| Eliudian | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Fusional | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Ergative-accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Final | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | yes | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | [[User:|]] | ||||||||||||
Classification and Dialects[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | м
/m/ |
н
/n/ |
њ
/ɲ/ |
ҥ
(ŋ) | |
| Plosive | п б
/p b/ |
т д
/t d/ |
к г
/k g/ | ||
| Fricative | ф б
/ɸ (β)/ |
ѳ д
/θ (ð)/ |
с з
/s z/ |
ш ж
/ɕ ʑ/ |
х г
/x (ɣ)/ |
| Affricate | ц ѕ
/ʦ ʣ/ |
ч ћ
/ʨ ʥ/ |
|||
| Approximant | ј
/j/ |
в
/w/ | |||
| Trill | пр бр
/ʙ̥ ʙ/ |
р
/r/ |
ҏ
/ɼ/ |
||
| Lateral aff. | тл дл
/tɬ dɮ/ |
тљ
/tʎ̥˔/ |
|||
| Lateral app. | л
/l/ |
љ
/ʎ/ |
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ь і
/i iː/ |
ѵ
/ʉː/ |
ъ у,ѡ
/u uː/ |
| High-mid | е
/e/ |
о
/o/ | |
| Low-mid | я
/ɛ̃ː/ |
ѫ
/ɔ̃ː/ | |
| Near-low | ѣ
/æː/ |
а
/ɐ/ |
Development from Proto-Indo-European[]
| PIE | Proto-Eliudian | Old Eliudian | Modern Eliudian |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | p→p normal
p→ɸ before H |
p→p normal
p→pʎ iotation ɸ→ɸ normal ɸ→ɸʎ iotation |
/p/→/p/ п normal
/p/→/ps/ ѱ before /U/ /pʎ/→/pʎ/ пљ /ɸ/→/ɸ/ ф normal /ɸ/→/β/ б when V_V́ /ɸ/→/β/→/b/ б when V_RV́ /ɸʎ/→/ɸʎ/ фљ |
| t | t→t normal
t→θ before H |
t→t normal
tj→ť iotation θ→θ normal θ→ť iotation |
/t/→/t/ т normal
/t/→/ʦ/ ц before /U/ /ť/→/ɕʨ/ щ /θ/→/θ/ ѳ normal /θ/→/ð/ д when V_V́ /θ/→/ð/→/d/ д when V_RV́ |
| k | k→k normal
k→x before H |
k→k normal
k→ʨ 1st palatalization k→ʨ iotation k→ʦ 2nd palatalization k→ʨ 3rd palatalization x→x normal x→ɕ palatalization or iotation |
/k/→/k/ к normal
/k/→/ks/ ѯ before /U/ /x/→/x/ х normal /x/→/ɣ/ г when V_V́ /x/→/ɣ/→/g/ г when V_RV́ /ʦ/→/ʦ/ ц /ʨ/→/ʨ/ ч /ɕ/→/ɕ/ ш normal /ɕ/→/ʑ/ ж when V_RV́ or V_V́ |
| kʷ | kʷ→p→p normal
kʷ→p→ɸ before H |
p→p normal
p→pʎ iotation ɸ→ɸ normal ɸ→ɸʎ iotation |
/p/→/p/ п normal
/p/→/ps/ ѱ before /U/ /pʎ/→/pʎ/ пљ /ɸ/→/ɸ/ ф normal /ɸ/→/β/ б when V_V́ /ɸ/→/β/→/b/ б when V_RV́ /ɸʎ/→/ɸʎ/ фљ |
| ḱ | ḱ→s normal
ḱ→s→ɕ RUKI law ḱ→s→ɕ before ḱ→k when _RVback |
s→s normal
s→ɕ palatalization or iotation ɕ→ɕ k→k normal k→ʨ 3rd palatalization |
/s/→/s/ с/ɕ/→/ɕ/ ш normal
/ɕ/→/ʑ/ ж when V_V́ /k/→/k/ к /ʨ/→/ʨ/ ч |
| bʰ | bʰ→ɸ normal
bʰ→ɸ→θ RUKI law |
ɸ→ɸ normal
ɸ→ɸʎ iotation θ→θ normal θ→ť iotation |
/ɸ/→/ɸ/ ф normal
/ɸ/→/β/ б when V_V́ /ɸ/→/β/→/b/ б when V_RV́ /ɸʎ/→/ɸʎ/ фљ /θ/→/θ/ ѳ normal /θ/→/ð/ д when V_V́ /θ/→/ð/→/d/ д when V_RV́ /ť/→/ɕʨ/ щ |
| dʰ | dʰ→θ normal
dʰ→θ→s RUKI law |
θ→θ normal
θ→ť iotation s→s normal s→ɕ palatalization or iotation |
/θ/→/θ/ ѳ normal
/θ/→/ð/ д when V_V́ /θ/→/ð/→/d/ д when V_RV́ /ť/→/ɕʨ/ щ /s/→/s/ с normal /s/→/z/ з when V_RV́ or V_V́ /ɕ/→/ɕ/ ш normal /ɕ/→/ʑ/ ж when V_RV́ or V_V́ |
| gʰ | x | x→x normal
x→ɕ palatalization or iotation |
/x/→/x/ х normal
/x/→/ɣ/ г when V_V́ /x/→/ɣ/→/g/ г when V_RV́ /ɕ/→/ɕ/ ш normal /ɕ/→/ʑ/ ж when V_RV́ or V_V́ |
| gʷʰ | gʷʰ→ɸ normal
gʷʰ→ɸ→θ RUKI law |
ɸ→ɸ normal
ɸ→ɸʎ iotation θ→θ normal θ→ť iotation |
/ɸ/→/ɸ/ ф normal
/ɸ/→/β/ б when V_V́ /ɸ/→/β/→/b/ б when V_RV́ /ɸʎ/→/ɸʎ/ фљ /θ/→/θ/ ѳ normal /θ/→/ð/ д when V_V́ /θ/→/ð/→/d/ д when V_RV́ /ť/→/ɕʨ/ щ |
| ǵʰ | ǵʰ→ɕ→ɕ normal
ǵʰ→ɕ→x RUKI law |
ɕ→ɕ
x→x normal x→ɕ palatalization or iotation |
/ɕ/→/ɕ/ ш normal
/ɕ/→/ʑ/ ж when V_RV́ or V_V́ /x/→/x/ х normal /x/→/ɣ/ г when V_V́ /x/→/ɣ/→/g/ г when V_RV́ |
| b | b | b→b normal
b→bʎ iotation |
/b/→/b/ б normal
/bʎ/→/bʎ/ бљ |
| d | d | d→d normal
d→ď iotation |
/d/→/d/ д /d/→/ð/д when V_V /ď/→/ʑʥ/ җ |
| g | g | g→g normal
g→ʑ 1st palatalization g→ʥ iotation g→ʣ 2nd palatalization g→ʥ 3rd palatalization |
/g/→/g/ г/g/→/ɣ/ г when V_V
/ʑ/→/ʑ/ ж /ʥ/→/ʥ/ ћ /ʣ/→/ʣ/ ѕ |
| gʷ | b | b→b normal
b→bʎ iotation |
/b/→/b/ б normal
/bʎ/→/bʎ/ бљ |
| ǵ | ǵ→z normal
ǵ→z→ʑ RUKI law |
z→z normal
z→ʑ iotation ʑ→ʑ |
/z/→/z/ з /ʑ/→/ʑ/ ж |
| m | m→m normal
m→n final |
m→m normal
m→mʎ iotation n→∅ after i and u n→◌̃ after V |
/m/→/m/ б normal
/mʎ/→/mʎ/ мљ |
| n | n→n
n→ŋ before H |
n→n
n,ŋ→ɲ iotation n,ŋ→◌̃ when V_Cobstr |
/n/→/n/ н/ɲ/→/ɲ/ њ
/ŋ/→/ŋ/ ҥ |
| s | s→s normal
s→ɕ RUKI law |
s→s normal
s→ɕ palatalization or iotation ɕ→ɕ |
/s/→/s/ с normal
/s/→/z/ з when V_RV́ or V_V́ /ɕ/→/ɕ/ ш normal /ɕ/→/ʑ/ ж when V_RV́ or V_V́ |
| j | j | j→j
j→∅ dissolve during iotation |
/j/→/j/ ј |
| w | w | w→w normal
w→wʎ iotation |
/w/→/w/ в normal
/wʎ/→/wʎ/ вљ |
| PIE | Proto-Eliudian | Old-Eliudian | Modern Eliudian |
|---|---|---|---|
| sk | sk→sk | sk→sk
sk→sʨ 1st palatalization or iotation sk→ɕk 3rd palatalization |
/sk/→/sk/ ск normal
/sks/→/sks/ сѯ before /U/ /sʨ/→/ɕʨ/ щ /ɕk/→/ɕk/ шк |
| sg | sg,sgʰ→zg | zg→zg
zg→zʥ iotation zg→zʑ 1st palatalization zg→zʣ2nd palatalization zg→ʑg 3rd palatalization zg→ʑʥ iotation and 3rd palatalization |
/zg/→/zg/ зг
/ʑg/→/ʑg/ жг /zʥ/,/ʑʥ/→/ʑʥ/ җ /zʑ/→/ʑ/ ж /zʣ/→/zd/ зд |
| kt | kt→kt | kt→kt
kt→kť iotation |
/kt/→/kt/ кт/kt/→/kts/ кц before /U/
/kť/→/ɕʨ/ щ |
| gt | gt→gt | gt→gt
gt→gť iotation gt→ʑť iotation and 3rd palatalization |
/gt/→/gd/ гд/gť/,/ʑť/→/ʑʥ/ җ |
| tt | tt→st | st→st
st→sť iotation st→ɕť iotation and 3rd palatalization |
/st/→/st/ ст /sť/,/ɕť/→/ɕʨ/ щ |
| Laryngal PIE | Classic PIE | Proto-Eliudian | Early Old Elidian | Late Old Eliudian | Modern Eliudian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| e,h1e | e | e→e
e(+n),e(+m)→ę ewVx→awVx |
e→e
ę→ę a→o ja→je |
e→e
ę→ę a→o ja→je |
|
| h2e,(a) | a | a→a
a(+n),a(+m)→ą |
a→o
ja→je ǫ,ą→ǫ |
||
| o,h3e | o | o→a
o(+n),o(+m)→ǫ | |||
| h1 | ə | e→e
e(+n),e(+m)→ę ewVx→awVx |
e→e
ę→e a→o ja→je |
||
| h2 | a→a
a(+n),a(+m)→ą |
e→e
ą,ǫ→ǫ a→o ja→je |
|||
| h3 | o→a
o(+n),o(+m)→ǫ | ||||
| ē,eh1 | ē | ē→ē
ē(+n),ē(+m)→ę |
ē→ě
ę→ę |
ě→ě
ę→ę |
|
| eh2,(ā) | ā | ā→ā | ā→a
jā→jě |
a→a
(j)ě→(j)ě |
|
| ō,eh3 | ō | ō→ā | |||
| i | i | i→i
i(+n),i(+m)→i end i(+n)Cx,i(+m)Cx→į |
i→ь
į→ę |
ь→ь
ę→ę |
|
| ih1 | ī | ī→ī
ī(+n),ī(+m)→į |
ī→i | i→i | |
| ih2 | ja→ja
ja(+n),ja(+m)→ją |
ja→je
ją,jǫ→ję |
(j)e→(j)e
(j)ę→(j)ę |
||
| ih3 | jo→ja
jo(+n),jo(+m)→jǫ | ||||
| u | u | u→u
u(+n),um→u end u(+n)Cx,u(+m)Cx→ų |
u→ъ
ju→jь |
u→ъ
(j)ь→(j)ь |
|
| uh1 | ū | we→we
we(+n),we(+m)→wę |
we→we | we→we | |
| uh2 | wa→wa
wa(+n),wa(+m)→wą |
wa→wo
wą→wǫ |
wo→wo
wǫ→wǫ |
||
| uh3 | ū→ū
ū(+n),ū(+m)→ų |
ū,ų→y
jū→ji jų→ję |
y→y
(j)i→(j)i (j)ę→(j)ę |
||
| ei,h1ei | ei | ei→ī | ī→i | i→i | |
| oi,h3ei | oi | oi→ai | ai→ě
jai→ji |
ě→ě
(j)ai→(j)i |
|
| h2ei,(ai) | ai | ai→ai | |||
| eu,h1eu | eu | eu→eu | eu→ju | (j)u→(j)u | |
| ou,h3eu | ou | ou→au | au→u
jau→ju |
u→u
(j)u→(j)u |
|
| h2eu,(au) | au | au→au | |||
| ēu | ēu | ū→ū
ū(+n),ū(+m)→ų |
ū,ų→y
jū→ji jų→ję |
y→y
(j)i→(j)i (j)ę→(j)ę |
|
| ōu | ōu | ō→ā | ā→a
jā→ě |
a→a
ě→ě |
|
| m̥ | m̥ | m̥→im→į
Wm̥→Wum→Wų |
į→ę
Wų̄→Wy |
ę→ę
(W)ų̄→(W)y |
|
| mh1 | m̥̅ | mē→mē
mē(+n),mē(+m)→mę |
mē→mě
mę→mę |
mě→mě
mę→mę |
|
| mh2 | mā→mā
mā(+n),mā(+m)→mą |
mā→ma
mą,mǫ→mǫ |
ma→ma
mǫ→mǫ |
||
| mh3 | mō→mā
mō(+n),mō(+m)→mǫ | ||||
| m̥m | m̥m | em→ę | ę→ę | ę→ę | |
| n̥ | n̥ | n̥→in→į
Wn̥→Won→Wǫ |
į→ę
Wǫ→Wǫ |
ę→ę
(W)ǫ→(W)ǫ |
|
| nh1 | n̥̄ | nē→nē
nē(+n),nē(+m)→nę |
nē→ně
nę→nę |
ně→ně
nę→nę |
|
| nh2 | nā→nā
nā(+n),nā(+m)→ną |
nā→na
ną,nǫ→nǫ |
na→na
nǫ→nǫ |
||
| nh3 | nō→nā
nō(+n),nō(+m)→nǫ | ||||
| n̥n | n̥n | en→ę | ę→ę | ę→ę | |
| l̥ | l̥ | l̥→il
Wl̥→wul |
il→ьl
Wul→Wъl |
ьl→y final
ьl→ili normal ъl→ow final ъl→u normal |
|
| lh1 | l̥̄ | lē→
lē(+n),lē(+m)→lę |
lē→lě
lę→lę |
lě→lě
lę→lę |
|
| lh2 | lā→lā
lā(+n),lā(+m)→lą |
lā→la
lą,lǫ→lǫ |
la→la
lǫ→lǫ |
||
| lh3 | lō→lā
lō(+n),lō(+m)→lǫ | ||||
| l̥l | l̥l | el→eu | eu→ju | (j)u→(j)u | |
| r̥ | r̥ | r̥→ir
Wr̥→wur |
ir→ьr
Wur→Wъr |
ьr→e final
ьr→iri normal ъr→u final ъr→uru normal |
|
| rh1 | r̥̄ | rē→rē
rē(+n),rē(+m)→rę |
rē→rě
rę→rę |
rě→rě
rę→rę |
|
| rh2 | rā→rā
rā(+n),rā(+m)→rą |
rā→ra
rą,rǫ→rǫ |
ra→ra
rǫ→rǫ |
||
| rh3 | rō→rā
rō(+n),rō(+m)→rǫ | ||||
| r̥r | r̥r | er→e˞ | e˞→ě | ě→ě |