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General[]
Îçlo Islogian | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Head-Inital | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Information[]
Îçlo is a member of the Romance language family, spoken primarily in modern day Turkey. The language is notable for its high level of influence from Arabic.
Phonology & Orthography[]
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | |||||
Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | χ | ||||
Affricate | t͡s d͡z | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | ||||||
Approximant | j | w | ||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Lateral app. | l ɫ | ʎ |
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Close-mid | e ø | o | |
Mid | ə | ||
Open-mid | ɛ œ | ||
Open | a | ɑ |
Alphabet[]
Letter | IPA Value | Letter Pronunciation |
---|---|---|
Aa |
[ä]- Unstressed [ɑ]- Stressed |
/ɑ/ |
Bb | [b] | /be/ |
Cc |
[k]- Before Aa/Oo/Uu [t͡ʃ]- Before Ee/Ii/Yy [q]- Before [ɑ] |
/t͡ʃe/ |
Çç |
[t̪͡s̪] [t͡sˤ]- Before [ɑ] |
/t͡sɨ/ |
Dd |
[d̪] [dˤ]- Before [ɑ] |
/de/ |
Ḑḑ |
[z̪] [zˤ]- Before [ɑ] |
/ze/ |
Ee |
[ɛ]- Unstressed [e]- Stressed |
/e/ |
Ff | [f] | /ɛf/ |
Gg |
[ɡ]- Before Aa/Oo/Uu [d͡ʒ]- Before Ee/Ii/Yy [ɢ]- Before [ɑ] |
/d͡ʒe/ |
Hh |
[∅] [.]- Between vowels |
/aʃ/ |
Ii |
[i] [j]- Unstressed before vowel |
/i/ |
Jj | [ʒ] | /ʒe/ |
Kk |
[k]- Before Aa/Oo/Uu [q]- Before [ɑ] |
/ka/ |
Ll | [l̪] | /ɛl/ |
Łł | [ɫ̪] | /ɛɫ/ |
Mm | [m] | /ɛm/ |
Nn | [n̪] | /ɛn/ |
Oo | [o] | /o/ |
Pp | [p] | /pe/ |
[k] [q]- Before [ɑ] |
/kɨ/ | |
Rr | [r] | /ɛr/ |
Ss |
[s̪] [z̪]- Singular between vowels or before a voiced consonant [sˤ]- Before [ɑ] |
/ɛs/ |
Şş | [ʃ] | /ɛʃ/ |
Tt |
[t̪] [tˤ]- Before [ɑ] |
/te/ |
Ţţ |
[t̪͡s̪] [t͡sˤ]- Before [ɑ] |
/t͡se/ |
Uu |
[u] [w]- Unstressed before a vowel |
/u/ |
Vv | [v] | /vɨ/ |
Ww | [w]- Loanwords
[v]- German, Dutch, and Polish loanwords |
/ˈduplovɨ/ |
Xx | [ks̪] | /iks/ |
Yy | [i]
[j]- Unstressed before a vowel |
/ˈipsilon/ |
Zz |
[d̪͡z̪] [d͡zˤ]- Before [ɑ] |
/d͡zɛd/ |
Accented Letters[]
Accented vowels are not considered to be separate letters of the alphabet
Letter | IPA Value | Purpose |
---|---|---|
Àà | [ɑ] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ɑ] |
Áá | [ä] | Denotes stressed [ä] |
Ââ | [ɨ] | Denotes [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Aa |
Ȃȃ | [ɨ] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Aa |
Ăă | [ə] | Denotes [ə] that was originially spelled as Aa |
Ǎǎ | [ə] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ə] that was originially spelled as Aa |
Èè | [ɛ] | Denotes stressed [ɛ] |
Éé | [e] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [e] |
Êê | [ɨ] | Denotes [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Ee |
Ȇȇ | [ɨ] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Ee |
Ĕĕ | [ə] | Denotes [ə] that was originially spelled as Ee |
Ěě | [ə] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ə] that was originially spelled as Ee |
Ìì | [i] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [i] |
Íí | [i] | Denotes [i] between vowels |
Îî | [ɨ] | Denotes [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Ii |
Ȋȋ | [ɨ] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Ii |
Ĭĭ | [ə] | Denotes [ə] that was originially spelled as Ii |
Ǐǐ | [ə] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ə] that was originially spelled as Ii |
Òò | [o] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [o] |
Ôô | [ɨ] | Denotes [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Oo |
Ȏȏ | [ɨ] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Oo |
Ùù | [u] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [u] |
Ûû | [ɨ] | Denotes [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Uu |
Ȗȗ | [ɨ] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ɨ] that was originially spelled as Uu |
Ůů | [u] | Denotes situations in which [wo] turns into [u] |
Ýý | [i] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [i] in a small number of mostly scientific Latin and Greek words |
Letter Combinations[]
Combination | IPA Value | Purpose |
---|---|---|
Aî | [äj] | |
Aȋ | [äj] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [äj] |
Ci | [t͡ʃ] | Denotes [t͡ʃ] before Aa/Oo/Uu |
Cí | [t͡ʃi] | Denotes [t͡ʃi] before Aa/Oo/Uu |
Cĩ | [t͡ʃ] | Denotes [t͡ʃ] at the end of a word or before a consonant |
Ch | [χ] | In addition to denoting [χ] in most situations, it denotes /k/ before Ee/Ii/Yy which becomes realized as /χ/. Often used in gramatical forms to continue pronunciation. |
Eu | [ɛw] | |
Gi | [d͡ʒ] | Denotes [d͡ʒ] before Aa/Oo/Uu |
Gí | [d͡ʒi] | Denotes [d͡ʒi] before Aa/Oo/Uu |
Gĩ | [d͡ʒ] | Denotes [d͡ʒ] at the end of a word or before a consonant |
Ggn | [ɡn̪] | |
Gh | [χ] | Denotes /ɡ/ before Ee/Ii/Yy which becomes realized as /χ/. Often used in gramatical forms to continue pronunciation. |
Ghl | [ɡl̪] | Denotes [ɡl̪] before Ee/Ii/Yy |
Gl |
[ɡl̪]- Before Aa/Oo/Uu [ʎ]- Before Ee/Ii/Yy |
|
Gli | [ʎ] | Denotes [ʎ] before Aa/Oo/Uu |
Glí | [ʎi] | Denotes [ʎi] before Aa/Oo/Uu |
Glĩ | [ʎ] | Denotes [ʎ] at the end of a word or before a consonant |
Gn | [ɲ] | |
Ng |
[ŋ]- Before Aa/Oo/Uu [ŋd͡ʒ]- Before Ee/Ii/Yy |
|
Ngh | [ŋ] | Denotes /ŋ/ before Ee/Ii/Yy. Often used in gramatical forms to continue pronunciation. |
Oi | [oj] | |
Œœ | [œ] | Denotes stressed [œ] |
Œi | [œj] | |
Œì | [œj] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [œj] |
Œu |
[œ]- Unstressed [ø]- Stressed |
|
Œù | [ø] | Denotes non-penultimately stressed [ø] |
Ph | [f] | Only used in loanwords |
Qu | [kw] | |
Sc |
[s̪k]- Before Aa/Oo/Uu [ʃ]- Before Ee/Ii/Yy [s̪q]- Before [ɑ] |
|
Sci | [ʃ] | Denotes [ʃ] before Aa/Oo/Uu |
Scí | [ʃi] | Denotes [ʃi] before Aa/Oo/Uu |
Sch | [s̪χ] | Denotes /sk/ before Ee/Ii/Yy which becomes realized as /sχ/. Often used in gramatical forms to continue pronunciation. |
Th |
[t̪] [tˤ]- Before [ɑ] |
Only used in loanwords |
Stressed vowels are long [ː] in open syllables except in the vast majority of single syllable words
Ss is elongated [ː] after a stressed vowel, which becomes short if long
When two consonants that are/would be pronounced the same occur next to each other, only one is pronounced
When two of the same vowel (or an acute/grave accented vowel followed by a non-accented vowel) occur next to each other, only one is pronounced
Grammar[]
Articles[]
Articles agree with the gender and number of the noun that follows them. All nouns are presumed to be indefinite unless preceded by a definite article. Articles do not agree with case.
Singular | Singular Before
Vowel or Hh |
Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
♂ | Al- [äl̪] | Al- [äl̪] | Le [l̪e] | |
♀ | La- [l̪ä] | L'- [l̪] |
Al is pronounced [äɫ̪] before Dd/Ḑḑ/Ll/Łł/Nn/Rr/Ss/Şş/Tt/Ţţ/Zz
Prepositional Articles[]
Prepositional articles are contractions of certain prepositions with the article proceeding them. The prepositions which can contract and their contractions are shown below.
A [ä]- At/to | Singular | Singular Before
Vowel Or Hh |
Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
♂ | Àl | Àl | Alle | |
♀ | Alla | Ál [äːl̪] |
De- Of/from | Singular | Singular Before
Vowel or Hh |
Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
♂ | Dèl | Dèl | Delle | |
♀ | Della | Del |
Su- On/above | Singular | Singular Before
Vowel or Hh |
Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
♂ | Sul | Sul | Sûlle | |
♀ | Sulla | Sûl |
Îca- At (the) home (of)/ To (the) home (of) |
Singular | Singular Before
Vowel or Hh |
Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
♂ | Îcàl | Îcàl | Îchelle | |
♀ | Îcalla | Îcál |
A, De, and Su become Ad [äd̪], D', and Sur before a vowel or Hh when not contracted
Nouns[]
Dualizing and Pluralizing[]
Most nouns can be dualized or pluralized. As pronunciation is meant to left intact, forms with stems ending in c/g/gl may have Hh or Ii added or removed in certain forms to continue pronunciation. Diacritics that affect only stressed are removed when they occur on the final syllable of a word, are redundant when making the plural forms, or in all situations when making the dual forms. Recent borrowings from other languages receive the same dual and plural forms as the ones present in the borrowed language.
Group 1: Masculine and ending with a consonant
Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|
Manzil | Manzilani | Manzili |
House | 2 Houses | Houses |
Group 2: Masculine and ending with -o/-u/-e
Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|
Iarbù | Iarbuni | Iarbi |
Gerbil | 2 Gerbils | Gerbils |
Group 3: Masculine and ending with -a/-i
Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|
Sácră | Sacrăni | Sácre |
Hawk | 2 Hawks | Hawks |
Group 4: Feminine and ending with a consonant
Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|
Sadicat | Sadicataî | Sadicate |
Friend♀ | 2 Friends♀ | Friends♀ |
Group 5: Feminine and ending with -e
Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nocte | Noctet | Nocti |
Night | 2 Nights | Nights |
Group 6: Feminine and ending with -a/-i/-o/-u
Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|
Căpra | Căprat | Căpre |
Goat | 2 Goats | Goats |
Cases[]
There are 3 cases in Îçlo: nominative, objective, and genitive. The nominative object defines the subject of a sentence, and is also used for the indirect objects of a noun after any preposition besides a. The nominative is also used in the verbs where the "object" matches the subject and also as the direct object in a small amount of verbs. These 2 kinds of verbs are called "nominative verbs". The objective is used for the direct object in most verbs as well as the indirect object after the preposition a. The genitive is used after all uses of the prepostion de except when acting as a partitive article. It also occurs when describing something belonging to something when the something possessed is not mentioned. In this usage, the preposition de is dropped. The case endings are applied after the dualizing/pluralizing. As with dualizing and pluralizing, pronunciation is meant to be left intact so forms with stems ending in c/g/gl may have Hh or Ii added or removed to continue pronunciation, however, unlike them accent marks are always kept. The only exceptions are the masculine plural genitive and the feminine plural objective where they are always deleted, as well as any situation in which the accent mark is redundant. No noun is irregular only in case. Proper nouns (all capitalized nouns) do not have different forms depending on the case. Recent borrowings from other languages are not declined.
Group 1: Masculine with a form ending with -an
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | An | Anani | Ani |
Objective | An | Ananin | Anin |
Genitive | Anin | Ananini | Anini |
Meaning | Year | 2 Years | Years |
Group 2: Masculine with a form ending with -nini
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Nino | Ninoni | Nini |
Objective | Ninon | Ninonin | Ninin |
Genitive | Ninoni | Ninonini | Nini |
Meaning | Baby | 2 Babies | Babies |
Group 3: Masculine and ending in a consonant without a form ending with -an/-nini
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Atùm | Atumani | Atumi |
Objective | Atuman | Atumanin | Atumin |
Genitive | Atumin | Atumanini | Atumini |
Meaning | Dugong | 2 Dugongs | Dugongs |
Group 4: Masculine and ending with -o/-u/-e
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Caîne | Caîneni | Caîni |
Objective | Caînen | Caînenin | Caînin |
Genitive | Caîneni | Caînenini | Caînini |
Meaning | Dog | 2 Dogs | Dogs |
Group 5: Masculine and ending with -a/-i
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Problema | Problemani | Probleme |
Objective | Probleman | Problemanin | Problemen |
Genitive | Problemani | Problemanini | Problemeni |
Meaning | Problem | 2 Problems | Problems |
Group 6: Feminine and ending with a consonant
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Sahat | Sahataî | Sahate |
Objective | Sahatan | Sahataîtan | Sahatetan |
Genitive | Sahatit | Sahataît | Sahatet |
Meaning | Hour | 2 Hours | Hours |
Group 7: Feminine and ending with -e
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Vûlpe | Vûlpet | Vûlpi |
Objective | Vûlpetan | Vûlpetan | Vûlpitan |
Genitive | Vûlpet | Vûlpetit | Vûlpit |
Meaning | Fox | 2 Foxes | Foxes |
Group 8: Feminine and ending with -a/-i/-o/-u
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Bagcia | Bagciat | Bagce |
Objective | Bagciatan | Bagciatan | Bagcetan |
Genitive | Bagciat | Bagciatit | Bagcet |
Meaning | Garden | 2 Gardens | Gardens |
Irregular Nouns[]
Compound Nouns[]
Compound nouns consist of two words (with one of them usually being a noun) combining together to form a new, unique noun. There are 3 different kinds of compound nouns: those where the 2 words attach to one another, those where the 2 words are separated by a hyphen, and those where the 2 words are separated by a preposition. Each kind of compound noun has its own unique rules for dualizing/pluralizing and cases. Adverbs and verbs never change due to dualization/pluralization or case in compound nouns. Adjectives change for dualizing/pluralization but not for case. Adjectives agree in gender with the noun they are compounded with. Compound nouns receive the gender of the second noun if they aren't separated by anything, or the first one if they are. Irregular nouns are dualized/pluralized and declined the same as they normally would be when they occur in compound nouns in situations where that would occur. If the final half of the compound noun is a proper noun, the noun is indeclinable and has no dual/plural forms. However, if the first half is a proper noun and the second half isn't, the noun can still be declined and dualyzed/pluralized. Below are examples for each kind of compound noun with the examples only using words that are combinations of 2 nouns.
Group 1: Not separated
Gender: ♂ | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Mârajdar | Mârajdarani | Mârajdari |
Objective | Mârajdaran | Mârajdaranin | Mârajdarin |
Genitive | Mârajdarin | Mârajdaranini | Mârajdarini |
Meaning | Sea Serpent | 2 Sea Serpents | Sea Serpents |
The two nouns are treated as one with the plural and case endings only being added to the latter.
Group 2: Separated by hyphen
Gender: ♂ | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Âve-Secretário | Âveni-Secretarioni | Âvi-Secretarii |
Objective | Âve-Secretárion | Âveni-Secretarionin | Âvi-Secretariin |
Genitive | Âve-Secretárioni | Âveni-Secretarionini | Âvi-Secretariini |
Meaning | Secretary Bird | 2 Secretary Birds | Secretary Birds |
The two nouns are treated as separate with regards to dualizing/pluralizing, but when declined only the second one receives the endings. Both words follow their original stress patterns. When the first noun is capitalized, the second is too.
Group 3: Separated by preposition
Gender: ♂ | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Nassar Delle Mortini | Nassarani Delle Mortini | Nassari Delle Mortini |
Objective | Nassaran Delle Mortini | Nassaranin Delle Mortini | Nassarin Delle Mortini |
Genitive | Nassarin Delle Mortini | Nassaranini Delle Mortini | Nassarini Delle Mortini |
Meaning | Vulture | 2 Vultures | Vultures |
The two nouns are treated as separate with the first noun acting as normal and with the second noun never changing for dualizing/pluralizing and always remaining in the case that its preposition brings on (the genitive in this example). As this example demonstrates, the second noun can be in the plural when used in the singular form for the compound noun. This will never occur in the 2 other kinds of compound nouns.
Nominative Verbs[]
The following verbs take the nominative. Although some do not truly have an object, others do.
• Esre- To be
• Avere- To have
• Ponere- To consider (as/to be) (can take 2 nominative objects)
• Ponerse- To consider oneself (as/to be)
• Sentire- To feel/smell (only when meaning to feel)
Adjectives[]
Irregular Adjectives[]
Pronouns[]
Subject Pronouns[]
Singular | Dual/Plural | |
---|---|---|
First Person | Io | Noi |
Second Person | Tu | Voi |
Third Person♂ | Îl | Essi [ˈɛs̪ːi] |
Third Person♀ | Ella [ˈɛːl̪ä] | Esse [ˈɛs̪ːɛ] |
Generic | Ci |
The third person♀ plural is only used for nouns that consist entirely of objects of feminine gender. The third person plural pronouns are also used as the formal equivalents of Tu. They still conjugate according to third person plural in these situations. Except for the 3rd person singular, subject pronouns are usually dropped, with the conjugations giving the required information. Sentences that need an indefinite subject (what would usually be it in English) simply use the third person conjugation. Whenever the meaning of "one" is wanted, ci must be used with the verb. It can never be dropped. Pronouns can be re-added for emphasis. The 3rd person singular pronouns are dropped when the pronoun has already been referred to or used before in the conversation or by the speaker without confusion. As the subjunctive tense singular conjugations are all the same, they are usually preceded by their corresponding subject pronouns. There are 2 exceptions to this: the first is when the subjunctive is in a subordinate clause (the majority of its uses) and refers to the same subject as the main clause, the second is after the expression "oro che" (which means please and always is followed by the subjunctive). After this expression the subject is always assumed to be tu when conjugated with one of the singular forms.
Direct Object Pronouns[]
Singular | Singular Before
Vowel Or Hh |
Dual/Plural | Dual/Plural Before
Vowel Or Hh | |
---|---|---|---|---|
First Person | Ni | N' | Na | |
Second Person | Te | T' | Ve | V' |
Third Person♂ | Al [äl̪] | Hom | ||
Third Person♀ | La [l̪ä] | L' | Homa |
Indirect Object Pronouns[]
Singular | Dual/Plural | |
---|---|---|
First Person | Mî | Neo |
Second Person | Tî | Veo |
Third Person♂ | Lui | Loro |
Third Person♀ | Lei | Lora |
Object Pronoun Location[]
Object pronouns are placed before a verb except when it is used in the imperative and the infinitive. Except in the aforementioned tenses, when both pronouns are used the indirect comes before the direct and the pronouns then combine to form one word. In these situations Ni, Mî, and Tî become Ne, Me, and Te, and forms N’, L’, T’, and V’ are never used. In the imperative only the direct object pronouns are attached to the end of the verb. In these situations Al becomes L after a vowel, and Hom and Homa become Om and Oma after a consonant. Indirect object pronouns go after the verb as a separate word. When both a direct and indirect pronoun are used, the direct is attached to the end of the imperative, as normal, and the indirect follows as a separate word. When the imperative is negated, the pronouns are placed like they would in any other tense. In the infinitive, the final e of the verb is dropped and both kinds of object pronouns are added to the end of the infinitive, with the indirect coming before the direct. In these situations Hom and Homa become Om and Oma and Al becomes L after a vowel.
Reflexive Pronouns[]
Singular | Singular Before
Vowel Or Hh |
Dual/Plural | Dual/Plural Before
Vowel Or Hh | |
---|---|---|---|---|
First Person | Mî | M' | Nî | |
Second Person | Tî | T' | Vî | V' |
Third Person | Sî | S' | Sî | S' |
Like direct object pronouns, reflexive pronouns typically precede the verb but are attached to the end of it in both the infinitive and the the imperative. They are placed before both object pronouns and can combine with them to form new pronouns. In both the infinitive and when combined with another pronoun (but not in the imperative unless combining), the Îî in all pronoun forms (except for Nî outside of the infinitive) becomes an Ee.
Disjunctive Pronouns[]
Singular | Dual/Plural | |
---|---|---|
First Person | Miu [mɛw] | Noi |
Second Person | Tiu [t̪ɛw] | Voi |
Third Person♂ | Lui | Loro |
Third Person♀ | Ella [ˈɛːl̪ä] | Lora |
The disjunctive pronouns are used whenever the pronouns are used in any other situation such as when standing alone or when after any preposition. Ella has the additional form Lá [l̪äː], which is used when following a nominative verb.
Verbs[]
As a Romance language, Îçlo conjugates verbs to a number of tenses and moods. There are three verb endings: -are, -ere, and -ire. Below are the conjugation patterns for regular verbs.
Present[]
-are
Orare- To Pray | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Oro | Oriam |
Second Person | Ori | Orat |
Third Person | Ora | Orano |
-ere
Cadere- To Fall | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Cado | Cadem |
Second Person | Cadi | Cadet |
Third Person | Cade | Cadono |
-ire
Servire- To Serve | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Servio | Servim |
Second Person | Servi | Servit |
Third Person | Servĭ | Servono |
Preterite[]
-are
Habitare- To Live/Reside | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Habitâ | Habitamă |
Second Person | Habitaşti | Habitáşt |
Third Person | Habitò | Habitauno |
-ere
Credere- To Believe/Think | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Credei | Credemă |
Second Person | Credeşti | Credèşt |
Third Person | Credé | Credeuno |
-ire
Finire- To Finish | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Finii | Finimă |
Second Person | Finişti | Finìşt |
Third Person | Finì | Finiono |
Imperfect[]
-are
Parlare- To Speak/Talk | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Parlavo | Parlavam |
Second Person | Parlavi | Parlavat |
Third Person | Parlava | Parlavano |
-ere
Decidere- To Decide | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Decidevo | Decidevam |
Second Person | Decidevi | Decidevat |
Third Person | Decideva | Decidevano |
-ire
Dormire- To Sleep | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Dormivo | Dormivam |
Second Person | Dormivi | Dormivat |
Third Person | Dormiva | Dormivano |
Future[]
-are
Dansare- To Dance | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Dansrò | Dansrém |
Second Person | Dansraȋ | Dansrét |
Third Person | Dansrà | Dansrano |
Verbs with a stem ending in Ii/Ll/Łł/Rr/Uu/Ww add an Ăă before the endings
-ere
Correre- To Run | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Corrĕrò | Corrĕrém |
Second Person | Corrĕraȋ | Corrĕrét |
Third Person | Corrĕrà | Corrĕrano |
Verbs with a stem ending in Ii/Ll/Rr/Uu add an Ĕĕ before the endings
-ire
Seguire- To Follow | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Seguĕrò | Seguĕrém |
Second Person | Seguĕraȋ | Seguĕrét |
Third Person | Seguĕrà | Seguĕrano |
Verbs with a stem ending in Ii/Ll/Rr/Uu add an Ĕĕ before the endings
Conditional[]
-are
Trovare- To Find/Think | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Trovre | Trovrem |
Second Person | Trovreşti | Trovreşt |
Third Person | Trovreve | Trovrebo |
Verbs with a stem ending in Ii/Ll/Łł/Rr/Uu/Ww add an Ăă before the endings
-ere
Battere- To Beat | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Battre | Battrem |
Second Person | Battreşti | Battreşt |
Third Person | Battreve | Battrebo |
Verbs with a stem ending in Ii/Ll/Rr/Uu add an Ĕĕ before the endings
-ire
Construire- To Build | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Construĕre | Construĕrem |
Second Person | Construĕreşti | Construĕreşt |
Third Person | Construĕreve | Construĕrebo |
Verbs with a stem ending in Ii/Ll/Rr/Uu add an Ĕĕ before the endings
Imperative[]
-are
Parare- To Cover/Shield | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Pariam | |
Second Person | *Parà | Pariat |
Third Person | Parino |
*Becomes Para when negated
-ere
Rĕpetere- To Repeat | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Rĕpetiam | |
Second Person | *Rĕpetè | Rĕpetiat |
Third Person | Rĕpetano |
*Becomes Rĕpete when negated
-ire
Definire- To Define | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Definiam | |
Second Person | *Definǐ | Definiat |
Third Person | Definano |
*Becomes Definĭ when negated
Subjunctive []
-are
Avare- To Love | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Avi | Aviam |
Second Person | Avi | Aviat |
Third Person | Avi | Avino |
-ere
Temere- To Fear | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Tema | Temiam |
Second Person | Tema | Temiat |
Third Person | Tema | Temano |
-ire
Sentire- To Feel/Smell | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | Senta | Sentiam |
Second Person | Senta | Sentiat |
Third Person | Senta | Sentano |
Compound Tenses, Past Participles And Present Participles[]
Certain tenses combine a conjugated auxiliary verb, with a past participle. These tenses are called compound tenses. Most verbs use Avere (To have) but a small number use Esre (To be). Some verbs use Esre in certain situations but not in others. All reflexive verbs use it too. Verbs that use Esre must agree have their past participle agree in gender. In addition to past participles, there are present participles. Present participles are equivalent to the English –ing and have 3 functions: to modify a noun, to describe an action related to and occurring simultaneously with a main verb (a gerund), and to explain why or how something happens (usually translated with by). The first use simply uses the present participle, while the other two are preceded by the preposition, a. They cannot be used to form progressive tenses like in English but they can function as adjectives.
Past Participle | Present Participle | |
---|---|---|
-are | -eo | -agno |
-ere | -uo | -egno |
-ire | -io | -egno |
Tense | Formation |
---|---|
Present Perfect | Auxiliary verb in present + past participle |
Pluperfect | Auxiliary verb in past + past participle |
Future Perfect | Auxiliary verb in future + past participle |
Conditional Perfect | Auxiliary verb in conditional + past participle |
Past Subjunctive | Auxiliary verb in subjunctive + past participle |
Syntax[]
Dialectical Differences[]
There are 2 dialects in Îçlo: an eastern and a western. The western dialect is considered to be the standard of the language but the eastern forms are accepted too. The main differences between the 2 dialects are shown below.
Phonological []
Western | Eastern | Spelling | Occurrence of pronunciation change |
---|---|---|---|
[∅] | [ʔ] | Often Hh | Between 2 non-diphthongized vowels |
[m] | [◌̃] | Mm | After a vowel when word final or before a consonant |
[n] | [◌̃] | Nn | After a vowel when word final or before a consonant besides Cc/Kk/Gg |
[n] | [ŋ] | Nn | Before Cc/Kk |
[o] | [ɔ] | Oo | Unstressed or in a closed syllable |
[r] | [ɾ] | Rr | Everywhere |
[r] | [ɾ̪] | Rr | Before Dd/Nn/Ss/Tt/Ţţ/Zz |
[v] | [b͡v] | Vv | Everywhere |
[χ] | [ç] | Ch | Before Ee/Ii/Yy |
[χ] | [ʁ] | Gh | Everywhere |
[χ] | [ʝ] | Gh | Before Ee/Ii/Yy |
[ː] | [∅] | Everywhere except in single syllable words where it is used to distinguish would be homophones |
Vocabulary[]
Countries, Languages, & Nationalities
Example Text []
The Lord's Prayer (Al Noş Patre)- []
Noş Patre chi è ĭn la Janna,
Tù nôme sia consacreo.
Tù regno venga.
Tua volontà sia facto,
Sulla Tèrra còme ĭn la Janna.
Dà neo â noş paion quotidiano.
E perdonà neo noşi débitin,
Còme noi perdoniam noşi debitorin.
E non na guida ĭn tentaţion,
Mai liberàna dèl małin,
Pèrcĩ al tù è al regno, al potere e la gloria.
Persempre.
Amén.