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| Aratkoma Aratkoma | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||
| Synthetic | |||
| Alignment | |||
| Nominative-Accusative | |||
| Head direction | |||
| Head-final | |||
| Tonal | |||
| No | |||
| Declensions | |||
| Yes | |||
| Conjugations | |||
| Yes | |||
| Genders | |||
| No | |||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||
| Case | Number | ||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
| Voice | Mood | ||
| Person | Number | ||
| Tense | Aspect | ||
General information[]
Aratkoma is the official language of Aratkom.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||
| Plosive | p b /p b/ | t d /t d/ | k g /k g/ | |||
| Fricative | f v /ɸ β/ | s z /s z/ | š ž /ʃ ʒ/ | q h /x ɣ/ | ||
| Affricate | c /t͡s/ | ç /t͡ʃ/ | ||||
| Trill | r /ʀ/ | |||||
| Lateral app. | l /l/ |
Vowels[]
Monophthongs[]
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | u | |||
| Near-close | |||||
| Close-mid | é | e* | o | ||
| Mid | e | ||||
| Open-mid | ê | ||||
| Near-open | |||||
| Open | a |
The y, u and o are rounded. All other vowels are unrounded.
* Pronounced like this when it is stressed
Diphthongs[]
There is one diphthong, au, which is pronounced /aʊ̯/.
Vowel length[]
I and É are long when they're stressed. Ê is only short when followed by at least two consonants. O, U and Y are long when they're stressed or when they're in the first syllable of the root. A and E are never long.
Alphabet[]
Aratkoma is written in the Aratkoma alphabet, which is shown in the picture together with its romanized form. It is written from up to down.
Phonotactics[]
The syllable formula is: (F)(C)(R)V(R)(C), with F a fricatve, C a consonant, R a consonant but not a plosive or an affricate, and V a vowel. A syllable cannot begin with three consonants. There can't be more than two vowels in a row and a consonant cannot appear twice in a row.
The stressed syllable is always the second last one, unless the word only has one syllable, when that syllable of course is the stressed one.
Grammar[]
| Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Nouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adjectives | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Numbers | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pronouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Article | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Cases[]
The Aratkoma language has five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and prepositional.
The nominative is used for the subject: (Qé tarça kartoder. I ate a fish.)
The genitive is used for possesion: (Ra neas byra mean. The man's house is red.)
The dative is used for the indirect object: (Ki terško capa girkuden. He gave some money to you.)
The accusative is used for the direct object: (Qé tarça kartoder. I ate a fish.)
The prepositional is used after all prepositions.
Nouns[]
There are four groups of nouns: masculine nouns ending on a vowel, feminine nouns ending on a vowel, neuter nouns ending on a vowel and nouns ending on a consonant. Nouns ending on a consonant are all declined the same way.
- MASCULINE NOUNS ENDING ON A VOWEL
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Nea | Neal |
| Genitive | Neas | Near |
| Dative | Nei | Neek |
| Accusative | Nea | Nela |
| Prepositional | Neu | Neap |
Some masculine nouns have a nominative singular ending on -i. The other cases have the same endings.
- FEMININE NOUNS ENDING ON A VOWEL
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Kuro | Kurom |
| Genitive | Kuros | Kurê |
| Dative | Kuré | Kures |
| Accusative | Kuro | Kurom |
| Prepositional | Kuru | Kuraš |
Some feminine nouns have a nominative singular ending on -u or -y. The other cases have the same endings.
- NEUTER NOUNS ENDING ON A VOWEL
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Eñe | Eñes |
| Genitive | Eñes | Eñés |
| Dative | Eñi | Eñir |
| Accusative | Eña | Eñas |
| Prepositional | Eñu | Eñuš |
Some neuter nouns have a nominative singular ending on -é or -ê. The other cases have the same endings.
- NOUNS ENDING ON A CONSONANT
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Purt | Purtak |
| Genitive | Purto | Purtau |
| Dative | Purti | Purtis |
| Accusative | Purt | Purtek |
| Prepositional | Purtu | Purtuš |
Words from this group with a P within them are usually masculine. Other words with a S, a Š, a Z or a Ž within them are usually feminine. Other words with an A, an É, an Ê or an I within the are usually neuter. Most other words are masculine.
Verbs[]
This table shows the conjugation of the verb posak, "to walk".
| Present | Past | Past perfect | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | posar | posader | posarener | posapor |
| 2nd sg. | posat | posadet | posarenet | posapot |
| 3rd sg. | posan | posaden | posarenen | posapon |
| 1st pl. | posamo | posademo | posarenemo | posapomo |
| 2nd pl. | posati | posadeti | posareneti | posapoti |
| 3rd pl. | posako | posadeko | posareneko | posapoko |
| Infinitive | posak | posadek |
Passive[]
The helping verb mindok marks the passive voice.
Modality and irrealis[]
Modality is marked with helping verbs. However, the same helping verbs are, combined with a past infinitive, also used to express irrealis. How this works can most easily be explained with examples:
| Aratkoma | Gloss | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Tarça kartor. | fish-ACC eat-1SG. | I eat a fish. |
| Tarça kartok otar. | fish-ACC eat-INF must-1SG. | I have to eat a fish. |
| Tarça kartodek otar. | fish-ACC eat-PAST-INF must-1SG. | I should have eaten a fish. |
| Tarça kartodek žartur. | fish-ACC eat-PAST-INF want-1SG. | I wish I ate a fish (but I didn't). |
This can be done with all modal verbs, though these ones are the most common.
Adjectives[]
Adjectives are placed in front of the nouns and have the same endings as the nouns ending on a vowel.
The comparative is formed by the prefix kê- (kêt- before a vowel). The superlative has -lak- between the stam and the ending.
Articles[]
Aratkoma only has definite articles. The articles don't have cases.
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ra | ro | šé |
| Plural | ral | roé | šes |
Pronouns[]
Personal pronouns[]
| Singular | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
| Nominative | qé | kau | lé |
| Genitive | qa | kai | lua |
| Dative | qi | ki | li |
| Accusative | qé | ké | lê |
| Prepositional | qu | ku | lu |
| Plural | |||
| Nominative | mute | rauko | elmar |
| Genitive | muti | raç | lém |
| Dative | muto | réo | elmi |
| Accusative | meky | rac | lar |
| Prepositional | mecy | ry | ly |
Possessive pronouns[]
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ha | ka | la |
| Plural | muta | ra | ema |
Possessive pronouns are declined as adjectives.
Demonstrative pronouns[]
| Proximal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Singular | les | meo | koc |
| Plural | lép | mes | cok |
| Distal | |||
| Singular | la | qeo | çitu |
| Plural | lêr | heo | zir |
Relative pronouns[]
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | séu | toe | mê |
| Genitive | sêç | toeš | mêr |
| Dative | sêr | tor | mêš |
| Accusative | séa | toê | mêk |
| Prepositional | sêhu | tohu | mêu |
Numerals[]
| Number | Cardinal | Ordinal | Number | Cardinal | Ordinal | Number | Cardinal | Ordinal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | eq | eqêr | 11 | çimeq | çimeqêr | 21 | košto-eq | košto-eqêr |
| 2 | ko | kobêr | 12 | çimko | çimkobêr | 22 | košto-ko | košto-kobêr |
| 3 | mara | marabêr | 13 | çimara | çimarabêr | 30 | marašto | maraštobêr |
| 4 | léža | léžabêr | 14 | çimléža | çimléžabêr | 40 | léžašto | léžaštobêr |
| 5 | rês | rêsêr | 15 | çimrês | çimrêsêr | 50 | rêšto | rêštobêr |
| 6 | kum | kumêr | 16 | çimkum | çimkumêr | 60 | kumšto | kumštobêr |
| 7 | lin | linêr | 17 | çimlin | çimlinêr | 70 | linšto | linštobêr |
| 8 | ork | orkêr | 18 | çimork | çimorkêr | 80 | orkšto | orkštobêr |
| 9 | palu | palubêr | 19 | çimpalu | çimpalubêr | 90 | palušto | paluštobêr |
| 10 | çim | çimêr | 20 | košto | koštobêr | 100 | poco | pocobêr |
1000 = kendor
10 000 = qybêm
100 000 = alas
725 396 = linalas koqybêm rêskendor marapoco palušto-kum
Word order[]
| Perakistu | ra nea | qi | tarça | girkuden | ra lê byru. |
| Yesterday | the man | me | fish | gave | at home. |
| Yesterday the man gave me a fish at home. | |||||
| ra | lê | meu | byru |
| the | in | red | house |
| in the red house | |||
| kartok | mindok | žartun |
| eat | be* | (he) wants |
| (he) wants to be eaten | ||
*: Helping verb marking passive
Derviation[]
From verbs[]
| Suffix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -ha | to let someone ... | çiqñyk (to die) - çiqñyhak (to kill) |
| -na | someone who ... | kêrçiqñak (to hunt) - kêrçiqñana (hunter) |
| -hec | tool | nalték (to write) - naltéhec (pen) |
Note that the infinitive ending -k should be removed before deriving.
From adjectives[]
| Affix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -žé | -ness, -ity, etc. | ñqêšça (dark) - ñqêšçažé (darkness) |
| -kêra* | un-, not ... | imara (happy) - imarakêra (unhappy, sad) |
| -k | to be ... | imara (happy) - imarak (to be happy) |
| -és- | very ... | imara (happy) - imarésa (very happy) |
*: The suffix -kêra can be used for all adjectives, but many of them also have another opposite which is commonly prefered.
Vocabulary[]
| No. | English | Aratkoma |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | qé |
| 2 | you (singular) | kau |
| 3 | he | lé |
| 4 | we | mute |
| 5 | you (plural) | rauko |
| 6 | they | elmar |
| 7 | this | les |
| 8 | that | la |
| 9 | here | lêsto |
| 10 | there | lato |
| 11 | who | rê |
| 12 | what | rê |
| 13 | where | vuré |
| 14 | when | pélu |
| 15 | how | rantê |
| 16 | not | em |
| 17 | all | éšku |
| 18 | many | mašku |
| 19 | some | teršku |
| 20 | few | zokšku |
| 21 | other | išku |
| 22 | one | eq |
| 23 | two | ko |
| 24 | three | mara |
| 25 | four | léža |
| 26 | five | rês |
| 27 | big | têra |
| 28 | long | tera |
| 29 | wide | êda |
| 30 | thick | ñysa |
| 31 | heavy | ubra |
| 32 | small | osyra |
| 33 | short | quka |
| 34 | narrow | suša |
| 35 | thin | qêšça |
| 36 | woman | qarko |
| 37 | man (adult male) | nea |
| 38 | man (human being) | — |
| 39 | child | eñe |
| 40 | wife | bendo |
| 41 | husband | benda |
| 42 | mother | žyno |
| 43 | father | kora |
| 44 | animal | kêrçesto |
| 45 | fish | tarçé |
| 46 | bird | pištêr |
| 47 | dog | dašta |
| 48 | louse | vêtqor |
| 49 | snake | saçare |
| 50 | worm | tišçu |
| 51 | tree | sulka |
| 52 | forest | rascéra |
| 53 | stick | nendo |
| 54 | fruit | mole |
| 55 | seed | ucéra |
| 56 | leaf | kqyq |
| 57 | root | rito |
| 58 | bark | sulkanêrt |
| 59 | flower | kuro |
| 60 | grass | žyža |
| 61 | rope | opan |
| 62 | skin | linto |
| 63 | meat | kêrçyqa |
| 64 | blood | naño |
| 65 | bone | tažaro |
| 66 | fat | — |
| 67 | egg | guštri |
| 68 | horn | goça |
| 69 | tail | nilas |
| 70 | feather | hombo |
| 71 | hair | zéžar |
| 72 | head | nget |
| 73 | ear | upka |
| 74 | eye | orhe |
| 75 | nose | pusto |
| 76 | mouth | nésa |
| 77 | tooth | prute |
| 78 | tongue | señe |
| 79 | fingernail | ylga |
| 80 | foot | cota |
| 81 | leg | pêro |
| 82 | knee | nace |
| 83 | hand | libê |
| 84 | wing | mohara |
| 85 | belly | šité |
| 86 | guts | cqyrtqpe |
| 87 | neck | pêsa |
| 88 | back | hure |
| 89 | breast | zuro |
| 90 | heart | idica |
| 91 | liver | fur |
| 92 | drink | vistryk |
| 93 | eat | kartok |
| 94 | bite | qotok |
| 95 | suck | zuro |
| 96 | spit | ngatqak |
| 97 | vomit | togyk |
| 98 | blow | lrak |
| 99 | breathe | asémak |
| 100 | laugh | doglak |
| 101 | see | rétok |
| 102 | hear | rutok |
| 103 | know | lautik |
| 104 | think | gacek |
| 105 | smell | rotok |
| 106 | fear | dêtarek |
| 107 | sleep | nytyk |
| 108 | live | cêtek |
| 109 | die | çiqñyk |
| 110 | kill | çiqñyhak |
| 111 | fight | qbidek |
| 112 | hunt | kêrçiqñak |
| 113 | hit | êfok |
| 114 | cut | kumuk |
| 115 | split | azêrtyk |
| 116 | stab | sgandok |
| 117 | scratch | ydak |
| 118 | dig | eslak |
| 119 | swim | pêlésak |
| 120 | fly | — |
| 121 | walk | posak |
| 122 | come | hicêšek |
| 123 | lie | nytak |
| 124 | sit | dortok |
| 125 | stand | renpok |
| 126 | turn | ontak |
| 127 | fall | lustok |
| 128 | give | girkuk |
| 129 | hold | ñetarek |
| 130 | squeeze | pêryk |
| 131 | rub | pozuk |
| 132 | wash | eléndahak |
| 133 | wipe | votok |
| 134 | pull | atfok |
| 135 | push | matfok |
| 136 | throw | ivašyk |
| 137 | tie | opak |
| 138 | sew | oprek |
| 139 | count | rnubok |
| 140 | say | dañak, mylrak |
| 141 | sing | vétak |
| 142 | play | šetak |
| 143 | float | obok |
| 144 | flow | kylok |
| 145 | freeze | fkarçpqak |
| 146 | swell | kêtêrak |
| 147 | sun | farcom |
| 148 | moon | lyra |
| 149 | star | paçobo |
| 150 | water | klyre |
| 151 | rain | klyrbo |
| 152 | river | kilê |
| 153 | lake | téže |
| 154 | sea | tamu |
| 155 | salt | tamuma |
| 156 | stone | krašçi |
| 157 | sand | mêqe |
| 158 | dust | žimêq |
| 159 | earth | renpo |
| 160 | cloud | qfyhobe |
| 161 | fog | mêrét |
| 162 | sky | obo |
| 163 | wind | šyçe |
| 164 | snow | klyrbol |
| 165 | ice | letsé |
| 166 | smoke | denpo |
| 167 | fire | ñipa |
| 168 | ash | — |
| 169 | burn | ñipak |
| 170 | road | purt |
| 171 | mountain | backa |
| 172 | red | mea |
| 173 | green | nuña |
| 174 | yellow | ratêça |
| 175 | white | soca |
| 176 | black | zyštqyra |
| 177 | night | zyštqisto |
| 178 | day | kistu |
| 179 | year | toçkar |
| 180 | warm | hêsa |
| 181 | cold | fkarçpqa |
| 182 | full | vol |
| 183 | new | ñoka |
| 184 | old | tulra |
| 185 | good | para |
| 186 | bad | htera |
| 187 | rotten | tfiça |
| 188 | dirty | kyqça |
| 189 | straight | bala |
| 190 | round | unta |
| 191 | sharp | iciqa |
| 192 | dull | ihida |
| 193 | smooth | rira |
| 194 | wet | klyra |
| 195 | dry | miklyra |
| 196 | correct | para |
| 197 | near | kanto |
| 198 | far | buva |
| 199 | right | tisu |
| 200 | left | ogas |
| 201 | at | kanto |
| 202 | in | lê |
| 203 | with | lorp, foç, gryš |
| 204 | and | nê, no |
| 205 | if | kisçu, kiçê |
| 206 | because | ikéa, etar |
| 207 | name | hymbe |
Examples[]
Ra tulra nea posan šé a çistu, ñéte du vuré, em lautin.
The old man walks to the city, but he doesn't know where it is.
Ra krašçi lustoden.
The stone fell.
Pištêr ybêden kanto i has byryvras téu-qibek.
A bird flew by my stores display window.
Bar tu séu yzartak ékaran, ra tulra nea posaden a qu.
The old man that enjoys reading walked up to me.
Bar tu ho êta-zêrt hicêšerenen ra a byryvru, soca dzyt pažetek mindon a bar tu pošnea ékaran, byryvru ikéa partulrante ba.
A white cart which my aunt had gone to the store with is being transported to a store that no one really likes because it is just too old.