Alemarese

Alemarese Alemarrix
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Accusative
Head direction
right
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General Information

Alemarese (natively Alemarrix /alemaˈʀiʃ/) is one of the most spoken languages of Patrona. It is the majority language in several nations (most notable Westos and Alemar) and taught as a lingua franca the world over.

Classification

Alemarese is an Edalith language, of the Chevin branch and the Peninsular subbranch.

Phonology

Consonants

	labial	interdental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	uvular	glottal
nasal	m	n̟	(n)			ŋ
stop	p b	t̟	d	tʃ dʒ		k g	q	(ʔ)
fricative	ɸ β	θ	s z	ʃ	(ç)	x
approximant		ð̞ l̟			j	w
rhotic		(ɾ̟) (ɾ̟̃)	ɾ				ʀ

/b/, /β/, /l/, /d/, /dʒ/, and /ʀ/ do not occur word-finally in most dialects.
The interdental nasal /n/ and partially the alveolar flap /r/ assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant.
The interdental nasal /n/ is pronounced as a nasalized interdental flap [ɾ̟̃] in non-stressed and non-word-initial locations.
The uvular stop /q/ is pronounced as a glottal stop [ʔ] in the coda.
Whether or not /z/ is a separate consonant and its degree of separation from /s/ both differ from dialect to dialect.
The velar fricative is pronounced as a palatal [ç] after /i/ or /e/.
The labialized velar approximant /w/ has many origins and thus alternates with several other phonemes. It is the pronunciation of /l/ in the coda, and of /u/ in many diphthongs.

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Near-close	(ɪ)	(ʊ)
Close-mid	(e)	(o)
Mid	e̞	o̞
Open-mid	(ɛ)	(ɔ)
Near-open	(æ)
Open	a	(ɑ)

The close vowels /i/ and /u/ lower in response to a following /ŋ/, /k/, /g/, and /q/.
The mid vowels /e/ and /o/ lower when followed by a coda consonant and raise before another vowel or word-finally.
In some dialects, [e] and [ɛ] (and [o] and [ɔ]) contrast word-finally.
Conservative dialects have contrasting close-mid and open-mid vowels in all positions.
The front open vowel /a/ raises to [æ] before alveolar consonants in some dialects.
/a/ backs to [ɑ] when adjacent to a uvular stop [q].
Vowels gain a following semivocalic schwa before nasals in some dialects.
Any two adjacent vowels diphthongize, and the consonantal one may be raised in some dialects.

Stress

Stress is typically on the penultimate vowel, unless the word ends with a consonant other than <n> or <k>; however, stress is contrastive, and is thus marked in non-obvious locations by a grave accent.

Writing System

The Alphabet

Alemarese is written in the Standard Chevin Alphabet (natively Txevì Keaja).

Chevin Alphabet 1 — The Alemarese Alphabet with names in transliterated Alemarese.

Writing Direction

The script is written left-to-right, the same primary direction as the Latin Alphabet used for English; However, the secondary direction (that is, what to do at the end of a line) is completely alien. At the end of a line, the text is continued at the left of the next line above the current line. So all text starts at the bottom of a page, including all titles!

Digraphs

B is any back vowel, F is any front vowel.

au /o/, ai /e/
cm /m/ word-initially
di or dy /dʒ/, dyi /dʒi/
jr /ʀ/ word-initially, jC /C/
ndgB /ŋgB/, ng /ŋ/
rr /ʀ/
sp /ʃp/, st /ʃt/
tt /tː/, tx /tʃ/
veB /βB/, voF /wF/

Native Collation

k, a, j, d, g, u, q, p, b, o, h, v, e, s, z, t, l, f, i, y, ð, r, n, m, þ, x

Punctuation

⟨.⟩ (⟨,⟩): abbreviations, lists, separation of clauses
⟨:⟩ (⟨.⟩): begins paragraphs, ends sentences
⟨...⟩ (⟨...⟩): intentional omission
⟨~~~⟩ (⟨...⟩): unfinished thought, pause in speech
⟨~:⟩ (⟨...⟩): trailing into silence
⟨~⟩ (⟨-⟩): ranges, introducing lists, introduces quotes
⟨‹⟩ and ⟨›⟩: appositives, quotes
⟨«⟩ and ⟨»⟩: parenthesis
upside-down rounded ⟨7⟩ & rounded ⟨7⟩ (⟨?⟩): encloses questions
upside-down ⟨†⟩ (⟨!⟩): ends positive emotion exclamations
⟨‡⟩ (⟨!⟩): ends negative emotion exclamations

Transliteration

Letter	a	b	d	ð	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m
Sound	/a/	/b/	/d/	/ð/	/e/	/ɸ/	/g/	0	/i/	/x/	/k/	/l/, /w/	/m/
Letter	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	x	y	z	þ
Sound	/n/	/o/	/p/	/q/	/r/	/s/	/t/	/u/, /w/	/β/, /w/, /ɸ/	/ʃ/	/j/	/z/	/θ/

<l> is pronounced /w/ in the coda.
<v> is pronounced /w/ before back vowels and /ɸ/ word-finally.
<b>, <nd>, and <v> are devoiced to /p/, /nt/, and /ɸ/ word-finally.

Parts of Speech

Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Determiners, Verbs, Prepositions, Adverbials, Conjunctions, Particles, Interjections

Nouns

Declension table

	Animate		Inanimate
	A	E	O	I	E
NOM	-a/en	-e/en	-0/o	-i	-e
GEN	-e/à		-o/ù	-ì
ALL	-an/en	-en	-(u)n/on	-in/en	-en
INSTR	-ame/eme	-eme	-(u)me/ome	-ime/eme	-eme
VOC	-à/en		-

First declension

The first declension houses the vast majority of animate nouns, all morphological diminutives, and all instruments. The animate nouns have a vocative case, in contrast with the inanimates. There's very little irregularity in the first declension. Noun endings -ea or -aya become -eye and -ae when the ending begins with e.

ex. otta "tongue, language, speech"

	sg	pl
NOM	otta	otten
GEN	otte	ottà
ALL	ottan	otten
INSTR	òttame	òtteme
VOC	ottà	otten

Note that the plural nominative, allative, and vocative are the same, as are plural genitive and singular vocative. So there is seven forms. Some declension I nouns have -es instead of -as in the singular nominative, allative, and instrumental, reducing the number of forms to four.

ex. xile "scratch, scrape"

	sg	pl
NOM	xile	xilen
GEN	xile	xelà
ALL	xilen
INSTR	xìleme
VOC	xelà	xelen

Second declension

The second declension is almost entirely inanimate, save for some names and some dialects versions of the diminutives of the core family such as bab and nun in place of the more typical baba and nunya. For declension II names, the vocative is the nominative form. Declension II nouns typically have seven forms.

ex. kur "flame, fire"

	sg	pl
NOM	kur	kuro
GEN	kuro	kurù
ALL	kurun	kuron
INSTR	kùrume	kùrome

Second declension nouns typically end in a stressed syllable in the nominative singular. The addition of the endings bring about predictable alternations of certain final consonants. For a given word, there is a maximum of three stems. These alterations do not occur in loanwords. There are ten alternation classes:

The first class are the regular nouns: loanwords and those ending in any consonant not mentioned in the other classes. ex. gix "trinket, keepsafe" (gixun, gixo)
The next are those ending in <p> and <t>, which have three stems: a sg.nom stem (p/t), an u stem (f/þ), and a obl stem (b/d). ex. haup "cord" (haufun, haubo)
Next are those ending in <ð>, which are the same as those in <d> except in the sg.nom. raið "anger" (raiðun, raido)
Nouns in <þ> have two stems: a sg or u stem (þ) and an obl stem (d). ex. yeþ "leaf" (yeþun, yedo)
Next are the vowel-final nouns. In the sg.nom they are accented, in the sg.all/sg.instr they are accented and receive a -n/me ending (instead of a -un/ume), the other endings are regular. ex. jaurà "hour" (jauràn, jaurao)
Nouns ending in <ò> lack number distinctions in the nom, all, and instr cases.
Nouns ending in <ai> decline as nouns ending in <è> except in the sg.nom. petai "rain" (petèn, peteon)
Next are nouns in <au> and <eu>, which replace the <u> with <v> before non-sg.nom endings.
Next are nouns ending in a stop, followed by an unstressed <e>, followed by an <r>. They always drop the unstressed <e> in the non-sg.nom forms. Some nouns in <der> or <ber> then change the <d/b> to <t/p>. ex. hèder "house" (hetrun, hetro)
Lastly are nouns which change pronunciation, but not spelling, of a final consonant in the sg.nom. <b> to /p/, <v> to /ɸ/, <nd> to /nt/ and <l> to /w/.

Third declension

Third declension nouns are mostly inanimate, though there are a few groups of animates. They are the most regular declension. Nominative forms are used if a vocative is needed.

ex. duji "gold"

	sg	pl
NOM	duji
GEN	dujì
ALL	dujin	dujen
INSTR	dùjime	dùjeme

Note that the nominative and genitive forms do not distinguish singular v. plural. There is a subset of declension III nouns which have an -e instead of -i in the nominative forms and don't distinguish singular vs plural ever.

ex. rame "rope, noodle"

	sg	pl
NOM	rame
GEN	remì
ALL	ramen
INSTR	ràmeme

Irregular nouns

Few nouns are irregular, and if a noun is irregular, it is very predictable. An example of a truly irregular noun is oai "cloud".

	sg	pl
NOM	oai	vayo
GEN	vayo	vayù
ALL	oen	vayon
INSTR	oème	vàyome

Pronouns

Nominative pronouns

	sg	pl
1	seu¹	nave
2	to	myun
2.cer	mì
3.an	joa	joen
3.inan	0
3.obv	tia	tien

The 1s pronoun is written and pronounced as seo in Alemar proper and most of its recently freed colonies.

Accusative pronouns

	sg	pl
1	ze	nof
2	toe	txuò
2.cer	mì
3.an	joa	joe
3.inan	li	eli
3.obv	tia	tien

Allative pronouns

	sg	pl
1	seun	naven
2	ton	myunon
2.cer	mìn
3.an	joan	joen
3.inan	lun	elon
3.obv	tian	tien

Genitive pronouns

	sg	pl
1	seu	nave
2	toe	myuno
2.cer	mìo
3.an	joe	joà
3.inan	lo	elo
3.obv	tie	tià

Possessive pronouns

	sg	pl
1	ze	nof
2	toe	txuò
2.cer	mì
3.an	joe
3.inan	lo	elo
3.obv	tie

Vocative pronouns

There are only two vocative pronouns: 2s toyà and 2p txuò.

Interrogative pronouns

who/which	betxine	/beˈtʃine/
what/which	betxìn	/beˈtʃin/
when	byaiq	/ˈbjeq/
where	beu	/ˈbew/
from where	bevo	/ˈbewo/
why	gai betxìn	/gebeˈtʃin/
how	bidera	/biˈdeɾa/
how much/many	jedaj	/xeˈdax/

Adjectives

The citation form is the inanimate nominative singular. The adjectives have no vocative case forms, current standard is to use the nominative forms to agree with vocative nouns. Where endings are separated by slashes in the table, the first is singular and the second is plural.

		A/O	E	I/YA
INAN	NOM	-0/o	-e	-i
	GEN	-o/u	-i	-i
	ALL	-(u)n/on	-en	-in/en
	INSTR	-(u)me/ome	-eme	-ime/eme
AN	NOM	-a/en	-e/en	-ya/yen
	GEN	-e/a	-e/a	-ye/ya
	ALL	-an/en	-en	-yan/yen
	INSTR	-ame/eme	-eme	-yame/yeme

ex. kremi 'holy' (Soa dine ginora hosa em kremya! 'Even the trickster god is holy!')

		sg	pl
INAN	NOM	kremi	kremi
	GEN	kremi	kremi
	ALL	kremin	kremen
	INSTR	krèmime	krèmeme
AN	NOM	kremya	kremyen
	GEN	kremye	kremya
	ALL	kremyan	kremyen
	INSTR	krèmyame	krèmyeme

ex. baborev 'motherly, nuturing' (Joen emò krenten hef baboreven. 'They are very nuturing people.')

		sg	pl
INAN	NOM	baborev	baborevo
	GEN	baborevo	baborevu
	ALL	baborevun	baborevon
	INSTR	baborèvume	baborèvome
AN	NOM	baboreva	baboreven
	GEN	baboreve	baboreva
	ALL	baborevan	baboreven
	INSTR	baborèvame	baborèveme

ex. kade 'new' (Em el so alemaro ramisfundiam horme kade! 'It's from the new Alemarese Third Republic!')

		sg	pl
INAN	NOM	kade	kade
	GEN	kadi	kadi
	ALL	kaden	kaden
	INSTR	kàdeme	kàdeme
AN	NOM	kade	kaden
	GEN	kade	kada
	ALL	kaden	kaden
	INSTR	kàdeme	kàdeme

Comparison

Intensity

An intensive adjective is shown with the adverb particle hef placed before the adjective in question.

ex. Seu mi saidiemf hef raiðe. "I am seriously very angry."

Adverbs

Adverbs come in four varieties: adverbial phrases which appear before the sentence, adjectives which have the -iemf suffix which appear after the verb, adjectives with suppletive adverb forms, and short particles which go before what they modify.

Determiners

Article

		sg	pl
INAN	NOM	so	sò
	GEN	so	su
	ALL	son	sòn
	INSTR	sume	some
AN	NOM	soa	soen
	GEN	soe	sa
	ALL	soan	soen
	INSTR	same	seme

Demonstratives

	position
qede	proximal
sole	medial
þele	distal

Quantifiers

Quantifiers include: ispe "all", ispive "most", be "many/a lot", tlone "some", and five "few"

Distributives

Distributive determiners include: saude "any" and elkine "each".

Case usage

Nominative

The nominative case (abbreviated nom) is the dictionary form of a noun. It is primarily used for the subject and primary object of a sentence. As a secundative language, Alemarese treats the indirect object of a ditransitive verb and the direct object of a transitive verb the same. This is called the primary object.

The nominative is also used for the objects of a few prepositions: benefactives, locatives, temporals, hus 'as', and id 'about'.

Genitive

The genitive case (abbreviated gen) has a few uses. It primarily signifies possession (so kurù freziv 'the flames' heat') and composition (lotto emaje 'a state of panic') when placed before a noun.

It is also used in a partitive sense, appearing on nouns before the noun-numbers: pidejn 'zero', dièn 'nine', horòn 'eleven', and up. ex. jen krenta vs krentà hied ('one person' vs '64 people')

The genitive additionally shows the origin of something and, in the same capacity, to make basic demonyms.

ex. Seo mi alemaro 'I'm Alemarese.'

It's also used to show groups to which one is a member.

ex. hetro ridore 'of House Kicker'

And to make matronymics.

ex. rajàn rajàno 'John, child of John'

When used with locative prepositions, it gives them an 'away from' component.

ex. ij in --> out of, ro on --> off of, vend at --> from

Allative

The Allative case (abbreviated all) has two uses. It is used for the secondary object of a sentence and to signify movement towards. The secondary object corresponds to the direct object of a ditransitive verb.

When used with locative prepositions, it gives them a 'towards' component.

ex. ij in --> into, ro on --> onto, vend at --> to

Instrumental

The instrumental case (abbreviated instr) has three uses. It is used to signify an instrument that is used to complete an action, governing the preposition set '(along) with', and to create basic adverbs.

Vocative

The vocative is used for direct address. Only animate nouns have a vocative. The singular vocative is the same as the plural genitive and the plural vocative is the same as the plural nominative.

ex. Aðe krenten! 'Hello people!'
ex. Farm vilxà. 'Bye, Vilshe.'

Verbs

There are four conjugation classes based on four thematic vowels: a, e, u, and o.

Present tense

-a verbs

	sg	pl
1	-i	-en
2	-ak	-aru
3	-a	-è

-e verbs

	sg	pl
1	-i	-en
2	-ek	-eru
3	-e	-è

-u verbs

	sg	pl
1	-i	-on
2	-uk	-uru
3	-u	-ui

-o verbs

	sg	pl
1	-i	-on
2	-ok	-oru
3	-o	-ò

The present tense is used for ongoing current events, states, and unambiguous references to the future.

ex. seu odi "I give"

Recent tense

The recent tense is formed with the present tense + sentence final particle là.

The recent tense is used for events which happened typically within the past ten minutes.

ex. seu odi là "I just gave"

Remote tense

active participle + the following suffixes (stressed on the participle ending except in the 3p).

-a and -e verbs

	sg	pl
1	-a	-en
2	-ak	-aru
3	-a	-è

-u and -o verbs

	sg	pl
1	-u	-on
2	-uk	-uru
3	-u	-ui

The remote tense is used for past events which the speaker personally experienced.

ex. seu odera "I know I gave"

Indirect tense

Infix -is- (-es- after an a, or occasionally au or o) + present endings. Stress placed on the infix in the 2p and 3p, and before the infix otherwise. -a verbs endings change to -e verb endings.

The indirect tense is used for past events which the speaker didn't personally experience.

ex. seu òdisi "I suppose/hear I gave"

Eventive tense

Thematic vowel + the following suffixes

-a, -e, and -o verbs

	sg	pl
1	-je	-jen
2	-jak	-jaru
3	-ja	-jè

-u verbs

	sg	pl
1	-ji	-jen
2	-jek	-jeru
3	-je	-jè

The eventive tense is used for events considered likely and dependent on some condition.

ex. seu odaje "I'd probably give"

Future tense

The future tense is indicated by the copula "em", which is placed before a bare verb (historically an infinitive).

ex. Mi oda li "I will give it"

A prospective tense can be formed with the future tense + sentence final particle là. The prospective tense is used for events which will happen typically within ten minutes.

ex. Mi oda là "I just gave"

Participles

	active	passive
present	-er/or	-aug/eg/ug
past	-as/es/us/os	-auþ/eþ/uþ

Example:

	Alemarese	English	Example
present active	sterrer	hunting, that/who hunts, that/who is hunting	Hisli so krenta sterrera. "I see the man who is hunting."
present passive	sterreg	that/who is (being) hunted	Hisli so krenta sterrega. "I see the man who is being hunted."
past active	sterres	that/who hunted, that/who was hunting	Hisli so krenta sterresa. "I see the man who was hunting."
past passive	sterreþ	hunted, that/who was (being) hunted	Hisli so krenta sterreþa. "I see the man who was being hunted."

Regular verbs

moiza "to know" (Moizi toe! "I know you!")

	present		direct		indirect		eventive
	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
1	moizi	moizen	moizera	moizeren	mòizisi	mòizisen	moizaje	moizajen
2	moizak	moizaru	moizerak	moizeraru	mòizisek	moizìseru	moizajak	moizajaru
3	moiza	moizè	moizera	moizerè	mòizise	moizise	moizaja	moizajè

kara "to have in one's possession" (Seu kari so uzìn. "I have the cup.")

	present		direct		indirect		eventive
	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
1	kari	karen	karera	kareren	kàresi	kàresen	karaje	karajen
2	karak	kararu	karerak	kareraru	kàresek	karèseru	karajak	karajaru
3	kara	karè	karera	karerè	kàrese	karise	karaja	karajè

sterre "to hunt" (Sterrer enxala ze. "I like to hunt.")

	sg	pl
1	sterri	sterren
2	sterrek	sterreru
3	sterre	sterrè

raqne "to stand" (Raqnek rajane. "Stand up, Rajàn.")

	sg	pl
1	raqni	raqnen
2	raqnek	raqneru
3	raqne	raqnè

pilðu "to shoot, fire, take a shot" (Pilðuk so xaulora! "Shoot at the knife!")

	sg	pl
1	pilði	pilðon
2	pilðuk	pilðuru
3	pilðu	pilðui

ginu "to trick, fool" (Alò, hef ginoruk ze. "Wow, you really fooled me.")

	sg	pl
1	gini	ginon
2	ginuk	ginuru
3	ginu	ginui

furo "to lie" (No gai betxìn furoruk ip seu? "But why did you lie to me?")

	sg	pl
1	furi	furon
2	furok	furoru
3	furo	furò

alto "to notice" (Alti li là. "I just noticed it.")

	sg	pl
1	alti	alton
2	altok	altoru
3	alto	altò

Irregular verbs

er "must, have to" (Is eran ge fo qede. "We don't have to do this." vs. Eran i fo ge sole "We mustn't do this.")

	sg	pl
1	rai	eran
2	rek	eru
3	er	ros

em, emor, muþ "be"

	present		direct		indirect		eventive
	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
1	mi	emon	fera	feren	ettosi	ettoson	emoje	emojen
2	mok	moru	ferak	feraru	ettosuk	ettòsuru	emojak	emojaru
3	em	emò	fera	ferè	ettosu	ettòsui	emoja	emojè

fo, fer, fooþ "do"

	sg	pl
1	fudyi	fen
2	fok	foru
3	fo	foi

tyu, tivor, tyuþ "be born"

	sg	pl
1	tyui	tyuon
2	tyuk	tyuru
3	tyu	tyui

Predictably irregular verbs

Some other irregular patterns appear, for example:

verbs ending in tyu/ku/tyo/ko or dyu/gu/dyo/go become (t)xi and dyi in the 1s.pres.

ex. legu "to talk, speak, say"

	sg	pl
1	ledyi	legon
2	leguk	leguru
3	legu	legui

verbs ending in ka/ga change the <k/g> to <(t)x/dy> is the 1s.pres, 1p.pres, and 3p.pres.

ex. menga "turn"

	sg	pl
1	mendyi	mendyen
2	mengak	mengaru
3	menga	mendyè

Syntax

Noun phrase

Article/Quantifier-Genitive-Noun-Adjectives-Demonstrative/Distributive

Verb phrase

Verb-Adverb-Primary Object-Secondary Object

Negation

Negation in statements and questions is expressed primarily by a preverbal particle i (is before p, t, k, l, y, n, m, h, or a vowel). Normally pronounced /i(s)/, it's /iʃ/ before p or t.

fo "do" > i fo "not do"
sterre "hunt" > i sterre "not hunt"
legu "say" > is legu "not say"
oda "give" > is oda "not give"
talentu "count" > is talentu "not count"

But that's not all. The preverbal particle is always paired with a postverbal particle.

ge: unmarked; ex. I fudyi ge sole. "I don't do that."
plo: emphatic, used mostly with commands; ex. I fok plo sole! "Don't do that!"
zimai: never; ex. Seu i fera zimai sole. "I haven't ever done that."

These circumverbal particles are placed directly around the main verb, be it auxiliary or not, and nothing can go between them and the verb. ex. Seu is mi zimai diuhere ze ip txuò! "I will never surrender to you!"

Quotations

Inversion

Prepositions

There is a very limited set of true prepositions in Alemarese. Most prepositional meanings can be carried out through prepositional phrases with location nouns.

All true indivisible prepositions are as follows:

Alemarese	Case(s)	English
hus	nom	as
vend	nom, all, gen	next to, at, to, from
ij	nom, all, gen	in, at (time), into, out from
ro(l)	nom, all, gen	on, onto, off from, off of
id	nom	about
ip	nom, all	for (the benefit of), intended for, towards, to
el	gen	made of, from
set	instr	(along) with
ga	nom	amid/amongst, (in) between
ðio	instr, nom	using, by way of, passing through
negat	nom	versus, (leaning) against
rolu	gen	above, on top of, before
edlu	gen	below, under, after

Sound Changes

Proto-Alemar-Barejine to Alemarese

k/tʃ/_F
β/w/_B
w//[#C]_V
ow/u/_
F/ʃ/t_F
F/ʒ/d_V
h//_
ae/e/_
aw/o/_
t/d/V_V
p/b/V_V
b/p/_#
d/t/_#
t/ʔ/_C
β/ɸ/_#
l/w/_#
tr/rʃ/V_F
qr/cr/_
q/tʃ/_i
q/ʔ/_[C#]
x/r/V[-a]_B
[xr]r/ʀ/_
x//_C
ns/z/_
j//B_F
j//F_B
ps/\\/_
s/ʃ/_S
s[kj]/ʃ/_
t//C_ʃ
[je]//β_
o//w_F/ˈ_
[jw]//_r
[jw]//_n[C#]
i//o_#
k//#_C/_[rlt]
/e/#_CC[-rl]/_st
m/mb/V_rV
n/nd/V_rV
ng/ŋ/_
://_
k/t/_t

Vocabulary

Numbers

Though Patronans have ten fingers in total, the most common base for numerals (talento) is 8 (octal) which was spread by Alemarese and Barejine-speakers across most of Patrona. Typically, fingercounting starts with the thumbs out, the first finger being the index, etc.

#	name	8+#	#*8	#*64
0	pidejn	on
1	jen	dièn	on	hied
2	diz	eqa	teziq	dizied
3	hor	horòn	horsiq	horied
4	mir	miròn	mirsiq	mirried
5	dorsa	dorsòn	dorsiq	dorsied
6	sexa	sexòn	sixiq	sixied
7	ðea	ðeòn	ðeziq	ðeyed
8	on	teziq	hied	onied

Ordinals are formed with <-me>. First and second are formed suppletively (veit and drezip). They are adjectives.
Fractions are formed with <-aj>. Half is suppletive and quarter is irregular (foli and meraj). They are nouns.
In both, only the last word of the number receives the ending.
Numbers pidejn (0), dièn (9), horòn (11), and above are nouns declined according to form. The item they tell the quantity of is rendered in the genitive before them. ex. krentà dièn "nine people"
Jen (1), diz (2), hor (3), mir (4), and on (8) are undeclined particles that appear before the noun. ex. on krenten "eight people"
Dorsa (5), sexa (6), ðea (7), and eqa (10) are regular adjectives, except that the noun and adjective are typically in the singular, with the plural implying an incredibly spread-out number of things. ex. krenta eqa "ten people"

Colors

Patronans can't see blue, so they have no need of words to distinguish it, greatly shrinking their color (fulko) vocabulary.

txindi: dark red, purple, brown
god: light red, pink, orange
plauve: white, yellow
xab: light green, chartreuse, cyan
varze: dark green, teal
eriti: black, blue
hoitxi: gray

Days of the Week

The Patronan week is only six days long.

deruax- Sunday
lameax- Loveday
kavekax- Thoughtday
veverax- Fastday
mindax- big Moonday
jiliax- little Moonday

Directions

		samar
	dejsamar		txosamar
deje		vuxe		txos
	dejling		txosling
		ling

Conjunctions

ð (and), iy...iy... (either or), tai (and/or), no (but/yet), gai/ipler (because/for), uve (if)

Family

paloval: family
babora/baba: mother
nunora/nuna: father
isterren: parents
blivoa: sibling
jiþue: spouse
jiþue blank: blank-in-law
pels: son/daughter (don't confuse w/ pelsa "child, young person")
meðvoa: nibling/niece/nephew
birre: mother's sibling's spouse
hube: mother's sibling
ernya: father's sibling
necra: father's sibling's spouse
kòsembe: relative, cousin
babisterren/pripeyen: maternal grandparents
pripea: maternal grandmother
pripè: maternal grandfather
nunisterren: paternal grandparents
nunbabora/nunbaba: paternal grandmother
nunnunora/nunnuna: paternal grandfather

Seasons

Seasons (vostin) do not begin on solstices/equinoxes, those are their middles instead. The first day of the year is the closest possible day to the Summer solstice.

estè: Summer (esteo)
dimbri: fall/autumn (dimbrin)
veyeþ: winter (veyeðo)
àdler: spring (aldro)

Body parts

Body:
Chest: manya
Torso/belly:
Back:
Base of the tail:
Tail:
Head:
Neck:
Eyes: riðuri
Nose: oþànker
Tongue: otta
Head ridges:
Ears:
Hair:
Shoulder:
Arm:
Hand:
Back of the hand: steiþ
Finger:
Thumb:
Nail:
Leg:
Foot:
Toe:

Important Phrases

English	Alemarese
hello/hi (norm.)	aðe
hello (frm.)	aðe mì
hi/bye/ciao (inf.)	farm
How are you?	Mok bidera?
Welcome
please
thank you	Be broji
sorry
well/wow	alò
yes	þa
no	plo
maybe
What's your name?	Toe þung em betxìn?
My name's...	Ze þung em...
Where are you from?	Mok vend bevo?
I'm from...	Seu mi vend...
Do you speak Alemarese?	Leguk set alemarrìxume?
I don't know.	Seu i moizi ge.
I love you.	Ettadi toe.

Time

Time: Dià/Dyia
Day: Ax
Sunrise: Tembre àlus (lit. Night's end)
Daytime: Þeudyì
Sunset: Þeudyio àlus (lit. Daytime's end)
Nighttime: Tembra
Year: Rang
Season: Vosti
Month:
Week: xonte
Hour: jaurà
Minute:
Second:

Swadesh

No.	English	Alemarese
1	I	seu
2	you (singular)	to, mì
3	he	joa, tia
4	we	nave
5	you (plural)	myun, mì
6	they	joen, tien
7	this	qede
8	that	sole, þele
9	here	vend qede
10	there	vend sole, vend þele
11	who	betxine
12	what	betxìn
13	where	beu
14	when	byaiq
15	how	bidera
16	not	i(s), ge, plo
17	all	ispe
18	many	be
19	some	tlone
20	few	five
21	other	—
22	one	jen
23	two	diz
24	three	hor
25	four	mir
26	five	dorsa
27	big	nedui
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	jem
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	krenta
37	man (adult male)	krenta
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	pelsa, pels
40	wife	jiþue
41	husband	jiþue
42	mother	babora, baba
43	father	nunora, nunu
44	animal	remùras
45	fish	N/A
46	bird	N/A
47	dog	N/A
48	louse	N/A
49	snake	N/A
50	worm	N/A
51	tree	veþudya
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	kultya
55	seed	—
56	leaf	yeþ
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	idrya
60	grass	land
61	rope	rame
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	—
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	riðuri
75	nose	oþànker
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	otta
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	manya
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	paibe
93	eat	paibe
94	bite	—
95	suck	juku
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	fiðe
100	laugh	—
101	see	hisle
102	hear	—
103	know	moiza
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	faurxe
107	sleep	ðumu
108	live	tximoda
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	sterre
113	hit	—
114	cut	xaula
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	undye
123	lie	furo
124	sit	—
125	stand	raqne
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	oda
129	hold	kara
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	noima
139	count	talentu
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	noihe
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	Derù
148	moon	Minde, Jilia, varsxlavi
149	star	aurim
150	water	mode
151	rain	petai, pete
152	river	dogri
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	saig
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	N/A
160	cloud	oai
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	zaj
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	kur
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	pàrom
172	red	txindi, god
173	green	varze, xab
174	yellow	plauve
175	white	plauve
176	black	eriti
177	night	tembra
178	day	ax
179	year	rang
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	vuozi
183	new	kade
184	old	dun
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	hunkauj
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	tobrol
197	near	vend
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	vend
202	in	ij
203	with	set
204	and	ð
205	if	—
206	because	gai
207	name	þung