Aalmok

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Progress 90%
	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 100% Adjectives 100% Syntax 76% Words 295 of 1500

Name: Aalmok Type: Compositionally polysynthetic Alignment: Nominative-Accusative Head Direction: Final Number of genders: None Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

General information

Aalmok is intended to be an International Auxiliary Language that takes a different route to its creation than most of its counterparts. It's an a priori language with a more complex grammar system. The more complex grammar and phonemic inventory are intended as a tool for introducing learners to concepts and sounds they may be unfamiliar with. With it's extremely high regularity, it is also intended to be relatively easy to learn.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	(n̪)	n	(n̠)			ŋ
Plosive	p b	(t̪) (d̪)	t d				k g	ʔ
Fricative	ɸ β	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ		ç ʝ	x ɣ	h
Affricate	p͡ɸ1 b͡β1	t̪͡θ1 d̪͡ð1	t͡s1 d͡z1	t͡ʃ d͡ʒ			k͡x1 g͡ɣ1
Approximant	β̞				ɻ	j
Trill			r
Flap or tap			ɾ
Lateral fric.			ɬ
Lateral app.			l

1. /pɸ, bβ, t̪θ, d̪ð, ts, dz, kx, gɣ/ appear as digraphs in written Aalsen.

[n̪], [n̠], [t̪] and [d̪] are allophones of [n], [t] and [d] when they occur clustered with consonants of those points or articulation.

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i iː y1 yː1				u uː
Near-close		ɪ ɪː		ʊ ʊː
Close-mid	e1 eː1				o oː
Mid			ə əː
Open-mid		ɛ ɛː œ1 œː1
Near-open		æ1 æː1
Open			a aː

1. /y, yː, e, eː, œ, œː, æ, æː/ appear as digraphs in written Aalsen

Alphabet

The romanization of Aalšik (the Aalsen orthography) is as follows:

a	aa	â	ââ	b	c	d	ď	e	ee	f	g	ǧ	h	ħ	i	ii	î	îî	j	k	ǩ	l	ľ	m	n	ň	o	oo	p	q	r	ř	s	š	t	ť	u	uu	û	ûû	v	w	x	y	z	ž
a	aː	ə	əː	b	t͡ʃ	d	ð	ɛ	ɛː	ɸ	g	ʝ	h	ʔ	i	iː	ɪ	ɪː	d͡ʒ	k	ç	l	r	m	n	ŋ	o	oː	p	ɣ	ɾ	ɻ	s	ʃ	t	θ	u	uː	ʊ	ʊː	β	β̞	x	j	z	ʒ

The digraphs mentioned in the earlier section are as follows:

pf	bv	tť	dď	ts	dz	kx	gq	eu	euu	ei	eii	ea	eaa	eo	eoo
p͡ɸ	b͡β	t̪͡θ	d̪͡ð	t͡s	d͡z	k͡x	g͡ɣ	y	yː	e	eː	æ	æː	œ	œː

Finally, there are two "oddball" digraphs: "hl" is pronounced /ɬ/ and "hw" is pronounced /ʍ/.

Phonotactics

The phonology of words is equivalent to their spelling, excepting the changes listed below the consonants table. It is recommended that the learner simply learns the words, as the phonotactics are unlikely to be codified.

Grammar

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Nouns	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Adjectives	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

General

The sentence structure in Aalmok is generally free, with the only exceptions being the location of adjectives, adverbs, and genetive case nouns (These will be discussed in their individual sections).

Primary stress falls on the final syllable of a word, not including case or verb endings, unless there are one or more long vowels; in which case, primary stress would fall on the first long vowel and secondary stress would fall on all subsequent long vowels. Secondary stress radiates out from a fixed stress source to every other syllable in either direction. For example: /hampesak/ (companion) is pronounced [ˌham.pes.ˈak] and /seeišmaguk/ (weekly news) is pronounced [ˈseːʃ.ma.ˌguk]

This overview will begin with nouns.

Nouns

For the most part, Aalmok can be said to revolve around the nouns. Verbs, adjectives and adverbs are derived from them. In fact, nouns even function as the primary descriptors, as, as you will later find out, there are an extremely small number of adjectives. The first things a learner should know is, that nouns always end in a consonant and that nouns decline for 7 cases and 2 numbers in a wholly regular pattern. This is shown in the following table:

	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Locative	Allative	Genetive	Adverbial
Singular	-Ø	-â	-i	-oi	-au	-al	-âs
Plural	-(î)š, -ž	-(e)na	-(e)sa, -za	-(e)ši, -ži	-(a)žu,  -šu	-el	-iř

The plural ending used is determined by whether or not the final consonant of the noun is voiced. If the noun ends with /y, w, h/ then the full ending must be used. /s, z, š, ž/ also require that the full Nominative, Dative, Locative and Orientative endings are used and /n/ requires the full Accusative ending; although, in these situations, in informal speach, the ending's first vowel can be dropped if the word's final consonant is replaced by /ħ/.

Each of these cases has an underlying concept behind them, although it is preferred that the Locative and Orientative not be used without an accompanying preposition. The Nominative is used for nouns taking the subject role in verb constructions. The Accusative marks the direct object of a verb and the Dative, the indirect object. The Locative indicates that the preposition modifying the noun is expressing a location in relation to something else and the Orientative indicates direction in relation to something else.

The Genetive is rather unique among the cases. It takes its position within the other cases and generally functions as the language's adjective. It indicated that the preceding noun possesses the genetive noun's qualities, or that the preceding noun is possessed by the genetive noun. The Genetive does not modify to agree with the case in which it lies. There is, however, one exception to the preceding sentence; if the Genetive is refering back to a noun already in the genetive, then /u/ is added on to the basic genetive ending; if the Genetive is refering back to a word already in the second level of Genetive, then it adds /o/; then /a/; then /e/; and finally /i/; if further levels of the Genetive are used for whatever reason, then the final vowel progression is restarted. In discussion, these Genetive forms are referred to as “levels of Genetive”, and, in glossing, are written as “GEN2”, “GEN3”, “GEN4” and so on.

The Adverbial is used to express modification of the Genetive as well as verbs and other Adverbial nouns in a way that answers the questions “how?”, ”by what means?”, ”in terms of what?”, “what with?”, and “for what?”. It acts the same way as the Genetive. The Adverbial is also used to for the Vocative sense.

Pronouns

This section is quite brief. How about a table to sum it up?:

	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Locative	Orientative	Genetive	Adverbial
I	to	go	do	jo	co	twal	twâs
You (Singular)	we	gwe	dwe	žwe	šwe	wal	wâs
It	la	ga	ze	cei	cau	lal	lâs
We (Exclusive)	toš	gon	dos	joť	coď	jel	jir
We (Inclusive)	teš	gen	des	jeť	ceď	cel	cir
You (Plural)	weš	gwen	dwes	žweť	šweď	šel	šir
They	laš	gan	zes	ceiť	cauď	hlel	hlir

If the learner doesn't know the difference between “We (Exclusive)” and “We (Inclusive)”, then the learner should check here.

Also, keep in mind that, in Aalmok, it's perfectly alright to refer to humans of either gender as "it".

Adjectives

Curiously enough, there are only 18 adjectives in the entire language of Aalmok. Adjectives are placed before what they modify

Here's another table:

Aalmok	English
na	a (indefinite article)
ta	the (definite article)
teta	every, all, each
sota	no, none of
kepa	many, much, a lot of
nata	some, a few, several, a couple
gopa	few, little, a little bit of
eipa	another, the other
fara	whole, entire, complete
mima	the same
kwoda	most, the majority of
mepa	the last, the final, the ultimate
iiťa	this
aaťa	that
uuťa	that(over there), yonder
dina	half of, half of all of
keta	some, the minority of
kapa	part of, part of all of

“Mepa” can be modified to “lamepa”, meaning “penultimate, the second to last”, technically meaning that there are 19 adjectives.

Verbs

Declension

Starting right off with the declension:

Pronoun	General Verb Ending	Command Forms
to	-o	-oa
we	-e	-ea
la	-ai
toš	-os	-oas
teš	-eos	-as
weš	-es	-eas
laš	-ais

Oh dear! What's this? A first person command form?? What does that even mean?

Well, It's really not that complex. Sometimes the learner may find themself stuck on a school or work assignment, and in English, it's not uncommon for people to try to energize themselves by giving themselves commands. The only difference in Aalmok is, that you use the 1st. person command instead of the 2nd. person command. The 1st. person singular and plural also have another use in conversational speaking. If you or you and you're group are in a confrontation with one or more others, a 1st. person command can be used to call for an action from you and/or your group against the opposition in a fashion that is pretentious or debasing to the opposition.

The “-as” command is essentially the same as the “let's” formation in English.

Tense, Mood and Aspect

The tense, mood, aspect and other qualities of verbs can be modified through the use of a pretty good sized list of prefixes and suffixes. The extent to which these affixes are used has an effect on register, but that's a story for another section. Here's a list of the affixes along with the effect they have:

Prefix	Meaning	Suffix	Meaning
aa(y)-	causative aspect	-iy	future tense
mes/mez/meħ-	decausative aspect	-uw	past tense
no(k)-	reversive aspect	-ar	hypothetical tense
klo(t)-	reversive causative aspect	-ob	potential modality
xu(f)-	reversive decausative aspect	-eň	desiderative modality
ne(y)-	iterative aspect	-ur	optative mood
he(r)-	perfective aspect	-eits	amative modality
ho(r)-	imperfective aspect	-ask	pavitative modality
ta(s)-	temptative aspect	-ol	permissive modality
ka(p)-	disintegrative aspect	-adz	jussive mood
fo(r)-	reventive aspect	-eg	necessitative mood
spa(s)-	durative aspect	-ešt	inclinative aspect
ďa(s)-	artificial aspect
oo(w)-	negative aspect
ki(x)-	progressive aspect
la(z)-	ingressive aspect
ze(g)-	cessative aspect
me(d)-	continuative aspect
ľi(y)-	frequentative aspect
de(n)-	reflexive aspect
hâ(m)-	interrogative mood
ee(k)-	intensive aspect
uu(g)-	attenuative aspect
ťi(y)-	scitive aspect
ďu(w)-	inscitive aspect
is/iz/iħ-	ventive aspect
uň/um/un/uħ-	itive aspect

1. these prefixes are determined by the onset consonant of the root word, if there is no onset consonant, then the first form is used. the ventive and itive prefixes can also have any of the other prefixes attached to them without using those prefixes' consonants.

Affixes can be stacked if sensible.

All suffixes are treated as part of the root and the basic verb ending is added to the end of the last suffix.

Polite requests are formed by adding the proper command form onto a hypothetical stem with "myekâs" (please) starting off the sentence. For example: ".myekâs segarea." means "Could you please move?".

If the learner doesn't know the meaning of any of the terms in the above table, they can be found explained in Wikipedia's mood and aspect pages.

The passive voice is formed by switching the cases on the subject and direct object and adding the "-us" suffix to the verb.

Prepositions

This is a tough bit here. The prepositions have many meaning and the prevailing one is dependent on which case it is used with. As per their name, prepositions are placed before that which the modify. Prepositions of the same case can be combined into one to combine their meanings. Prepositions can also be used as prefixes. This section will be divided into cases.

Nominative

Only one preposition can use this case: "pu". when used with this case, "pu" means "per, for each". It is used in the expressions "pu dumoks" and "pu zamoks" meaning "percent" and " permille".

Accusative

A table of the preposition that can be used with this case and their meaning in such a case:

Aalmok	English
wi	greater than, of a higher order than, to a greater degree than
yu	less than, of a lower order than, to a lesser degree than
mi	equal to, of the same order as, to the same degree as
kwi	about, on the subject of
kwa	on a different subject than
ci	by, by the hands of

Dative

A table of the preposition that can be used with this case and their meaning in such a case:

Aalmok	English
ni	with, in concourse with, plus, added to, using, including
nimo	without, minus, removed from, without using, excluding, other than
ša	for, with the intent to give to, having in mind
bu	from, gifted by, from the intent of
mi	like, similar to

This case can also use the Locative prepositions, giving them a metaphoricle sense. E.g.: ”go” means “against, opposing” when used with the Dative case.

Locative

A table of the preposition that can be used with this case and their meaning in such a case:

Aalmok	English
ša	facing, facing towards, pointing to
bu	facing away from, pointing away from
ku	in, inside of, on the inside of, within
ma	out of, outside of, on the outside of
wi	above, in the space above, over
yu	beneath, below, in the space below
fa	in front of, before, on the near side of
go	behind, on the far side of
tuu	near to, close to, nearby, close by, in the vicinity of
gaa	far from, far away, nowhere near
kyo	on, attached to, attached to the outer side of
ci	at, by, in close proximity to, at the position of
so	in between, in the space between, between
kwi	around, surrounding, all around, in every direction
ge	on top of
keu	on the underside of, underneath
we	left of, on the left of, on the left side of
yo	right of, on the right of, on the right side of
yau	to the side of, beside, next to
kwa	apart from, separate from
jo	across from, on the other side of
di	along the side of, alongside, stretched across the edge of
kosi	north of, to the north of
kozu	south of, to the south of
kowe	west of, to the west of
koyo	east of, to the east of
lu	during, within the time of, while
ľe	at, at about, at around, around, about (time expressions)
šu	before, preceding (time expressions)
la	after, afterward
na	to, close| to, almost (time expressions
li	from, far away| from (time expressions)
pu	from ... to, stretched between, reaching between

Allative

A table of the preposition that can be used with this case and their meaning in such a case:

Aalmok	English
ša	to, towards, in the direction of
bu	away from, in the direction opposite of
ku	into, form the outside to the inside of, from the outside inwards
ma	out of, from the inside to the outside of, from the inside outwards
kyo	onto, from away from to a position attached to
tsa	off of, from a position attached to a position away from
wi	up from, upwards from, from above upwards
yu	down from, downwards from, from beneath downwards
fa	to the front of, to the front side of, from elsewhere to the front of
go	behind, to the far side of, from elsewhere to the far side of
tuu	nearby, passing near
gaa	far away from, passing far from
ci	in the same direction and position as
kwa	in a different direction from, away from
we	to the left side of, from elsewhere to the left side of
yo	to the right side of, from elsewhere to the right side of
so	through, from one side through to the other side of
jo	across, from one side to the other of
pu	between, from ... to, across the space between
di	along, alongside, along the side of
kwi	around, in every direction from, outwards from
yau	to the side of, from elsewhere to the side of, from every direction to
kosi	northwards from, to the north of
kozu	southwards from, to the south of
kowe	westwards from, to the west of
koyo	eastwards from, to the east of
ge	over, from one side above to the other side of
keu	below, from one side underneath to the other side of
lu	during, throughout the duration of
ľe	until
šu	into the past before
la	since

Genetive

Only two prepositions can be used with the Genetive: “ša“ and “bu“. “ša“ means “owned by“ in this case and “bu“ means “made out of“.

Comparisons With Only One item

There are 4 suffixes used to make comparisons without that which the object is being compared to: “-ab”, the positive comparative (more); “-af”, the negative comparative (less); “-uat”, the positive superlative (the most); and “-iad”, the negative superlative (the least). These are always used in the Genetive. Example sentence: “.iiňglîsmok aanai ťikal;dooicmok aanai ťikabal;o aalmok aanai ťikuatal.”, meaning “English is good, German is better, but Aalmok is the best.”.

Vocabulary

No.	English	Aalmok
1	I	to
2	you (singular)	we
3	he	la
4	we	toš, teš
5	you (plural)	weš
6	they	laš
7	this	iiťa
8	that	aaťa, uuťa
9	here	iiťoi, ci iiťoi, ša iiťau
10	there	aaťoi, ci aaťoi, ša aaťau, uuťoi, ci uuťoi, ša uuťau
11	who	haď, wa, we
12	what	hân, hânal
13	where	hânoi, ci hânoi, ša hânau
14	when	ľe hânoi
15	how	haikâs
16	not	mo
17	all	teta
18	many	kepa
19	some	nata
20	few	gopa
21	other	eipa
22	one	nâ, nâks
23	two	du, duks
24	three	za, zaks
25	four	koi, koiks
26	five	po, poks
27	big	buwal
28	long	xunal
29	wide	sposal
30	thick	sposal
31	heavy	—
32	small	piyal
33	short	linal
34	narrow	klipal
35	thin	klipal
36	woman	aď, aďim
37	man (adult male)	aď, aďun
38	man (human being)	aď
39	child	pyav
40	wife	seif, seifim
41	husband	seif, seifun
42	mother	šud, šudim
43	father	šud, šudun
44	animal	ľož
45	fish	—
46	bird	—
47	dog	wûf
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	šen
52	forest	šeniť
53	stick	—
54	fruit	—
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	ťfin
60	grass	sis
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	weif
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	lep
70	feather	—
71	hair	šiy
72	head	mas
73	ear	ol
74	eye	piťk
75	nose	ťniħ
76	mouth	maiy
77	tooth	tťet
78	tongue	ťlek
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	was
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	yaoľ
84	wing	—
85	belly	bad
86	guts	—
87	neck	gak
88	back	glaz
89	breast	—
90	heart	toodow
91	liver	—
92	drink	šiifon, šiif, šiifuek
93	eat	teepon
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	pťan, pťanon
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	hâhon
100	laugh	hahon
101	see	bizon
102	hear	lunon
103	know	kuton, zuton
104	think	glanon, zânon, gaznon, kwazon, skazon
105	smell	feunon
106	fear	sask, saskon
107	sleep	siin, siinon
108	live	wiimon, kyudon, wiimisal
109	die	guuzon
110	kill	dubon, aguuzon, caguuzon, gobeiyon
111	fight	kepon, dekepon, pukepon, pukep
112	hunt	—
113	hit	bok, bokon
114	cut	žaaikon, žaaik
115	split	ftenon, kasiijon, kašadďon
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	dazdon, dazd
120	fly	šuumon
121	walk	cegon, ceg
122	come	byubon
123	lie	boď, boďon
124	sit	gwaapon, gauzon
125	stand	kaikon, gaizon, peťikson, umyekon, ewwimon,
126	turn	denson, dens
127	fall	yuzon, yuz, šejun
128	give	diňkson
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	saškon, sašk
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	dwezon, dwezed
140	say	kugon, syamon
141	sing	—
142	play	hlikson
143	float	—
144	flow	fsadon, fsad
145	freeze	ciňkon, ciňk
146	swell	—
147	sun	xam
148	moon	uuv
149	star	ňip
150	water	dďoog
151	rain	šeuuk
152	river	fsad
153	lake	klos
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	koc
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	kof
160	cloud	stap
161	fog	—
162	sky	fum
163	wind	šuuw
164	snow	cook
165	ice	cik
166	smoke	—
167	fire	žaf
168	ash	hlat
169	burn	žafon, žafed
170	road	radz
171	mountain	ham
172	red	wilt, wiltal
173	green	šelt, šeltal
174	yellow	xalt, xaltal
175	white	telt, teltal
176	black	molt, moltal
177	night	skuv
178	day	jam, skam
179	year	škaf
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	tuuštal
184	old	gaaštal, buňkal
185	good	ťikal, cakal
186	bad	ďugal, jugal
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	supal
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	nyûkal, anyûkon, canyûkon
195	dry	neekal, aneekon, caneekon
196	correct	peťal, apeťon, capeťon, impeťon
197	near	tuu, na
198	far	gaa, li
199	right	yo, yon
200	left	we, wen
201	at	ci, ľe
202	in	ku
203	with	ni
204	and	e
205	if	ai
206	because	zee
207	name	jeoon

To be updated