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| Chàkmwá 樱语 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||
| Isolating | |||
| Alignment | |||
| Nominative Accusative | |||
| Head direction | |||
| initial | |||
| Tonal | |||
| Yes | |||
| Declensions | |||
| No | |||
| Conjugations | |||
| Yes | |||
| Genders | |||
| No | |||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||
| Case | Number | ||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
| Voice | Mood | ||
| Person | Number | ||
| Tense | Aspect | ||
General information[]
Chàkmwá, /ʨʰɑ˦˩k̚ mɥɑ˧˥/
Phonology[]
The phonology is for the most part based on that of some Chinese dialects, like cantonese. But also made up.
Consonants[]
| labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| plosive aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||
| Fricative | f | s | ɕ | x | h |
| Affricate | ʦ | ʨ | |||
| affricate aspirated | ʦʰ | ʨʰ | |||
| Approximant | w | j ɥ | |||
| Flap or tap | ɽ | ||||
| Lateral app. | l |
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | ɨ | ɯ u |
| Mid | e ø | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ | |
| Open | a | ɑ |
Tones[]
| number | contour | name | countour of tone 6 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ˥ (55) | high | ˦˥˧ (453) |
| 2 | ˨˩ (21) | low | ˨˩˧ (213) |
| 3 | ˧˥ (35) | rising | ˦˩˧ (413) |
| 4 | ˦˩ (41) | falling | ˨˥˧ (253) |
| 5 | ˦˧ (43) | base | ˨˦˧ (243) |
| 6 | Depending | ||
Phonotactics[]
Words in Chàkmwá are only one syllable long, words can combine to form different meaning.
The syllable structure of Chàkmwá is (C(C2))Vt(F)
where :
C is for an initial consonant,
C2 is for a secondary consonant that follows the initial one,
V is for a vowel,
t is for the tone,
F is for the final consonant.
Orthography[]
| Initial consonant | ipa | Initial consonant | ipa |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | pʰ | c | ʨ |
| t | tʰ | f | f |
| k | kʰ | h | h |
| j | j | g | k |
| l | l | m | m |
| n | n | b | p |
| q | x | r | ɽ |
| s | s | d | t |
| v | ɥ | w | w |
| x | ɕ | z | ʦ |
| ch | ʨʰ | zh | ʦʰ |
| ng | ŋ | jn | ɲ |
| ' | ʔ |
| 2ndary consonant | ipa | 2ndary consonant | ipa |
|---|---|---|---|
| v* | w | j* | j |
| w | ɥ | x | ɕ |
| h | x | f | f |
the 2ndary consonants v and j also occur as diphthongs of vowels, where j being the initial i and v being the initial u or o, v and j occur when the diphthong of the other kind is an initial diphthong, or when there's an final based diphthong,
ie: moa, mvao, mvia, mvai. mia, mjoa, mjao, mjai.
| Vowel | tone 5 and 6 | other tones | tone 5 and 6 + final r | other tones + final r |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | ɑ | ɑr | ɑr |
| aa | a | a | ɑr | ar |
| y | i | i | ir | ir |
| i | ɨ | ɨ | ɨr | ɨr |
| u | y | u | ɯr | ɯr |
| uu | y | y | ɯr | yɽ |
| e | ɛ | ə | ər | ər |
| ee | ɛ | e | ər | ər |
| o | ʌ | o | ʌr | ɔr |
| oo | ʌ | ɔ | ʌr | ɔr |
| eu | ø | ø | øɽ | øɽ |
| tone | accent | example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ̈ | ä ÿ ï ü ë ö |
| 2 | ̃ | ã ỹ ĩ ũ ẽ õ |
| 3 | ́ | á ý í ú é ó |
| 4 | ̀ | à ỳ ì ù è ò |
| 5 | ̄ | ā ȳ ī ū ē ō |
There are four kinds of diphthongs, any of the base-vowels can carry a diphthong, but not more than one per vowel, except when using the 2nd consonant to add an initial u or i, but those also have rules. for them see the 2ndary consonant.
| diphthong | pronunciation | examples | exceptions |
|---|---|---|---|
| i initial | /i/ or /j/ | ia iy ii iu ie io ieu | none- |
| u initial | /u/ or /w/ | oa uy oi oe uo ueu | a, i and e get an o instead of u, uu is not possible. |
| i final | /i/ or /j/ | ai yi ui ei oi eui | ii is not possible |
| u final | /u/ or /w/ | ao yu io eo ou | same as initial |
| final consonant | ipa | final consonant | ipa |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | n | m | m |
| ng | ŋ | x | ɕ |
| k | k | r | see vowels |
If the word has an i or u final diphthong the final consonants x, k and r cannot occur.
Grammar[]
| Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Nouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pronouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Nouns[]
Verbs[]
| hanzi | romanized | location | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfect (aspect) | 了 | la | after verb |
| imperfect (aspect) | 过 | ja | after verb |
| interrogative (mood) | 吗 | hiaa | end of sentence |
| imperative (mood) | 別 | sù | before verb |
| negative | 不 | nè | before verb |
An imperative sentence can also be obtained by leaving out the subject.
Syntax[]
Vocabulary[]
| personal pronouns | hanzi | romanized |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 我 | joó |
| 1st person (male) | 仆 | mó |
| 1st person (female) | 吾 | wào |
| 2nd person | 你 | nào |
| 2nd person (formal) | 您 | nàng |
| 3rd person male | 他 | nè |
| 3rd person female | 她 | wè |
| 3rd person object | 它 | sè |
| dual | 余 | jù |
| plural | 们 | sù |
| numerals | hanzi | formal hanzi | romanized |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 一 | 壹 | hiỳ |
| 2 | 二 | 贰 | nií |
| 3 | 三 | 叁 | siý |
| 4 | 四 | 肆 | chiì |
| 5 | 五 | 伍 | mỳ |
| 6 | 六 | 陆 | tà |
| 7 | 七 | 柒 | nià |
| 8 | 八 | 捌 | hiá |
| 9 | 九 | 玖 | kiá |
| 0 | 〇 | 零 | jò |
| 10 | 十 | 拾 | 'èn |
| 100 | 百 | 佰 | sén |
| 1000 | 千 | 仟 | xién |
| 10000 | 万 | 萬 | iéng |
| 100000 | 亿 | 億 | iér |
| Demonstratives | hanzi | romanized |
|---|---|---|
| distal | 这 | niỳ |
| proximal | 那 | zhỳ |
| interrogative | 何 | niá |