvëvid | -pasavviss | -paadmëfis | -paşiëviş | ||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -paivla | -paindzü | -paav | -pamüvva | -pamonn | -paomav | -paşavl | -paişnna | -paşaf | |
*Retrospective | -paefjës | -paindzës | -paësj | -pamüvët | -pamonnëz | -paomaësj | -pasavëz | -paişnësj | -paşaëd | ||
*Pausative | -paevžë | -paindösšë | -paafšë | -pamovvž | -pamonšë | -paomašë | -pasavëš | -paişnšë | -paşafšë | ||
*Inceptive | -paivlyǧ | -paandyǧ | -paavyǧm | -pamüvvym | -pamonym | -paomym | -paşavvym | -paişnymm | -patasym | ||
*Continuative | -paivoŋ | -painşno | -paavŋo | -pamüüvoŋ | -pamonoŋ | -paomavoŋ | -paşavvoŋ | -paisnoŋ | -paşaoŋ | ||
*Terminative | -paivldja | -paindja | -paavdja | -pamüvadj | -pamondjo | -paomadja | -paşavdja | -paisnadj | -patavja | ||
*Genericative | -paivleef | -painzuef | -paavef | -pamyvvef | -pamonev | -paomave | -paşavlë | -paisnef | -paşavvë | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -paivaö | -painnö | -paavö | -pamüvö | -pamonö | -paömav | -pašavvö | -paaşmö | -paşivö | |
*Retrospective | -paiivëdj | -painnës | -paavësj | -pamüvëë | -pamonëzj | -paömavës | -pašavvösj | -paadzësj | -paşivëz | ||
*Pausative | -paivöš | -painöš | -paavëš | -pamüvvöšy | -pamoonöš | -paomafšë | -pašavëš | -paaşmösse | -paşivöšš | ||
*Inceptive | -paivëǧm | -painyyǧ | -paaffyǧm | -pamüvögv | -pamonyg | -paomygv | -paaşmyym | -paaşmöǧm | -paşivvym | ||
*Continuative | -paivöŋo | -painŋo | -paavööŋo | -pamüvöŋo | -pamonöŋo | -paömaǧŋo | -pašavöŋŋ | -paaşmmöŋ | -paşivög | ||
*Terminative | -paivattja | -paiñödja | -paavödja | -pamüvbja | -pamondja | -paömaždja | -pašavödla | -paaşmödj | -paidzvödja | ||
*Genericative | -paivëf | -painnëv | -paavëf | -pamüvëv | -pamonë | -paömavef | -pasaavëf | -paaşmëf | -paşiivëf | ||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -paivjaöd | -paandüüdl | -paavjüdl | -pamüüdl | -paomdla | -paomadl | -paşabüd | -paişmü | -padzaš | |
*Retrospective | -paefjödl | -painzöd | -paösjüdl | -pamüvütü |
-mënöt |
-paomaësjüdl | -pasaazüg | -paişnësjüdl | -paşaëdüdl | ||
*Pausative | -paevžës | -painöšöüd | -paafšööt | -pamovžüdl | -pamonšöt | -paomažödl | -pasavëdl | -paişnšödl | -paşafšëdl | ||
*Inceptive | -paivlygü | -paandgaüdl | -paafǧmüt | -pamüvüd | -pamonnüd | -paimmüdl | -paşavmütl | -paişymm | -patassmüz | ||
*Continuative | -paivoŋüt | -painşnüüdl | -paavoünd | -pamüüvoŋg | -pamoŋŋüd | -paomavoŋk | -patavoŋüd | -paissoŋüdl | -paşooŋüdl | ||
*Terminative | -paivdjaüd | -paindjaüdl | -paavdaadl | -pamüvvdjüü | -pamondjood | -paomadl | -paşavdad | -paisnadedl | -pattavadl | ||
*Genericative | -paivlüüd | -painzifüdl | -paavvidl | -pamyvvët | -pamonevüdl | -paomög | -padzavlöd | -painnevüdl | -paşavvös | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -paivaadl | -painödl | -paavöüdl | -pamüvvüd | -pamünnüd | -paömavvüd | -pašavööd | -paaşmüdd | -passivüdd | |
*Retrospective | -paiivdjüdl | -painnëdž | -paavzzüdl | -pamüvëdl | -pamonzüdj | -paömvëzü | -pašavzjüd | -paadzëzjüd | -paşivzü | ||
*Pausative | -paivžüdl | -painöžüdl | -paavëžüdl | -pamüvvžydl | -pamonšüdl | -paomfšëd | -pašavžüd | -paaşmözëdl | -paşivöžžüd | ||
*Inceptive | -paifǧmüdl | -painyygdl | -paaǧmüdl | -pamüvgvüdl | -pamongüdl | -paomgvüdl | -paaşmmüü | -paaşmmüd | -paşymüd | ||
*Continuative | -paivöŋodl | -painŋüd | -paavöödzŋ | -pamüvŋödl | -pamonŋüdl | -paöŋǧüdl | -pašavŋüdl | -paaşmŋüdl | -paşivöd | ||
*Terminative | -paifttjadl | -paiñgaüdl | -paavdjüdl | -pamüvbjad | -pamondjad | -paömaždjaü | -pašavdaüd | -paaşnöüdl | -paizvödaüdl | ||
*Genericative | -paivëdv | -painnüd | -paavüdl | -pamüvvüdl | -pamonëdl | -paömvevüdl | -pasaavbüd | -paaşnëdv | -paşiivvüdl | ||
Anti-Passive Voice | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -žëivvas | -žëindzüş | -žëavliş | -žëmüvves | -žëmonnaş | -žëomaiş | -žësafiş | -žëesnat | -žëşaiş | |
*Retrospective | -žëefjoss | -žëidzësit | -žëësjit | -žëmüvët | -žëmonnëz | -žëomësji | -žësaviiş | -žëişneziş | -žëşediş | ||
*Pausative | -žëevžëës | -žëindössiş | -žëaššuş | -žëmovžit | -žëmontës | -žëomašöş | -žësavëšiş | -žëişnšëiş | -žëşafšëiş | ||
*Inceptive | -žëifjǧyt | -žëandyǧs | -žëavyism | -žëmüvmiş | -žëmonmiş | -žëomyşm | -žëşavmë | -žëişnmy | -žëtasyme | ||
*Continuative | -žëivoşŋ | -žëinşnos | -žëavŋit | -žëmüvŋiş | -žëmonŋi | -žëomavŋ | -žëşavŋit | -žëisnoss | -žëşaŋif | ||
*Terminative | -žëivdjaş | -žëidjas | -žëazdjas | -žëmüvdjiş | -žëmomdois | -žëomaaş | -žëşazdjat | -žëinsadit | -žëtavviit | ||
*Genericative | -žëivevşi | -žëinzuvs | -žëavevi | -žëmyviss | -žëmonëvi | -žëomave | -žëşavët | -žëisnevi | -žëşaviş | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -žëiviiş | -žëinöitt | -žëavöitt | -žëmüvös | -žëmonëş | -žëömvëş | -žëšavëss | -žëaşmës | -žëşivës | |
*Retrospective | -žëivdjiş | -žëinëşm | -žëavzjiş | -žëmüvëş |
-monëdz |
-žëömavëss | -žëšavözj | -žëadzëzzj | -žëşivëzz | ||
*Pausative | -žëivëšši | -žëinëëšis | -žëavëëşm | -žëmüvvžyş | -žëmonööş | -žëomafšëi | -žëšavëššy | -žëaşmëss | -žëşivöšee | ||
*Inceptive | -žëivëǧis | -žëinyǧys | -žëfyǧiss | -žëmügviş | -žëmongit | -žëomygvit | -žëaşmyymiş | -žëaşmöǧmiş | -žëivvymisš | ||
*Continuative | -žëivöŋiiş | -žëinŋoş | -žëavöŋŋiş | -žëmüvŋiş | -žëmonŋoş | -žëömaǧoz | -žëšavöŋŋiz | -žëamöŋiz | -žëşivgiş | ||
*Terminative | -žëivattiid | -žëiñödiid | -žëavödiidz | -žëmüvbii | -žëmondii | -žëömaždii | -žëšavödlaz | -žëaşmödiz | -žëidzvödiiz | ||
*Genericative | -žëivëvvid | -žëinnëvid | -žëavëvid | -žëmüvviş | -žëmonëëş | -žëömvëvid | -žësavviss | -žëadmëfis | -žëşiëviş | ||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | -žëëvl | -žindü | -žëvv | -žëmmav | -mžonn | -žömav | -žëzvl | -žişna | -žëşav | |
*Retrospective | -žëefjës | -žëindzës | -žëësj | -žëmüvët | -žëmonnëz | -žëomaësj | -žësavëz | -žëişnësj | -žëşaëd | ||
*Pausative | -žëevžë | -žëindösšë | -žëafšë | -žëmovvž | -žëmonšë | -žëomašë | -žësavëš | -žëişnšë | -žëşafšë | ||
*Inceptive | -žëivlyǧ | -žëandyǧ | -žëavyǧm | -žëmüvvym | -žëmonym | -žëomym | -žëşavvym | -žëişnymm | -žëtasym | ||
*Continuative | -žëivoŋ | -žëinşno | -žëavŋo | -žëmüüvoŋ | -žëmonoŋ | -žëomavoŋ | -žëşavvoŋ | -žëisnoŋ | -žëşaoŋ | ||
*Terminative | -žëivldja | -žëindja | -žëavdja | -žëmüvadj | -žëmondjo | -žëomadja | -žëşavdja | -žëisnadj | -žëtavja | ||
*Genericative | -žëivleef | -žëinzuef | -žëavef | -žëmyvvef | -žëmonev | -žëomave | -žëşavlë | -žëisnef | -žëşavvë | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -žëivaö | -žëinnö | -žëavö | -žëmüvö | -žëmonö | -žëömav | -žëšavvö | -žëaşmö | -žëşivö | |
*Retrospective | -žëiivëdj | -žëinnës | -žëavësj | -žëmüvëë | -žëmonëzj | -žëömavës | -žëšavvösj | -žëadzësj | -žëşivëz | ||
*Pausative | -žëivöš | -žëinöš | -žëavëš | -žëmüvvöšy | -žëmoonöš | -žëomafšë | -žëšavëš | -žëaşmösse | -žëşivöšš | ||
*Inceptive | -žëivëǧm | -žëinyyǧ | -žëaffyǧm | -žëmüvögv | -žëmonyg | -žëomygv | -žëaşmyym | -žëaşmöǧm | -žëşivvym | ||
*Continuative | -žëivöŋo | -žëinŋo | -žëavööŋo | -žëmüvöŋo | -žëmonöŋo | -žëömaǧŋo | -žëšavöŋŋ | -žëaşmmöŋ | -žëşivög | ||
*Terminative | -žëivattja | -žëiñödja | -žëavödja | -žëmüvbja | -žëmondja | -žëömaždja | -žëšavödla | -žëaşmödj | -žëidzvödja | ||
*Genericative | -žëivëf | -žëinnëv | -žëavëf | -žëmüvëv | -žëmonë | -žëömavef | -žësaavëf | -žëaşmëf | -žëşiivëf | ||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -žëivjaöd | -žëandüüdl | -žëavjüdl | -žëmüüdl | -žëomdla | -žëomadl | -žëşabüd | -žëişmü | -žëdzaš | |
*Retrospective | -žëefjödl | -žëinzöd | -žëösjüdl | -žëmüvütü |
-mënöt |
-žëomaësjüdl | -žësaazüg | -žëişnësjüdl | -žëşaëdüdl | ||
*Pausative | -žëevžës | -žëinöšöüd | -žëafšööt | -žëmovžüdl | -žëmonšöt | -žëomažödl | -žësavëdl | -žëişnšödl | -žëşafšëdl | ||
*Inceptive | -žëivlygü | -žëandgaüdl | -žëafǧmüt | -žëmüvüd | -žëmonnüd | -žëimmüdl | -žëşavmütl | -žëişymm | -žëtassmüz | ||
*Continuative | -žëivoŋüt | -žëinşnüüdl | -žëavoünd | -žëmüüvoŋg | -žëmoŋŋüd | -žëomavoŋk | -žëtavoŋüd | -žëissoŋüdl | -žëşooŋüdl | ||
*Terminative | -žëivdjaüd | -žëindjaüdl | -žëavdaadl | -žëmüvvdjüü | -žëmondjood | -žëomadl | -žëşavdad | -žëisnadedl | -žëttavadl | ||
*Genericative | -žëivlüüd | -žëinzifüdl | -žëavvidl | -žëmyvvët | -žëmonevüdl | -žëomög | -žëdzavlöd | -žëinnevüdl | -žëşavvös | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -žëivaadl | -žëinödl | -žëavöüdl | -žëmüvvüd | -žëmünnüd | -žëömavvüd | -žëšavööd | -žëaşmüdd | -žëssivüdd | |
*Retrospective | -žëiivdjüdl | -žëinnëdž | -žëavzzüdl | -žëmüvëdl | -žëmonzüdj | -žëömvëzü | -žëšavzjüd | -žëadzëzjüd | -žëşivzü | ||
*Pausative | -žëivžüdl | -žëinöžüdl | -žëavëžüdl | -žëmüvvžydl | -žëmonšüdl | -žëomfšëd | -žëšavžüd | -žëaşmözëdl | -žëşivöžžüd | ||
*Inceptive | -žëifǧmüdl | -žëinyygdl | -žëaǧmüdl | -žëmüvgvüdl | -žëmongüdl | -žëomgvüdl | -žëaşmmüü | -žëaşmmüd | -žëşymüd | ||
*Continuative | -žëivöŋodl | -žëinŋüd | -žëavöödzŋ | -žëmüvŋödl | -žëmonŋüdl | -žëöŋǧüdl | -žëšavŋüdl | -žëaşmŋüdl | -žëşivöd | ||
*Terminative | -žëifttjadl | -žëiñgaüdl | -žëavdjüdl | -žëmüvbjad | -žëmondjad | -žëömaždjaü | -žëšavdaüd | -žëaşnöüdl | -žëizvödaüdl | ||
*Genericative | -žëivëdv | -žëinnüd | -žëavüdl | -žëmüvvüdl | -žëmonëdl | -žëömvevüdl | -žësaavbüd | -žëaşnëdv | -žëşiivvüdl | ||
Applicative Voice | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -dzoivvas | -dzoindzüş | -dzoavliş | -dzomüvves | -dzomonnaş | -dzoomaiş | -dzosafiş | -dzoesnat | -dzoşaiş | |
*Retrospective | -dzoefjoss | -dzoidzësit | -dzoësjit | -dzomüvët | -dzomonnëz | -dzoomësji | -dzosaviiş | -dzoişneziş | -dzoşediş | ||
*Pausative | -dzoevžëës | -dzoindössiş | -dzoaššuş | -dzomovžit | -dzomontës | -dzoomašöş | -dzosavëšiş | -dzoişnšëiş | -dzoşafšëiş | ||
*Inceptive | -dzoifjǧyt | -dzoandyǧs | -dzoavyism | -dzomüvmiş | -dzomonmiş | -dzoomyşm | -dzoşavmë | -dzoişnmy | -dzotasyme | ||
*Continuative | -dzoivoşŋ | -dzoinşnos | -dzoavŋit | -dzomüvŋiş | -dzomonŋi | -dzoomavŋ | -dzoşavŋit | -dzoisnoss | -dzoşaŋif | ||
*Terminative | -dzoivdjaş | -dzoidjas | -dzoazdjas | -dzomüvdjiş | -dzomomdois | -dzoomaaş | -dzoşazdjat | -dzoinsadit | -dzotavviit | ||
*Genericative | -dzoivevşi | -dzoinzuvs | -dzoavevi | -dzomyviss | -dzomonëvi | -dzoomave | -dzoşavët | -dzoisnevi | -dzoşaviş | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -dzoiviiş | -dzoinöitt | -dzoavöitt | -dzomüvös | -dzomonëş | -dzoömvëş | -dzošavëss | -dzoaşmës | -dzoşivës | |
*Retrospective | -dzoivdjiş | -dzoinëşm | -dzoavzjiş | -dzomüvëş |
-monëdz |
-dzoömavëss | -dzošavözj | -dzoadzëzzj | -dzoşivëzz | ||
*Pausative | -dzoivëšši | -dzoinëëšis | -dzoavëëşm | -dzomüvvžyş | -dzomonööş | -dzoomafšëi | -dzošavëššy | -dzoaşmëss | -dzoşivöšee | ||
*Inceptive | -dzoivëǧis | -dzoinyǧys | -dzofyǧiss | -dzomügviş | -dzomongit | -dzoomygvit | -dzoaşmyymiş | -dzoaşmöǧmiş | -dzoivvymisš | ||
*Continuative | -dzoivöŋiiş | -dzoinŋoş | -dzoavöŋŋiş | -dzomüvŋiş | -dzomonŋoş | -dzoömaǧoz | -dzošavöŋŋiz | -dzoamöŋiz | -dzoşivgiş | ||
*Terminative | -dzoivattiid | -dzoiñödiid | -dzoavödiidz | -dzomüvbii | -dzomondii | -dzoömaždii | -dzošavödlaz | -dzoaşmödiz | -dzoidzvödiiz | ||
*Genericative | -dzoivëvvid | -dzoinnëvid | -dzoavëvid | -dzomüvviş | -dzomonëëş | -dzoömvëvid | -dzosavviss | -dzoadmëfis | -dzoşiëviş | ||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -dzoivla | -dzoindzü | -dzoav | -dzomüvva | -dzomonn | -dzoomav | -dzoşavl | -dzoişnna | -dzoşaf | |
*Retrospective | -dzoefjës | -dzoindzës | -dzoësj | -dzomüvët | -dzomonnëz | -dzoomaësj | -dzosavëz | -dzoişnësj | -dzoşaëd | ||
*Pausative | -dzoevžë | -dzoindösšë | -dzoafšë | -dzomovvž | -dzomonšë | -dzoomašë | -dzosavëš | -dzoişnšë | -dzoşafšë | ||
*Inceptive | -dzoivlyǧ | -dzoandyǧ | -dzoavyǧm | -dzomüvvym | -dzomonym | -dzoomym | -dzoşavvym | -dzoişnymm | -dzotasym | ||
*Continuative | -dzoivoŋ | -dzoinşno | -dzoavŋo | -dzomüüvoŋ | -dzomonoŋ | -dzoomavoŋ | -dzoşavvoŋ | -dzoisnoŋ | -dzoşaoŋ | ||
*Terminative | -dzoivldja | -dzoindja | -dzoavdja | -dzomüvadj | -dzomondjo | -dzoomadja | -dzoşavdja | -dzoisnadj | -dzotavja | ||
*Genericative | -dzoivleef | -dzoinzuef | -dzoavef | -dzomyvvef | -dzomonev | -dzoomave | -dzoşavlë | -dzoisnef | -dzoşavvë | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -dzoivaö | -dzoinnö | -dzoavö | -dzomüvö | -dzomonö | -dzoömav | -dzošavvö | -dzoaşmö | -dzoşivö | |
*Retrospective | -dzoiivëdj | -dzoinnës | -dzoavësj | -dzomüvëë | -dzomonëzj | -dzoömavës | -dzošavvösj | -dzoadzësj | -dzoşivëz | ||
*Pausative | -dzoivöš | -dzoinöš | -dzoavëš | -dzomüvvöšy | -dzomoonöš | -dzoomafšë | -dzošavëš | -dzoaşmösse | -dzoşivöšš | ||
*Inceptive | -dzoivëǧm | -dzoinyyǧ | -dzoaffyǧm | -dzomüvögv | -dzomonyg | -dzoomygv | -dzoaşmyym | -dzoaşmöǧm | -dzoşivvym | ||
*Continuative | -dzoivöŋo | -dzoinŋo | -dzoavööŋo | -dzomüvöŋo | -dzomonöŋo | -dzoömaǧŋo | -dzošavöŋŋ | -dzoaşmmöŋ | -dzoşivög | ||
*Terminative | -dzoivattja | -dzoiñödja | -dzoavödja | -dzomüvbja | -dzomondja | -dzoömaždja | -dzošavödla | -dzoaşmödj | -dzoidzvödja | ||
*Genericative | -dzoivëf | -dzoinnëv | -dzoavëf | -dzomüvëv | -dzomonë | -dzoömavef | -dzosaavëf | -dzoaşmëf | -dzoşiivëf | ||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -dzoivjaöd | -dzoandüüdl | -dzoavjüdl | -dzomüüdl | -dzoomdla | -dzoomadl | -dzoşabüd | -dzoişmü | -dzodzaš | |
*Retrospective | -dzoefjödl | -dzoinzöd | -dzoösjüdl | -dzomüvütü |
-mënöt |
-dzoomaësjüdl | -dzosaazüg | -dzoişnësjüdl | -dzoşaëdüdl | ||
*Pausative | -dzoevžës | -dzoinöšöüd | -dzoafšööt | -dzomovžüdl | -dzomonšöt | -dzoomažödl | -dzosavëdl | -dzoişnšödl | -dzoşafšëdl | ||
*Inceptive | -dzoivlygü | -dzoandgaüdl | -dzoafǧmüt | -dzomüvüd | -dzomonnüd | -dzoimmüdl | -dzoşavmütl | -dzoişymm | -dzotassmüz | ||
*Continuative | -dzoivoŋüt | -dzoinşnüüdl | -dzoavoünd | -dzomüüvoŋg | -dzomoŋŋüd | -dzoomavoŋk | -dzotavoŋüd | -dzoissoŋüdl | -dzoşooŋüdl | ||
*Terminative | -dzoivdjaüd | -dzoindjaüdl | -dzoavdaadl | -dzomüvvdjüü | -dzomondjood | -dzoomadl | -dzoşavdad | -dzoisnadedl | -dzottavadl | ||
*Genericative | -dzoivlüüd | -dzoinzifüdl | -dzoavvidl | -dzomyvvët | -dzomonevüdl | -dzoomög | -dzodzavlöd | -dzoinnevüdl | -dzoşavvös | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -dzoivaadl | -dzoinödl | -dzoavöüdl | -dzomüvvüd | -dzomünnüd | -dzoömavvüd | -dzošavööd | -dzoaşmüdd | -dzossivüdd | |
*Retrospective | -dzoiivdjüdl | -dzoinnëdž | -dzoavzzüdl | -dzomüvëdl | -dzomonzüdj | -dzoömvëzü | -dzošavzjüd | -dzoadzëzjüd | -dzoşivzü | ||
*Pausative | -dzoivžüdl | -dzoinöžüdl | -dzoavëžüdl | -dzomüvvžydl | -dzomonšüdl | -dzoomfšëd | -dzošavžüd | -dzoaşmözëdl | -dzoşivöžžüd | ||
*Inceptive | -dzoifǧmüdl | -dzoinyygdl | -dzoaǧmüdl | -dzomüvgvüdl | -dzomongüdl | -dzoomgvüdl | -dzoaşmmüü | -dzoaşmmüd | -dzoşymüd | ||
*Continuative | -dzoivöŋodl | -dzoinŋüd | -dzoavöödzŋ | -dzomüvŋödl | -dzomonŋüdl | -dzoöŋǧüdl | -dzošavŋüdl | -dzoaşmŋüdl | -dzoşivöd | ||
*Terminative | -dzoifttjadl | -dzoiñgaüdl | -dzoavdjüdl | -dzomüvbjad | -dzomondjad | -dzoömaždjaü | -dzošavdaüd | -dzoaşnöüdl | -dzoizvödaüdl | ||
*Genericative | -dzoivëdv | -dzoinnüd | -dzoavüdl | -dzomüvvüdl | -dzomonëdl | -dzoömvevüdl | -dzosaavbüd | -dzoaşnëdv | -dzoşiivvüdl | ||
Imperative | |||||||||||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | |||
Positive | Perfective | -epja | -imža | -pa | -mëpja | -miza | -mba | -isëpj | -ismza | -ispa | |
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | |||
Positive | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative |
Living
Living (-öv) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Voice | |||||||||||
Agent | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -ivvas | -indzüş | -övliş | -müvves | -monnaş | -omaiş | -safiş | -esnat | -şaiş | |
*Retrospective | -efjoss | -idzësit | -ësjit | -müvët | -monnëz | -omësji | -saviiş | -işneziş | -şediş | ||
*Pausative | -evžëës | -indössiş | -aššuş | -movžit | -montës | -omašöş | -savëšiş | -işnšëiş | -şafšëiş | ||
*Inceptive | -ifjǧyt | -andyǧs | -övyism | -müvmiş | -monmiş | -omyşm | -şavmë | -işnmy | -tasyme | ||
*Continuative | -ivoşŋ | -inşnos | -övŋit | -müvŋiş | -monŋi | -omavŋ | -şavŋit | -isnoss | -şaŋif | ||
*Terminative | -ivdjaş | -idjas | -azdjas | -müvdjiş | -momdois | -omaaş | -şazdjat | -insadit | -tavviit | ||
*Genericative | -ivevşi | -inzuvs | -övevi | -myviss | -monëvi | -omave | -şavët | -isnevi | -şaviş | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -ivvös | -enşö | -evlös | -mövöš | -monasö | -ümaöt | -saaşö | -esnaöt | -siişö | |
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | -evlö | -indzö | -öv | -mëvvö | -monn | -omöv | -şövl | -işnö | -şöv | |
*Retrospective | -efjës | -indzës | -ësj | -müvët | -monnëz | -omaësj | -savëz | -işnësj | -şaëd | ||
*Pausative | -evžë | -indösšë | -afšë | -movvž | -monšë | -omašë | -savëš | -işnšë | -şafšë | ||
*Inceptive | -ivlyǧ | -andyǧ | -övyǧm | -müvvym | -monym | -omym | -şavvym | -işnymm | -tasym | ||
*Continuative | -ivoŋ | -inşno | -övŋo | -müüvoŋ | -monoŋ | -omavoŋ | -şavvoŋ | -isnoŋ | -şaoŋ | ||
*Terminative | -ivldja | -indja | -övdja | -müvadj | -mondjo | -omadja | -şavdja | -isnadj | -tavja | ||
*Genericative | -ivleef | -inzuef | -övef | -myvvef | -monev | -omave | -şavlë | -isnef | -şavvë | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -ivaö | -innö | -övö | -müvö | -monö | -ömav | -šavvö | -aşmö | -şivö | |
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -ivjaöd | -andüüdl | -övjüdl | -müüdl | -omdla | -omadl | -şabüd | -işmü | -dzaš | |
*Retrospective | -efjödl | -inzöd | -ösjüdl | -müvütü |
-mënöt |
-omaësjüdl | -saazüg | -işnësjüdl | -şaëdüdl | ||
*Pausative | -evžës | -inöšöüd | -afšööt | -movžüdl | -monšöt | -omažödl | -savëdl | -işnšödl | -şafšëdl | ||
*Inceptive | -ivlygü | -andgaüdl | -afǧmüt | -müvüd | -monnüd | -immüdl | -şavmütl | -işymm | -tassmüz | ||
*Continuative | -ivoŋüt | -inşnüüdl | -övoünd | -müüvoŋg | -moŋŋüd | -omavoŋk | -tavoŋüd | -issoŋüdl | -şooŋüdl | ||
*Terminative | -ivdjaüd | -indjaüdl | -övdaadl | -müvvdjüü | -mondjood | -omadl | -şavdad | -isnadedl | -ttavadl | ||
*Genericative | -ivlüüd | -inzifüdl | -övvidl | -myvvët | -monevüdl | -omög | -dzavlöd | -innevüdl | -şavvös | ||
Negative | *Perfective | -ivvedöüdl | -annööüdl | -aftlöüdl | -mëdlöüdl | -ontlöüdl | -omadlöüdl | -zabböüdl | -ažmöüdl | -dzažöüdl | |
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Patient | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -epja | -imža | -pa | -mëpja | -miza | -mba | -isëpj | -ismza | -ispa | |
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Passive Voice | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -ivla | -indzü | -öv | -müvva | -monn | -omav | -şavl | -işnna | -şaf | |
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Anti-Passive Voice | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | Perfective | -žezö | -žendzü | -žöv | -žmüm | -žmo | -žëmmö | -dzövl | -žinnö | -ždöf | |
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Applicative Voice | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -ivla | -indzü | -öv | -müvva | -monn | -omav | -şavl | -işnna | -şaf | |
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Imperative | |||||||||||
Past | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Present | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | |||
Positive | *Perfective | -epja | -imža | -pa | -mëpja | -miza | -mba | -isëpj | -ismza | -ispa | |
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Future | |||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||||||||
Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | Anti- Passive |
Passive | Middle | |||
Positive | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative | |||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | ||||||||||
*Retrospective | |||||||||||
*Pausative | |||||||||||
*Inceptive | |||||||||||
*Continuative | |||||||||||
*Terminative | |||||||||||
*Genericative |
Artificial
Artificial (-ev)
Non-Moving
Non-Moving (-ov)
tInfinitive
Denotes the action as a noun.
Gender | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Magical | Living | Artificial | Non-moving | ||
Case | Erg | -as | -öšš | -ŋy | -ios |
Acc | -miin | -amöss | -ym | -iom | |
Int | -ëñ | -ënö | -nvly | -ñü | |
Dat | -mna | -nööm | -yŋii | -blo | |
Ref | -pje | -öpp | -ööǧi | -üüž |
Gerund
Gerund form of a verb is used to form noun phrases and changes according to tense
Voice | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Passive | Anti- Passive |
Applicative | |||||||||||||||
Erg | Acc | Int | Dat | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Dat | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Dat | Ref | |||
Pos | Past | Perfective | |||||||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||||||||
Present | Perfective | ||||||||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||||||||
Future | Perfective | ||||||||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||||||||
Neg | Past | Perfective | |||||||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||||||||
Present | Perfective | ||||||||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||||||||
Future | Perfective | ||||||||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||||||||
Genericative |
Participles
Participles come in 2 shapes all get the endings added from the list below to turn them from the verb form but differ slightly.
- Attributive: Gains the adjectival participles suffix and is then declined like an adjectve (The Verbing Noun, The burning car)
- Substantive: Gains the noun participles suffix but is then also added noun declension to match their position as a noun (The one who verbed, The one who ate)
- Must take the gender of what it replaces or is thought to replace.
Voices | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active | Passive | Middle | |||||||||
Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | Present | |||||
Perfective | Inceptive | Continuative | Genericative | Terminative | Retrospective | Perfective | Continueative | Terminative | Perfective Continuative | ||
Attribute | |||||||||||
Substantive | Living | ||||||||||
Artificial | |||||||||||
Magical | |||||||||||
Non-Moving |
Relative Participle | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voices | |||||||||||
Anti- Passive |
Passive | Applicative | |||||||||
Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | |||
Pos | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative | |||||||||||
Neg | Perfective | ||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||
Pausative | |||||||||||
Inceptive | |||||||||||
Continuative | |||||||||||
Terminative | |||||||||||
Genericative |
Supine
A supine is formed by adding ending which depends on the verb class and treat the nouns around as part of it, keeping SOV structure and so on.
Verb forms
Passive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Living | Artificial | Non-moving | Magical | |
Gerundive | -tji | -zan | -pin | -amm |
Supine | -ivvu | -ansy | -nü | -gva |
Abilitative | -zin | -inm | -öbld | -dma |
Permissative | -tju | -vzy | -fi | -vvlës |
Possabilitative | -chon | -gööpi | -affi | -së |
Advisabilitative | -zhiin | -tjoodd | -sun | -mi |
Prohobitative | -gni | -khii | -pjikn | -omn |
Hypothetical | -mi | -pjöss | -tjii | -nta |
Potensial/Optative | -zoom | -ööf | -tjyy | -djöz |
Dubative | -uff | -ökh | -zöö | -tyym |
Conditional | -tlözh | -eef | -kny | -sevv |
All of these transforms the verb into an adjective like form which can also be used as nouns with copulas and is used for modality.
- Gerundive: Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object of the verb
- Abilative: Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object of the verb
- Permissative: Marks that the noun it modifies has the permission to be the object of the verb
- Possabilitative: Marks that the noun it modifies is possibly the object of the verb
- Advisabilitative: Marks that the noun it modifies is adviced to be the object of the verb
- Prohobative: Marks that the noun it modifies forbidden to be the object of the verb
- Hypothetical: Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object of the verb
- Potensial/Optative: Marks that the noun it modifies probably is or is wanted to be the object of the verb
- Dubative: Marks that the noun it modifies doubtfully is the object of the verb
- Conditional: Marks that the noun it modifies conditionally is the object of the verb
Auxiliary
Umbrean uses some auxilary verbs for various purposes. It is placed behind the initial verb, takes the conjugations of tempus and person while the other is left in infinitive form.
Caternative
Doesn't really exist since noun clauses are all of it.
Nouns
Genders
Umbrean genders include Non-moving, Living, Mechanical and Magical
Gender Description Example Non-Moving Things that can't move in any way by their own force Stone, Wall, House Living Objects that are alive Animal, Fish, Human Mechanical Machines, electronics etc Steam engine, Train Magical Things that move seemingly without a cause Moon, Fire, Wind, Air, Sun
Noun Declension
Cases
Umbrean has 5 cases, Ergative, Intransitive, Accusative, Dative and Reflexive
Case Desription: Ergative The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages Accusative The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an transitive verb Intransitive The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an transitive verb Dative Case The grammatical case used to define the indirect object of a bitransitive verb
and used for postpositional phrasesReflexive Case The grammatical case used to define the subject which is acting upon itself and
hence is both subject and object, also used for middle voice
Declension table
Umbrean nouns are declined according to whether they are defined or undefined, which case they are, which gender and if its singular, Paucal and plural according to this table if they are regular
Name Amount Singular 1 Paucal 2-6 Plural 6<
Case Declension First Second Third Fourth Mag Liv Art Non Mag Liv Art Non Mag Liv Art Non Mag Liv Art Non Singular Erg -asj -ösj -y -üfj -ia -aö -ny -ios -az -ösj -iz -üv Acc -am -aöm -ymm -öm -amii -aöm -nym -om -adzm -ödz -izz -üvz Int -aë -öë -aë -aü -ëi aö -ë oë -am -özm -yzzm -üfm Dat -na -nöö -ny -nü -ina -naö -nnë -nio -ǧa -ǧös -ǧyz -ǧüv
Ref -ap -ub -yyp -op -apj -ab -nyp -op -ag -ök -ygb -ǧüm Paucal Erg -ssi -zu -ös -fi -asi -ös -ens -sio Acc -ami -ömi -ym -ëmü -immi -ami -ym -iom Int -ni -ön -enëë -nü -ni -anö -unë -ion Dat -ŋŋa -ŋii -ënn -ŋü -ŋii -ŋii -ëni -ŋo Ref -pja -pja -pe -bü pë -öp -up -pjo Plural Erg -ims -öm -ims -ümz -iam -öm -ins -ümz Acc -ömm -umni -ymii -ëmn -inn -amn -ymii -omn Int -avl -övv -ivli -üff -avj -ivli -nvli -iof Dat -aa -öşaa -yş -üşi -aa -öşaa -nşi -oşi Ref -ia -öǧin -iǧǧi -üüž -iǧa -öin -iǧǧ -iǧ
Defintiveness Suffix First Second Third Fourth Singular Paucal Plural Singular Paucal Plural Singular Paucal Plural Singular Paucal Plural Proximal
DefiniteMedial şem Distal
waste
Adjective
Adjectives are genderless in their original form as a rule and acquire a gender to agree with the noun they modify. They also agree with the number while person is irrelevant. The adjectives are strict on always needing a noun after them,if one wishes to express "being X"one uses the predicate endings and treat it as a verb.
In both cases the Positive form in comparative, there is no superlative form, means in the sense of more of the adjective, while negative means less so.
Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify
Predicate Temporative Permanent Positive Negative Positive Negative Base Comparative
Base Declension Gender Singular Puacal Plural None-Moving Living Artificial Magical
Comperative
Superlative DeclensionGender Singular Puacal Plural Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative None-Moving Living Artificial Magical
Adverbs
Adverbs are non-existent and postpositional phrases takes care of their job
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Umbrean have many personal pronouns for various situations and the choice is critical in conversation as wrong choice can be considered an insult.
Case Ergative Accusative Intransitive Dative Reflexive sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. 1st inc. mşë blüsj blöse tmö tmë exc. ëmn emne ëŋŋj eŋe 2nd Common şimi eeşm eşme kman kmane Respect žloñ kjüdl kjude ovva ovvë 3rd Proximate Object Magical Living mǧiz Artificial Non-Move Person ñöǧ dzö dzë baaŋl baŋle Obviative Object Magical Living Artificial Non-Move Person
abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsšştuvyzžüëö
Obviative
Obviative is used to mark the less important thing in an sentence.
For example if one speaks of two men, Josef and Carl. Wishing to say for "Josef pushed Carl, after that he punched him" the later sentence lacks specification as both pronouns may apply to either Josef of carl, One would add or have the part representing Carl obviative as he is the least important of the two as josef is the one doing the actions.
Obviative is marked with the suffix "adj(G)" where (G) represent the gender vowel of the noun and is placed onto the stem
Reflexive
Reflexive is achived by using reflexive case Umbrean Lessons/26 Reflexive
Genitive
Umbrean does not have a genitive case, a postposition is used instead. It is done in a manner similar to Spanish, which says like "House of Jacob" though in umbrean the "of" word is placed behind Jacob and becomes "Jacob of House" translated of course. And it should be noticed not everything in Umbrean we consider possessed is possessed there, and they have alien and inalienable possession.
Correlatives
It will be done soon.
Correlatives are declined like the type they belong to.
Interrogative Demonstrative Quantifier Proximal Semi-distal Distal Existential Elective Universal Most Negative Determinal Living Widu
Nyzu Xuu Vymu -piñ -ogna -edhö -uñia -ügna Magical Öma Tjyv'a Mahza Djizha -wep -älma -dyl Non-Moving Xrülü Jokü Höxrü Vilü -djon -djyn Mechanical Omhsy Favy Didjy -ildwa -lakhs Pronoun One of Sapient Dialu Hütwu Thöru Khsögsu Living Abfuthu
Hsëlu Lynmu Zätu Magical Alka Tjega Röma Ludwa Information Däth Bfil Woil Artificial Adëchy Wüñy Födy Vay Nihily Non-Moving Mehzü Kwögsü Ñuhzü Out of few Diadwü Dhigy Dialu Yva Ky Khsio Eis Djepo Aqwe Out of many Süva Kebfü Öva Ñai Pro-Noun Location Vialü Linü Gsenü Divü New New Time Sia Lyma
Dykea
Hsyla
Manner Wola Vagna
Laca
Hsëa
Reason Tava Lavia
Nidja
Diva
Quantity Qumto Pro-Adjective Üdjö Pro-verb Tjygn
interrogative | demonstrative | quantifier | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
proximal | distal | existential | elective | universal | negative | alternative-positive | |||
determiner | which what |
this (sg.) these (pl.) |
that (sg.) those (pl.) |
some | any whichever whichsoever |
every each all |
no | another | |
pronoun | human | who whom |
this (one) (sg.) these (ones) (pl.) |
that (one) (sg.) those (ones) (pl.) |
someone somebody |
anyone anybody whoever whomever whosoever whomsoever |
everyone everybody all |
no one nobody |
another someone else somebody else |
nonhuman | what | this (one) (sg.) these (ones) (pl.) |
that (one) (sg.) those (ones) (pl.) |
something | anything whatever whatsoever |
everything all |
nothing | something else | |
out of two | which | this one (sg.) these (ones) (pl.) |
that one (sg.) those (ones) (pl.) |
one | either whichever whichsoever |
both | neither | ||
out of many | some one |
any whichever whichsoever |
each all |
none | |||||
pro-adverb | location | where | here | there | somewhere | anywhere wherever wheresoever |
everywhere | nowhere | elsewhere |
source | whence wherefrom |
hence | thence thencefrom |
whenceever whencesoever |
nowhence | ||||
goal | whither whereto whereinto whereunto |
hither | thither | somewhither | anywhither whithersoever |
nowhither | |||
time | when | now | then | sometime | anytime whenever whensoever |
always everywhen |
never | ||
manner | how whereby |
thus hereby |
thereby | somehow | anyhow however howsoever |
noway noways nowise nohow (col.) |
otherwise | ||
reason | why wherefore |
therefore |
Postposition
Umbrean uses postposition after the clause or word in question, "table on" "going out her with". Postpositions are declined in accordance to gender of the item it describes, such as "on the table" it would agree with the gender of "table" which is artificial.
Singular | Pacual | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
First | ||||
Second | ||||
Third | Magical | |||
Living | ||||
Non-Moving | ||||
Artificial |
Copulas
There exist 3 main copulas, one to describe a state, another for location and a third object or permanent thing.
Locative
Thugn: Used to describe location of something and it highly irregular and can only express things in that is in third person in accusative form
Tempus Aspect Positive Negative Past Present Future Past Present Future Perfective Thös Thum Thëgn Thugnius Thugnögnia Thugndaë Pausative Thugnin Thugnavi Thugnönië Thugnabun Thugnamëö Thugnidjaë Perfect Thugnës Thuus Thugndan Thugnom Thugnadaë Thugngnius Inceptive Thugnyam Thugnignö Thugnanum Thugnüöm Thugnayñ Thugnigne Continuative Thugnaëñ Thaöm Thugnagnus Thugnaëgn Thugniöm Thugninaë Terminative Thugnüs Thugnahni Thugnam Thugnoym Thugnüniu Thugnis Genericative Thugnhnia Thugnüm Thugnaënu Thugnibus Thugnaë Thugnnilë
Temporative
Mym: is a temporative copula describing something being something and is temporary and is highly irregular.
Tempus Aspect Positive Negative Past Present Future Past Present Future Perfective Mymös Mymöm Mymiögn Mymius Mymögnia Mymdaë Pausative Mymin Mymavi Mymönië Mymabun Mymamëö Mymidjaë Perfect Mymës Mymiüs Mymdan Mymom Mymadaë Mymgnius Inceptive Mymyam Mymignö Mymanum Mymüöm Mymayñ Mymigne Continuative Mymaëñ Mymaöm Mymagnus Mymaëgn Mymiöm Myminaë Terminative Mymüs Mymahni Mymam Mymoym Mymüniu Mymis Genericative Mymhnia Mymüm Mymaënu Mymibus Mymaë Mymnilë
Permanentative
Huzj: is a permanent copula describing how something always is. Like the others it is hughly irregular.
Huzj | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Voice | ||||||||||||
Agent | ||||||||||||
Past | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | huzjivvas | huzjindzüş | huzjavliş | huzjmüvves | huzjmonnaş | huzjomaiş | huzjsafiş | huzjesnat | huzjşaiş | ||
*Retrospective | huzjefjoss | huzjidzësit | huzjësjit | huzjmüvët | huzjmonnëz | huzjomësji | huzjsaviiş | huzjişneziş | huzjşediş | |||
*Pausative | huzjevžëës | huzjindössiş | huzjaššuş | huzjmovžit | huzjmontës | huzjomašöş | huzjsavëšiş | huzjişnšëiş | huzjşafšëiş | |||
*Inceptive | huzjifjǧyt | huzjandyǧs | huzjavyism | huzjmüvmiş | huzjmonmiş | huzjomyşm | huzjşavmë | huzjişnmy | huzjtasyme | |||
*Continuative | huzjivoşŋ | huzjinşnos | huzjavŋit | huzjmüvŋiş | huzjmonŋi | huzjomavŋ | huzjşavŋit | huzjisnoss | huzjşaŋif | |||
*Terminative | huzjivdjaş | huzjidjas | huzjazdjas | huzjmüvdjiş | huzjmomdois | huzjomaaş | huzjşazdjat | huzjinsadit | huzjtavviit | |||
*Genericative | huzjivevşi | huzjinzuvs | huzjavevi | huzjmyviss | huzjmonëvi | huzjomave | huzjşavët | huzjisnevi | huzjşaviş | |||
Negative | *Perfective | huzjivvös | huzjenşö | huzjevlös | huzjmövöš | huzjmonasö | huzjümaöt | huzjsaaşö | huzjesnaöt | huzjsiişö | ||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Present | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | Perfective | Hözva | Hundö | Höz | Huzüva | Hözonn | Homa | Husav | Höşna | Huşaf | ||
*Retrospective | huzjefjës | huzjindzës | huzjësj | huzjmüvët | huzjmonnëz | huzjomaësj | huzjsavëz | huzjişnësj | huzjşaëd | |||
*Pausative | huzjevžë | huzjindösšë | huzjafšë | huzjmovvž | huzjmonšë | huzjomašë | huzjsavëš | huzjişnšë | huzjşafšë | |||
*Inceptive | huzjivlyǧ | huzjandyǧ | huzjavyǧm | huzjmüvvym | huzjmonym | huzjomym | huzjşavvym | huzjişnymm | huzjtasym | |||
*Continuative | huzjivoŋ | huzjinşno | huzjavŋo | huzjmüüvoŋ | huzjmonoŋ | huzjomavoŋ | huzjşavvoŋ | huzjisnoŋ | huzjşaoŋ | |||
*Terminative | huzjivldja | huzjindja | huzjavdja | huzjmüvadj | huzjmondjo | huzjomadja | huzjşavdja | huzjisnadj | huzjtavja | |||
*Genericative | huzjivleef | huzjinzuef | huzjavef | huzjmyvvef | huzjmonev | huzjomave | huzjşavlë | huzjisnef | huzjşavvë | |||
Negative | *Perfective | huzjivaö | huzjinnö | huzjavö | huzjmüvö | huzjmonö | huzjömav | huzjšavvö | huzjaşmö | huzjşivö | ||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Future | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | huzjivjaöd | huzjandüüdl | huzjavjüdl | huzjmüüdl | huzjomdla | huzjomadl | huzjşabüd | huzjişmü | huzjdzaš | ||
*Retrospective | huzjefjödl | huzjinzöd | huzjösjüdl | huzjmüvütü |
-mënöt |
huzjomaësjüdl | huzjsaazüg | huzjişnësjüdl | huzjşaëdüdl | |||
*Pausative | huzjevžës | huzjinöšöüd | huzjafšööt | huzjmovžüdl | huzjmonšöt | huzjomažödl | huzjsavëdl | huzjişnšödl | huzjşafšëdl | |||
*Inceptive | huzjivlygü | huzjandgaüdl | huzjafǧmüt | huzjmüvüd | huzjmonnüd | huzjimmüdl | huzjşavmütl | huzjişymm | huzjtassmüz | |||
*Continuative | huzjivoŋüt | huzjinşnüüdl | huzjavoünd | huzjmüüvoŋg | huzjmoŋŋüd | huzjomavoŋk | huzjtavoŋüd | huzjissoŋüdl | huzjşooŋüdl | |||
*Terminative | huzjivdjaüd | huzjindjaüdl | huzjavdaadl | huzjmüvvdjüü | huzjmondjood | huzjomadl | huzjşavdad | huzjisnadedl | huzjttavadl | |||
*Genericative | huzjivlüüd | huzjinzifüdl | huzjavvidl | huzjmyvvët | huzjmonevüdl | huzjomög | huzjdzavlöd | huzjinnevüdl | huzjşavvös | |||
Negative | *Perfective | huzjivvedöüdl | huzjannööüdl | huzjaftlöüdl | huzjmëdlöüdl | huzjontlöüdl | huzjomadlöüdl | huzjzabböüdl | huzjažmöüdl | huzjdzažöüdl | ||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Patient | ||||||||||||
Past | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Present | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | huzjepja | huzjimža | huzjpa | huzjmëpja | huzjmiza | huzjmba | huzjisëpj | huzjismza | huzjispa | ||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Future | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Passive Voice | ||||||||||||
Past | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Present | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | huzjivla | huzjindzü | huzjav | huzjmüvva | huzjmonn | huzjomav | huzjşavl | huzjişnna | huzjşaf | ||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Future | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Anti-Passive Voice | ||||||||||||
Past | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Present | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | huzjivla | huzjindzü | huzjav | huzjmüvva | huzjmonn | huzjomav | huzjşavl | huzjişnna | huzjşaf | ||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Future | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Applicative Voice | ||||||||||||
Past | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Present | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | huzjivla | huzjindzü | huzjav | huzjmüvva | huzjmonn | huzjomav | huzjşavl | huzjişnna | huzjşaf | ||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Future | ||||||||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | ||||||||||
First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||||
Positive | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative | ||||||||||||
Negative | *Perfective | |||||||||||
*Retrospective | ||||||||||||
*Pausative | ||||||||||||
*Inceptive | ||||||||||||
*Continuative | ||||||||||||
*Terminative | ||||||||||||
*Genericative |
Time Manner Place
Umbrean says things in the order of Time manner place rather than english Place Manner Time
Modality
Ways to form modality in a sentence in Umbrean compared to English
Unlike in English these don't differ relative to the tense in which they are used but the verbs tense tells what tense.
Name Umbrean English Verb form Past Present Future Ability/Availability Abilative could, was/were able to can, am/is/are able to will be able to Requests Permissative ---- can, could, will, would Permission could, was/were allowed to may, can, could, am/is/are allowed to will be allowed to Possibility Possibilative may have, might have, could have may, might, could Impossibility Possibilative + Negation couldn’t have couldn’t, can’t Advisability Advisabilative should have, ought to have, had better have should, ought to, had better Expectation Gerundive should have, ought to have should, ought to Necessity had to must, have to, has to will have to Lack of Necessity Gerundive + Negation didn’t have to don’t have to, doesn’t have to won’t have to Prohibition Prohobatative could not must not, may not, cannot Logical Deduction Gerundive must have, have to have, has to have must, have to, has to ----
Syntax
Standard
The Umbrean language is a Subject-Object-Verb language that arranges its sentences as "Adam apple ate" rather than the english SVO "Adam ate apple"
Conditional Sentence
Generalizations Conditional sentences expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".
Hypothetical Conditional sentence expresses a hypothetical situation that is very unlikely to occur but plausible.
Factual Conditional sentence states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.
Kind Condition Result Generalizations Hypothetical Mood Genericative Aspect Hypothetical Dubative Mood Conditional Mood Factual Hypothetical Mood Conditional Mood
Subordinate clause
It will be done soon.
Noun Clause
Noun clause is formed by declining the subsentence like normally, then add the gerund suffix onto it and then decline it in accordance to any noun.
Adjective Clause
Adjective clauses are closely related to participles as the verb takes on an adjective participle form and is then declined like an adjective.
Part Relativizable? Example Translation Subject Yes Direct Object No Indirect Subject No Oblique No
Adverbial Clause / Prepositional Clauses
Adverbial clauses don't exactly exist in Umbrean but rather use prepositions for it preceded by a noun or noun clause.
Clause Kind Usual Conjuction Function Example Time Clause These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. Conditional Clause Conditional Tense These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences. Purpose Clause These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action. Reason Clause Éñalñö These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. Result Clause These clauses are used to indicate the result of something. Concessive Clause These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. Place Clauses These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. Clauses of Manner These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done. Clauses of Exclamations Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
Clause Kind Usual Conjuction Function Example Time Clause when, before, after, since, while, as, until These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. Her father died when she was young. Conditional Clause if, unless These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences. If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards. Purpose Clause in order to, so that, in order that These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action. They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard. Reason Clause because, since, as, given These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much. Result Clause so that These clauses are used to indicate the result of something. My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed. Concessive Clause although, though, while These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now Place Clauses where, wherever These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. He said he was happy where he was. Clauses of Manner as, like, the way These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done. I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them. Clauses of Exclamations what a(an), how, such, so Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!). What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!
Dictionary
Can be seen at Umbrean Words and Dictionary and Lists
Motion and position
No. | English | |
---|---|---|
1 | I | — |
2 | you (singular) | — |
3 | he | — |
4 | we | — |
5 | you (plural) | — |
6 | they | — |
7 | this | — |
8 | that | — |
9 | here | — |
10 | there | — |
11 | who | — |
12 | what | — |
13 | where | — |
14 | when | — |
15 | how | — |
16 | not | — |
17 | all | — |
18 | many | — |
19 | some | — |
20 | few | — |
21 | other | — |
22 | one | — |
23 | two | — |
24 | three | — |
25 | four | — |
26 | five | — |
27 | big | — |
28 | long | — |
29 | wide | — |
30 | thick | — |
31 | heavy | — |
32 | small | — |
33 | short | — |
34 | narrow | — |
35 | thin | — |
36 | woman | — |
37 | man (adult male) | — |
38 | man (human being) | — |
39 | child | — |
40 | wife | — |
41 | husband | — |
42 | mother | — |
43 | father | — |
44 | animal | — |
45 | fish | — |
46 | bird | — |
47 | dog | — |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | — |
50 | worm | — |
51 | tree | — |
52 | forest | — |
53 | stick | — |
54 | fruit | — |
55 | seed | — |
56 | leaf | — |
57 | root | — |
58 | bark | — |
59 | flower | — |
60 | grass | — |
61 | rope | — |
62 | skin | — |
63 | meat | — |
64 | blood | Tao |
65 | bone | — |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | — |
68 | horn | — |
69 | tail | — |
70 | feather | — |
71 | hair | — |
72 | head | — |
73 | ear | — |
74 | eye | — |
75 | nose | — |
76 | mouth | — |
77 | tooth | — |
78 | tongue | — |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | — |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | — |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | — |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | — |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | — |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | — |
93 | eat | — |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | — |
99 | breathe | — |
100 | laugh | — |
101 | see | — |
102 | hear | — |
103 | know | — |
104 | think | — |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | — |
107 | sleep | — |
108 | live | — |
109 | die | — |
110 | kill | — |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | — |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | — |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | — |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | — |
122 | come | — |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | — |
128 | give | — |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | — |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | — |
140 | say | — |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | — |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | — |
148 | moon | — |
149 | star | — |
150 | water | — |
151 | rain | — |
152 | river | — |
153 | lake | — |
154 | sea | — |
155 | salt | — |
156 | stone | — |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | — |
160 | cloud | — |
161 | fog | — |
162 | sky | — |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | — |
165 | ice | — |
166 | smoke | — |
167 | fire | — |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | — |
170 | road | — |
171 | mountain | — |
172 | red | — |
173 | green | — |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | — |
176 | black | — |
177 | night | — |
178 | day | — |
179 | year | — |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | — |
182 | full | — |
183 | new | — |
184 | old | — |
185 | good | — |
186 | bad | — |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | — |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | — |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | — |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | — |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | — |
200 | left | — |
201 | at | — |
202 | in | — |
203 | with | — |
204 | and | — |
205 | if | — |
206 | because | — |
207 | name | — |
Motion Verbs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self | Animal | Machine | Magic | ||
Land | Oovin | Gsötwiñ | Chaahz | Mëña | |
Water | On/In | Ziigsi | Kwügna | Mygnin | Daakhsim |
Under | Bfaaihs | Gnüdhi | Pjaüth | Gjiiv | |
Air | Float | Chaja | Oymi | Kwöhsky | |
Aerodynamic | Pefö | Bjytjö | Ikhsina | ||
Magic | Djiz |
Direction Postpositions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direction | Position | Motion | ||
English | Umbrean | English | Umbrean | |
Up | Above | Hsezh | Above | Hsezhëën |
Directions are divided on from whos perspective it is, first, second or third person.
Directions | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | |||
First | Second | Third | |
Right | Pjodwia | Amodwia | Migna |
Left | Bjana | Bjuma | Bfignina |
Up | — | — | — |
Down | — | — | — |
Forward | — | — | — |
Backward | — | — | — |
Verb words
Methods of death and killing | ||
---|---|---|
English | Umbrean | |
Natural | Death | — |
Suffication | — | |
Drown | — | |
Hunt | Death | — |
Murdered | Murder | — |
Strangle | — | |
Stab | — | |
Claw | — |
Noun words
Body
Body parts | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | ||||||||
Neck | ||||||||
Finger | Hand | Lower arm | Upper arm | Chest | Upper arm | Lower arm | Hand | Finger |
Back | ||||||||
Belly | ||||||||
Hip | Groin | Hip | ||||||
Upper leg | Upper leg | |||||||
Lower leg | Lower leg | |||||||
Toes | Foot | Foot | Toes |
Body parts | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bjöthy | ||||||||
— | ||||||||
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
— | ||||||||
— | — | — | ||||||
— | — | — | ||||||
— | — | — | ||||||
— | — | — | — | — |
Animals
Life form groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land | Water | Air | |||||
On | Under/In | Float | Aero | Magic | |||
Animal | Mammal | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Reptile | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Bird | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Amphibian | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Fish | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Insect | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Arachno | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Plants | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Fungi | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Colour and emotion
Colours | |
---|---|
Black | — |
White | — |
Red | — |
Orange | — |
Yellow | — |
Green | — |
Cyan | — |
Blue | — |
violett | — |
Emotions | |
---|---|
English | Umbrean |
Hate | — |
Love | — |
Happiness | — |
Sadness | — |
Jealousy | — |
Pride | — |
Hate | — |
Hate | — |
Hate | — |
Hate | — |
Hate | — |
Hate | — |
Hate | — |
Hate | — |
Various
Economy | |
---|---|
English | Umbrean |
Verb | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— |
Weather
Weather | ||
---|---|---|
English | Umbrean | |
Rain | — | |
— | ||
— | ||
— | ||
— | ||
— | ||
— | ||
— | ||
— | ||
— |
Everyday
Food and drinks | |
---|---|
English | Umbrean |
Verb | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
Noun | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— | |
— |
Kinship
Kinship | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grandmother | Grandfather | Grandmother | Grandfather | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Father | Mother | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Twin Sisters Husband | Twin Sister | Little Sisters Husband | Little Sister | Big Sisters Huband | Big Sister | Wife | Self | Husband | Big Brother | Big Brothers Wife | Little Brother | Little Brothers Wife | Twin Brother | Twin Brothers Wife | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Son | Daughter | Son | Daughter | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew |
Second Kinship | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SecondWife | Father | Mother | Second Husband | ||||||||||||||||||
Half Brother | Half Sister | Big Sister Sister Twin Sister Little Sister |
Self | Big Brother Brother Twin Brother Little Brother |
Half Brother | Half Sister |
Idiomatic
Particles
Particle | Description | English |
---|---|---|
Ëëch | Particle for questions and to mark one is thinking, wondering or pondering. In a general curious mood. | Hmmmm |
Conjunction
Connecting to parts is done like in english, X and Y, X or Y
Conjunction Logical Description Word Enclitic Noun clause Relative clause Sentence Noun clause Relative clause Sentence And And Both Ö Nşa -ön -nan - Adjective
separator- Ëtsj - - Noun -
Adjective
applierBlëë - - - Verb connector Bjëë - - Xand Either both or none Hsëë Or Or Inclusive Ŋǧe Xor Exclusive Yşjë But - Contrary Ööñ
Swadesh
No. | English | |
---|---|---|
1 | I | — |
2 | you (singular) | — |
3 | he | — |
4 | we | — |
5 | you (plural) | — |
6 | they | — |
7 | this | — |
8 | that | — |
9 | here | — |
10 | there | — |
11 | who | — |
12 | what | — |
13 | where | — |
14 | when | — |
15 | how | — |
16 | not | — |
17 | all | — |
18 | many | — |
19 | some | — |
20 | few | — |
21 | other | — |
22 | one | — |
23 | two | — |
24 | three | — |
25 | four | — |
26 | five | — |
27 | big | — |
28 | long | — |
29 | wide | — |
30 | thick | — |
31 | heavy | — |
32 | small | — |
33 | short | — |
34 | narrow | — |
35 | thin | — |
36 | woman | — |
37 | man (adult male) | — |
38 | man (human being) | — |
39 | child | — |
40 | wife | — |
41 | husband | — |
42 | mother | — |
43 | father | — |
44 | animal | — |
45 | fish | — |
46 | bird | — |
47 | dog | — |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | — |
50 | worm | — |
51 | tree | — |
52 | forest | — |
53 | stick | — |
54 | fruit | — |
55 | seed | — |
56 | leaf | — |
57 | root | — |
58 | bark | — |
59 | flower | — |
60 | grass | — |
61 | rope | — |
62 | skin | — |
63 | meat | — |
64 | blood | — |
65 | bone | — |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | — |
68 | horn | — |
69 | tail | — |
70 | feather | — |
71 | hair | — |
72 | head | — |
73 | ear | — |
74 | eye | — |
75 | nose | — |
76 | mouth | — |
77 | tooth | — |
78 | tongue | — |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | — |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | — |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | — |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | — |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | — |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | — |
93 | eat | — |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | — |
99 | breathe | — |
100 | laugh | — |
101 | see | — |
102 | hear | — |
103 | know | — |
104 | think | — |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | — |
107 | sleep | — |
108 | live | — |
109 | die | — |
110 | kill | — |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | — |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | — |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | — |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | — |
122 | come | — |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | — |
128 | give | — |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | — |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | — |
140 | say | — |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | — |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | — |
148 | moon | — |
149 | star | — |
150 | water | — |
151 | rain | — |
152 | river | — |
153 | lake | — |
154 | sea | — |
155 | salt | — |
156 | stone | — |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | — |
160 | cloud | — |
161 | fog | — |
162 | sky | — |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | — |
165 | ice | — |
166 | smoke | — |
167 | fire | — |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | — |
170 | road | — |
171 | mountain | — |
172 | red | — |
173 | green | — |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | — |
176 | black | — |
177 | night | — |
178 | day | — |
179 | year | — |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | — |
182 | full | — |
183 | new | — |
184 | old | — |
185 | good | — |
186 | bad | — |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | — |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | — |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | — |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | — |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | — |
200 | left | — |
201 | at | — |
202 | in | — |
203 | with | — |
204 | and | — |
205 | if | — |
206 | because | — |
207 | name | — |
Numbers
Number English Umbrean Number English Umbrean 0 Zero 16 Sixteen 1 One 17 Seventeen 2 Two 18 Eighteen 3 Three 19 Nineteen 4 Four 20 Twenty 5 Five 21 Twenty one 6 Six 22 Twenty two 7 Seven 23 Twenty three 8 Eight 24 Twenty four 9 Nine 25 Twenty five 10 Ten 26 Twenty six 11 Eleven 27 Twenty seven 12 Twelve 28 Twenty eight 13 Thirteen 29 Twenty nine 14 Fourteen 30 Thirty 15 Fifteen 31 Thirty one
12 potens Potense 12^x Suffix Word 1 12 (10) 2 144 (100) 4 20736 (10000) 8 429981696 (100000000)
Numbers in Umbrean have to agree by gender to the noun and changes whether it is ordinal, cardinal, fractal or multiple
- Cardinal: Normal number, One, Two, Three, Four, Five
- Ordinal: in order, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth
- Fractal: Division, Half, One third, One fourth, one fifth
- Multiple: Multiple of a number, Twice, Trice, Four times, Five times
- Additional: Plus it. Plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four, plus five
- Subtractional: Minus it, Minus one, minus two, minus three, minus four, minus five
Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Collective | Distributive | Addition | Subtraction | Power | Root | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Magical: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Living: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Non-Moving: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Artificial: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Compound words
Compound words are formed by taking the original stem, lacking grammatical genders, conjugations or declensions.
They often suffer natural "erosion" in form of where the begining or the end (depending on their joint location) is either over lapped by the other or eroded to shorten the word.
Type | English | Umbrean | Parts |
---|---|---|---|
Verb-Verb | |||
Noun-Verb | |||
Adjective-Noun | |||
Postposition-Verb |
Word Classes
While english division here is shown the umbrean language divides its own words a bit differently
- Nouns ()
- Items, objects, concepts and ideas
- Adjectives ()
Orthography
Umbrean writing system is written from up to down, then left to right and is an abugida.
There exist 4 versions of each letter, Isolated (when the letter occurs alone), When the letter initiates a word, when its in the middle and when it ends a word. The middle and End version can be fused with each other to create a new letter
Letter Table
Position | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolated | Initial | Middle | End | ||
Consonant | B | ||||
B | d |
Example text
Check out Umbrean/Translations
Featuring
Original
This language was once featured.
Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities, it has been voted as featured.
Translated
Hsëlu gnothlu mëhsimagn djihsaj bimëlösikhsi
This[Living] Language[Living-Definite] Earlier[Magical-Dative] At[3p-Magical] Feature[Past-3S]
Bymidhuvö gnodhul vandwaogna dhüaj tjoolagn göönüküñ ö gnuthinzinhulagn ñyvözaj pjomihsësavy
Unique[Living-Singular-Undefined] Language[Living-Singular-Undefined-Intransitive] Quality[Dative-Magical-Undefined] Of[3P-Magical] Great[Magical-Singular-Undefined] Amount[Dative-Non Moving-Singular Undefined] And Speakabilitiness[Dative-Magical-Singular-Undefined] Thanks-to[3P-Magical] Vote[Past-per][3P-Sing]
Literal Translation
This languages was made unique at the time of an earlier point in time.
It has been voted a unique language for reason of good amount of quality and a speakability
Original
Shame upon those who gives up
Translated
Thignöminu (those who give up)
Zhüma (shame)
Mindhëam = must/deserve to feel
Mindhëam Zhüma = deserves to feel shame
Thignömingu Mindhëam Zhümalu tjygnömza
Literal Translation
Those who quit deserves to/must feel shame
Original
Strenght/Force of wisdom/knowledge
Translated
"sikwaogna djinvai penevu" = Power/Force/strenght from wisdom
Literal Translation
Force originates from wisdom
Lessons
If inconsistencies are found between this thread and lessons in umbrean wording the lesson is most likely incorrect so please help by fixing it
Lesson 08: Verb Voices and moods
Lesson 18: Gerundive
Lesson 22: Mathematics