Walaan

Walaan is a mixture of Estorva's creativity, Mandarin, and Japanese. I felt somehow familiar when creating this language since my mother tongue is actually Mandarin, :P.

Progress 83%
	Stats Nouns 95% Verbs 100% Adjectives 70% Syntax 83% Words 20 of 1500

Walaan Walaawinn
Type
Agglutinative
Alignment
Topic-comment
Head direction
Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
No
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information

Walaan is a language using syllabary. With 86 syllabograms and 1 diacritic the system covers all possible syllables in Walaan.

Phonology

Writting System

The writting system of Walaan is syllabary. There is also some romanizated systems. The most common and accepted one is Barleimann. But another romanization system, Darlis-Perol, is also well known.

The chart of Walaan syllabograms.

Here's all possible syllables in Walaan.

	a	e	i	o	u	ø	Syllabic
ʔ	a a	e e	i i	o o	u u	eo oe
tʰ	ta ta	te te	ti ti	to to	tu tu	teo toe
t˭	txa da	txe de	txi di	txo do	txu du	txeo doe
s	sa sa	se se	si si	so so	su su	seo soe
m	ma ma	me me	mi mi	mo mo	mu mu	meo moe
n	na na	ne ne	ni ni	no no	nu nu	neo noe	nn n
l	la la	le le	li li	lo lo	lu lu	leo loe	ll l
kʰ	ka ka	ke ke	ki ki	ko ko	ku ku	keo koe
k˭	kxa ga	kxe ge	kxi gi	kxo go	kxu gu	kxeo goe
ʃ	sha sha	she she	shi shi	sho sho	shu shu	sheo shoe
tʃʰ	cha cha	che che	chi chi	cho cho	chu chu	cheo choe
tʃ˭	chxa ja	chxe je	chxi ji	chxo jo	chxu ju	chxeo joe
j	ya ya	ye ye		yo yo	yu yu
w	wa wa	we we	wi wi	wo wo
h	ha ha	he he		ho ho
f	fa fa	fe fe	fi fi	fo fo	fu fu	feo foe
pʰ	pa pa	pe pe	pi pi	po po	pu pu	peo poe
p˭	pxa ba	pxe be	pxi bi	pxo bo	pxu bu	pxeo boe
tsʰ	tsa ca	tse ce	tsi ci	tso co	tsu cu	tseo coe
ts˭	tsxa za	tsxe ze	tsxi zi	tsxo zo	tsxu zu	tsxeo zoe
ŋ							ng ng

Inside a cell, the upper one is Barleimann while the lower one is Darlis-Perol. The argument of these romanizations continues nowadays, but Barleimann is common in European and USA, while Darlis-Parol is well known and most used in Asia.

Since voiced consonants are not distinguished from voiceless ones, Barleimann tends not to use any voiced letter (such as d, g, v) to represent those unaspirated consonants. It used a letter "x" instead. Whereas unaspirated consonants are referred to by voiced letter in Darlis-Parol. For new learns, the term "txa" would be hard to read and "da" is more easy to pronounce, but he would never know that "da" isn't actually voiced in Walaan. "da" is unaspirated and sounds like the actually "d" in English, but not voiced.

The three syllabic consonants in Walaan are represented as "ng, nn, and ll" in Barleimann but "ng, n, and l" in Darlis-Parol. Though the former clearly indicates that these are syllabic (thus doubled), but the latter is more famaliar to new learners.

All the romanized Walaan below are Barleimann.

Comparasion of aspiration and voice, featuring Walaan, English and Madarin

	Aspirated	Unaspirated
Voiced	/bʱ/	/b˭/ sonnpxaWAL forest ballENG
Voiceless	/pʰ/ pateWAL goat pastENG 怕MDR be afraid of	/p˭/ pxateWAL ship spotENG 爸MDR dad

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	nn /m/	nn /ɱ/	nn /n/				ng /ŋ/
Plosive	p /pʰ/ px /p˭/		t /tʰ/ tx /t˭/				k /kʰ/ kx /k˭/
Fricative		f /f/	s /s/	sh /ʃ/ ~ /ɕ/			h /x/ ~ /h/
Affricate			ts /tsʰ/ tsx /ts˭/	ch /tʃʰ/ ~ /tɕʰ/ chx /tʃ˭/ ~ /tɕ˭/
Approximant	w /w/					y /j/
Lateral app.			l /l/

The syllabic nasal nn becomes /ɱ/ before f, and /m/ before p. Syllabic alveolar nasal can't be followed by k and h. No nasals are allowed to be in front of any approximants and flaps.

Am I pronouncing it right?

New learners always have difficult time pronouncing "real" voiceless unaspirated consonants, and often replace them with voiced but also unaspirated consonants.

One traditional local method to examine one's pronunciation contains two parts:

1. "Adadadada": say the term without any stop of the vibrating of your voice folds, then you'll have the right /d˭/. You can touch your throat to feel the vibrating of your voice folds. For some people (including me in the past) they might get /t˭/ and while saying the letter "d", their voice folds stop vibrating. During saying the whole term, one should feel his voice cords keep vibrating.
2. "Ts-ts": to check whether its aspirated or not, you can put your fingers near your mouth and feel the air flow coming out. Do not try to vibrate your voice cords, just push the air out from your lung, and click your tongue like "ts-ts". Feel the strength of the air flow, distinguish the stronger one from the weaker one, then you'll have both /tʰ/ and /t˭/.

Weakened consonants

"Weakened consonants" refer to some of the unaspirated consonants after other unaspirated ones. In some cases, aspirated consonants would become unaspirated. This sometimes happens, mostly when two nouns are tied together.

• Natxa (evilness) + Tsama (person) = Natxatsxama (bad guy)

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i /i/ eo /y/ ~ /ø/ e /e/	u /u/
Close-mid		o /o/
Open	a /a/

Diphthongs and Long Vowels

Two different vowels together become diphthong. When two same vowels meet, they can be regarded as one lengthene vowel. There can't be any syllabic consonants (mm, nn, and ll) after a lengthened syllable.

	a+i	Lengthened a
Normal	tai /tʰa.i/	taa /tʰa:/
+a	taia /tʰa.i.a/	ILLEGAL (taaa)
+nn	tainn /tʰai.n̩/	ILLEGAL (taann)
+x	taihta /tʰa.i.t:a/	ILLEGAL (taaxta)

Gemination

Some consonants (all of them are plosive of affricative) in Walaan can be lengthened as well. These long consonants will never appear in the head of a word, and to most people is sounds like the vowel before the long consonant is shortened. This feature is represented by a little reverse "c".

The pitch of the vowel before the long consonants is always higher than usual.

	Barleimann	Darlis-Perol
tʰː	ht	tt / dd
kʰː	hk	kk
chʰː	hch	tch
pʰː	hp	pp
tsʰː	hts	tts

The length of both vowels and consonants is distinctive in Walaan.

Syllables

Most syllables in Walaan is open (CV). Some syllables don't exist in Walaan.

• Y: yi, yeo
• W: wu, weo
• H: hi, hu, heo

Pitch

Linguists say that Walaan could be tonal in the past (Proto-Walaan or Old Walaan), but the feature was then replaced by pitch accent. The modern Walaan has 3 different levels of pitch: high, mid,  and low. The low tone is rare in words but common in particles. Some particles don't have their own pitch, they are influented by the previous word. Take the word mana for example: 

mana	girl	bridge	wheat
bare form	/ma˧.na˥/ ma2-na1	/ma˥.na˧/ ma1-na2	/ma˥.na˩/ ma1-na3
+hte (from)	/ma˧.na˥.tʰːe˩/ ma2-na1-hte3	/ma˥.na˥.tʰːe˩/ ma1-na1-hte3	/ma˥.na˩.tʰːe˩/ ma1-na3-hte3
+fi (of)	/ma˧.na˥.fi˥/ ma2-na1-fi1	/ma˥.na˧.fi˧/ ma1-na2-fi2	/ma˥.na˩.fi˩/ ma1-na3-fi3

Here we adopted Jukostov-Barleimann, a romanization system based on Barleimann. Two "old" systems, Barleimann and Darlis-Perol, use accute (á) and grave (à) to indicate high and low pitch of a syllable (the mid tone isn't indicated). It's hard to input into computers and the shape of the diacritics could mislead people, making them consider these syllables rising (˩˥) or falling (˥˩) tone. The Jukostov-Barleimann replaced the diacritics with numbers, but the syllables are connected by hyphens.

/t˭a˧.xa˥/ "mountain"	Darlis-Perol	Barleimann	Jukostov-Barleimann
pitch not shown	daha	txaha	txaha
pitch shown	dahá	txahá	txa2-ha1

There are totally four kinds of pitch combinations: rising, sliding, falling, and jumping.

• Rising tone: Starting mid (or low), then rises to high, and finally levels out. That is, 21...1.
• Sliding tone: Starting high, and drop to mid at the last syllable. That is, 1...12.
• Falling tone: Starting high, but drop to low at second syllable. That is, 13...3
• Jumping tone: Starting low, then rise to mid (or high), then fall back to low. That is, 31...13. Only available for words consisting of more than three syllables.

Take the word mana and tonokxa for example:

	Rising Tone	Sliding Tone	Falling Tone	Jumping Tone
IPA	/ma˧.na˥/ ma2-na1	/ma˥.na˧/ ma1-na2	/ma˥.na˩/ ma1-na3
Meaning	girl	bridge	wheat
IPA	/tʰo˧.no˥.k˭a˥/ to2-no1-kxa1	/tʰo˥.no˥.k˭a˧/ to1-no1-kxa2	/tʰo˥.no˩.k˭a˩/ to1-no1-kxa3	/tʰo˩.no˥.k˭a˩/ to3-no1-kxa3
Meaning	elegence		lock	shield

Verbs work the same way. Take the verb totsa (to sing / to broaden) for example:

totsa	Tone	Infinite	+ito (able to)		Realis	Irrealis	+eonn (not)
to sing	Rising	/to˧.tsa˥/ to2-tsa1	/to˧.tsa˥.i˥.to˩/ to2-tsa1-i1-to3	/to˧.tse˥.e˥.to˥/ to2-tse1-e1-to1	/to˧.tse˥/ to2-tse1	/to˧.tsi˥/ to2-tsi1	/to˧.tsi˥.ø˥.n̩˥/ to2-tsi1-eo1-nn1	/to˧.tsi˥.n̩˥/ to2-tsi1-nn1
to broaden	Falling	/to˥.tsa˩/ to1-tsa3	/to˥.tsa˥.i˥.to˩/ to1-tsa1-i1-to3	/to˥.tse˥.e˥.to˩/ to1-tse3-e3-to3	/to˥.tse˩/ to1-tse3	/to˥.tsi˩/ to1-tsi3	/to˥.tsi˩.ø˩.n̩˩/ to1-tsi3-eo3-nn3	/to˥.tsi˩.n̩˩/ to1-tsi3-nn3

Verbs more than three syllables are often either falling tone or jumping tone. In other words, they are all low-ending.

Pitch Sandhi

There's one syllable highlighted in the first table of the pitch section. The second syllable of the word mana became high pitch. This is due to the following word hte, making a sliding tone (12)  "holding tone" (11).

Pitch sandhi does also happen to verbs. Especially when attaching to auxiliary verbs.

Tone	Word	~a+ito	~e+tseo	~i+eonn	~i+tseota
R	yetsa	21.13	1-.1	21.13	21.13
S	wata	22.13	1-.2	22.13	22.13
F	otsa	11.13	1-.3	11.13	11.13
F	yuatsa	111.13	11-.3	131.13	131.13
J	hemesa	311.13	311.1	311.13	311.13

Varient of Pitch System

The system of pitch varies among the dialects of Walaan.

Sometimes a "heavy rising tone" (31) is also considered identical with rising (21).

Pronouns

	First		Second	Third
Gender	Masculine	Femiline		Masc.	Femi.
Single	yaye pxeta	negxa	feta	tseta	leta
Plural (formal)	txalayaye txalapxeta pxetahta		txalafeta	txalatseta
Plural (informal)	pxonayaye		pxonafeta	pxonatseta	pxonaleta

Italic words are archaic. The term betahta comes from betabeta.

	Demonstrative		Interrogative	Apposition
	Proximal	Distal
Adjective	chxato	nato	meoto
Person	chxatxa	nata	meota	chxatxafi, natafi
Time	chxaseo	naseo	meoseo	chxaseofi, naseofi
Thing	chxapxe	nape	meope	chxapefi, napefi
Place	chxafe	nafe	meofe	chxafefi, nafefi

The apposition form of demonstrative pronouns is used when they are put in front of other nouns. For example:

• Chxatxafi mana. (That girl)

Nouns

Nouns of Walaan are pretty easy. There is no declension at all.

Though there are still particles that can be attached to the nouns. There are postpositions, prepositions, and circumpositions. It's believed that circumpositions and prepositions are derived from verbs and adjective.

Adpositions		Meaning
Postposition	-se	topic
	-ne	object of the action, used as emphasis on the past voice
	-le	negative topic, used to express negation
	-hte	locative case, where the action comes or the comparison standard
	-ye	conjugation, must be after every conjugated noun, like "umaye txahaye" (river and mountain)
	-yo	locative case, where the action happens
	-wa	vocative case
	-wi	locative case, where the action targets
	-fi	genetive case, apposition
	-tseo	subject of the action, used for emphasis
Preposition	txala-	plural (formal people)
	pxona-	plural (most objects, and informal people)
Circumposition	teya...le	only, mere, little, few (negative)
	machxe...le	even, often used to express exclamation
	nami...hte	instrumental case
	keo...hte	without, lack of
	yotsxo...wi	dative case

Compared with English, Japanese, and Mandarin

	Walaan	English	Japanese
Object	yayene kxape	I'm hit	私を殴る
Source	umahte sase	walk from the river	川から行く
Destination	umawi sase	walk to the river	川に行く
Possession	umafi facha	the inside ofthe river	川の中

Some adpositions can form adverb by adding -pai. For example, teyapai means "only, merely", formed by replacing the postposition part with the particle pai.

• Yayea teyapai nomuimetsa. (I just want to shout.)

Verbs

There are currently 2 types of verbs: a-verbs and some irregular verbs.

The conjugation of two main class of verbs.

	Kxonnpxotuafeli			Sasepxotuafeli
	Infinite	Realis		Irrealis
		Non-past	Past	Non-past	Past
a-verb	chepa	chepe	chepaye	chepi	chepoi
hatsa (to have)	hatsa	hatse	hatsaye	ii	hoi
txatsxa (to do)	txatsxa	txatsxe	txatsxaye	txii	txoi
txaatsa (be able to)	txaatsa	txaatse	txaatsaye	txai	txaoi
to (to be equal to)	to	te	tu	toh / too	toi
to (to be like)	to	te		toh / too
eonn (not to be)	eonn	eonn / nn	nu	(nn)ni	(nn)noi

As for modern Walaan, a-verb comprises of verbs with some certain type of ending.

• -(u)a, -ta, -txa, -sa, -na, -sha, -ka, -kxa, -pa, -tsa, -tsxa

Most verbs ends in -tsa. Some transitive verbs end in -ta, -ka, and -tsa, whereas their intransitive version end in -txa, -kxa, -tsxa.

Kxonnpxotuafeli and Sasepxotuafeli

The term "kxonnpxotuafeli" means "the form that attaches to object", whereas "sasepxotuafeli" stands for "the form that attaches to action". This is due to the usage of the defferent verb forms.

• Infinite: functions like nouns, can also share particles with nouns. In the sense of noun compund, the infinite form can also modify the noun following it.
• Realis: takes nouns around it as its argument.
• Irrealis: can only precede auxiliary verbs or adjectives.

Comparison between Walaan, English, Japanese ,and Mandarin

Walaan		English	Japanese	Mandarin
Infinite	hatsa tsama	a person	とある人	有人
Realis	Yayese hatse kxonn.	I have a thing.	私は物を持っている。	我有東西。
Irrealis	Iimete nato kxonn.	I want to have that thing.	その物を持ちたい。	我想擁有那個東西。

Archaic Past Tense

To be honest, the past tense form mentioned above is becoming archaic. The perfect aspect and its particle tseo is taking over and becoming more common and common.

It's reported that tseo might originated from the adjective tsito.

Auxiliaries for Verbs

Suffix-like Auxiliaries

Required	Word	Class	Meaning	Equivalence in Japanese or Mandarin
Infinitie	-ito	adjective	be able to	～事が出来る、～（エる）、～（ら）れる、能～、可以～
	-ya	particle	imperative mood	～てくれ、～て下さい、～（エ）、請～、去～
	-we	particle	subjunctive mood	～（エ）ば、若～、如～、～的話
	-fi	particle	genetive of gerund	～的
Realis	-tseo	particle	perfect aspect	～た、～了
Irrealis	-eonn	eonn-verb	negation	～ない、～ず、不～、沒（有）～
	-teotsa	a-verb	passive voice	～（ら）れる、被～
	-metsa	a-verb	volition of speaker	～たい、想（要）～
	-chua	a-verb	middle voice (always intrasitive)	自（己、我）～
	-fonnto	adjective	prohibition	～な、不行～、不能～、不要～
	-petsa	a-verb	volition of people but speaker	～べき、必須～、應該～
	-tsitsa	a-verb	guess, expectation, assumption	～（よ）う、應該～、大概～、可能～

Negation

The verb eonn can be regarded as negative to. It can also follow other verbs to express negation. Here's some comparisons:

English	Japanese	Mandarin	Walaan
I don't sing.	私が歌わない。	我不唱歌。	Yayese totseeonn.
This flower is not red.	この花は赤くない。	這朵花不（是）紅（的）。	Chxato mienn laeonn.
He didn't fight.	彼は闘わなかった。	他没有戰鬥。	Tsetase pxotxenui. Tsetase pxotxennnitseo.

Kxoyasha natxa

"Kxoyasha natxa" literally means "hurrying sound" and is a mechanism like Onbin (音便) of Japanese. Some sounds are dropped and a vowel or gemination replaces. Such things happen when a verb (or an auxiliary reflecting like verbs) is followed by auxiliaries with aspirated opening. Such as -peta and -tse.

Ending	Infinitive	Irrealis Non-past	Irrealis Past
a	nomua (shout)	nomuhteotsa	nomuoteotsa
ta	sayata (wave)	sayahteotsa	sayatohteotsa
txa	pxotxa (fight)	pxohteotsa	pxotxohteotsa
sa	hemesa (tell)	hemehteotsa	hemesohteotsa
na	wanana (fly)	wanannteotsa	wananohteotsa
sha	kxoyasha (hurry)	kxoyashiteotsa	kxoyashohteotsa
ka	feka (seize)	fehteotsa	fekohteotsa
kxa	masakxa (seek)	masahteotsa	masakxohteotsa
pa	chepa (walk)	chehteotsa	chepohteotsa
tsa	totsa (sing)	totsiteotsa	totsohteotsa
tsxa	setxa (leave)	seiteotsa	setsxohteotsa

Instruction
	Syllabic consonants are used instead
	No kxoyasha natxa happens
	The last syllable is left out

• Yayesa pxohteohtsite. (I have been hit.)

Adjective

Adjectives of Walaan does conjugate. They can be regarded as a stem with a verb (or copula) to following.

	Infinite	Realis	Irrealis	Adverb
lato (red)	lato	late	latoh / latoo	lapai

Adjectives are put in front of modified noun. The adjectives are glue together with the nouns.

Comparison

English	Japanese	Mandarin	Walaan
A girl runs.	少女は走る。	少女奔跑著。	Manase lenntse.
Running girl	走る少女	奔跑的少女	Lenntsa mana
Red flower	赤い花	紅（色的）花	Leto mienn
The flower is red.	花は赤い。	花是紅的。	Miennse lete.

• Lato mienn. (red flower.)
• Latoye fasotoye mienn. (red and tiny flower.)

When there are plural adjectives modifying the same noun, the particle ye will be added to each of them.

Adjectives can also be put behind the noun and act like verbs. In this case, a sentence is formed.

• Mienn late. (Flower is red.)

Adjectives themselves can be treated as verbs that conjugates like the one to. The stems of these adjectives are meaningless without the verb to (and other particles).

Other Particles

Particles and auxiliary verbs are surely important to Walaan. There are some other particles that haven't yet been mentioned.

Interjection

Particle	Meaning
txeo	a short break in a long sentence.
mai	1)question, 2)rhetorical question.
neo	1)assumption, 2)exclamation, 3)command. This particle is often used by women.
pei	question with confirmation.
tsu	1)expection, 2)command

Grammatical Object

The so-called "grammatical object" refers to those nouns with the same meaning with others but functioning differently. The words that are used alone are called common object, whereas those which can't stand alone are refered as grammatical object. Most grammatical objects consists of only one syllable and may sound strange to most Walaans when using alone.

Grammatical	Common	Meaning
ta, txa	tsama	person
seo	sawa	time
pe, pxe	kxonn	thing
fe	choll	place

Grammatical objects can be seen in pronouns and appositions. Here's some comparison:

English	Japanese	Mandarin	Walaan
person	人	人	tsama
that person	その人	那個人	nata
that girl	その少女	那位少女	nato mana natafi mana
the person who talks to you	あなたと話す人	和你講話的人	(nato) yotsxofetawi hemase ta
that girl who likes you	その君を愛する少女	那位愛你的女孩	nato fetatseo name mana

Syntax

Under normal circumsatnces the syntax of Walaan is SVO. When topic-marker is introduced, the topic (T) would be at the front of a sentence like TVO or TSV. Only objects are put behind the verb.

• Pxonayayese nato sonnpxayo fetetsaye chxato mana. (It was us who found this girl in that forest.)(私達はその森でこの少女を見付けた。)("we" as topic)
• Chxato manase pxonayayeta nato sonnpayo fetetsaye. (This girl is found by us in that forest.)(この少女は私達がその森で見付けた。)("this girl" as topic)
• Nato sonnpxayose pxonayayeta fetetsaye chxato mana. (In that forest we found this girl.)(その森では私達がこの少女を見つけた。)("that forest" as topic)

When the particle "tseo" is introduced, the subject (with -tseo) must be in front of the verb.

• Pxonayayesa nato sonnpxayo chxata manatseo fetetsxaye.

Complements formed by adding particles to nouns must be in front of the verb.

Walaan    Pxonayayese   nato    sonnpxayo   fetetsaye   chxato   mana.
Class     N.            Dem.    N.->C.      V.          Dem.     N.
Meaning   we            that    forest      find        this     girl
Number    pl.           *       sing.       *           *        sing.
Case      topic(nom.)   *       loc.        *           *        acc.
          "We found the girl in that forest."

Relative Clause

A relative clause usually ends with fi following by the modified noun.

Walaan    Yaafannwa!   Taepai   feyonntseo   meyatse    fi     tase    to    namisinntolohte   keitse   fi     tsainn!
Class     N.           Adv.     N.           V2.        Par.   Pr.     V1.   N.->C.            V2.      Par.   N.
Meaning   O Lord       really   thou         threaten   *      who     is    Sintolo           name     *      knight
Number    sing.        *        sing.        *          *      sing.   *     sing.             *        *      sing.
Case      voc.         *        acc.         *          *      topic   *     instr.            *        *      acc.
          "My Lord! Who is really threatening you is the knight named Sintolo!"

Walaan    Feta    pasinn     fi     fetseo   masakxe   fi     nashatsa   satu
Class     Pr.     V.         Par.   N.       V.        Par.   V.->C.     N.
Meaning   you     not know   *      place    search    *      roam       sheep
Number    sing.   *          *      sing.    *         *      *          sing.
Case      nom.    *          *      acc.     *         *      *          *
          "Roaming sheeps in search of the place you've never known."

Walaan    Enntsaya   tsxewe   pola    fetane   chuteyaite   txie.
Class     V.         N.       Conj.   Pr.      V.           N.
Meaning   listen     wind     until   you      can hear     sign
Number    *          sing.    *       sing.    *            sing.
Case      *          acc.     *       nom.     *            acc.
          "Listen to the wind until you can hear the sign."

Vocabulary

Walaan/Lexicon

Example text

Put your cursor on the sentence to see the meaning of it.

Nato manase tumetsa yayefi elisi mai?

Txatsxa txatsxaieonn kxonn.

Nato nachato manafi fokxa txonone hewalapai.

Kxaleto pxonatsamawa! Yotsxopewi pxonafetatseo chetete?

Yetsipetatsu selemana.

Yayefiye poleonntoye txeofapxaseofiye shahafi folenia.

Olltxito wangkane tsewefi lomoyo shape. Neolata lafarenntse. Yotsxoatatawi...

Shelito hawatachine lekuyennnetseo kxane. Totsa lafarenntse. Yotsxotsiyannwi...

Sawane kxetsxatsxa selepennsi, kxonntsa tonokxafi kanonn.

Chachapai hanotsa likolisi, watxaieonn elisionn.

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Yayese to maniaye txaaniaye tsxuniaye,

yenn yayese hatse txo pxaapehteo yeleiteota.

Yayese to seomuaye txalaama fi tsahatoye neotoye pua,

yenn yotsxo heeofi onnta wi txaetse siolefi pxonahasa,

yenn heeose to atatafi otsasoiye txuaye.

Tsotsa tsu! Yotsxo fashe welltefi yolannwi fi siolefefi saeo wi.

Tsetase to yaye yenn yayese to tseta.