Nāmaς

Nāmaς is an Indo-European influenced, mixed a priori-posteriori language, by Waahlis.  

Nāmaς
This page is part of the Nāmaς family of articles, which is currently changing its and name to Nāmic, as well as vocabulary and grammar. The author wishes to make clear that ther is a reason for it, which may be found further down this page. That is, the page is littered with striked words.

Introduction

Dēna vēȷyanς! - Welcome!

This page uses IPA phonetic notation as standard.

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Nāmaς, ([ˈnaːm.as], translates as "name, noun, meaning or thing"), or Naṃkrthāvāka [ˌnã.kr̩ˑ.ˈtʰaː.faː.xa] "Named constructed speech" - is a mixed constructed a priori/ a posteriori language. It draws inspiration from mainly the Indo-European branch, yet makes a decisive stance to preserve artificial features. For the sake of simplicity I suppose it could be called the Namian language, or whatever. Doesn't really matter.

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Since there is a tendency in Nāmaς to blend characteristics of both artificial and natural languages, a rather unholy mixture has arisen, for example:

It is a fusional language, like its predecessors Latin, Sanskrit, Greek and Germanic - yet displays the highly unnatural ergative-accusativ alignment, or tripartite, - which is rarely seen outside conlanging.

Concerning the vocabulary, both words derived from Indo-European stems, as well as complete a priori words, appear; such as "dhrȳa" - tree, from Indo-European *dóru, and the word for heaven, "ıāmna" - from... me.

Other than that, other, rather unique features are included, such as:

• Phonemic and manipulated stress.
• Progressive metaphony.
• Partial regressive metaphony.
• Consonant harmony, based upon voicedness.

Plus an extremely constructed characteristic:

• Distinguished transitivity

Phonology

Consonants

Phonology

The following table portraits Nāmaς' phonetic inventory of consonants. All consonants, except aspirated ones, may be geminated, which is phonemic, and represented by doubling by the grapheme. The letter /h/ represents aspiration when succeding consonants, and breathy-voice when preceding vowels. "Nh", is an exception, being a velar nasal.

Phonology and Orthography

		Bilabial		Labiodent.	Dental		Retroflex		Palatal	Velar
		aspirated	unaspirated		aspirated	unaspirated	aspirated	unaspirated		aspirated	unaspirated
Nasal		m [m]			n [n̪]		ṇ [ɳ]		ny [ɲ]	nh [ŋ]
Plosives	voiced	bh [bʱ]	b [b]		dh [d̪ʱ]	d [d̪]	ḍh [ɖʱ]	ḍ [ɖ]	ȷ [ɟ]	g [g]	gh [gʱ]
	voiceless	ph [pʰ]	p [p]		th [t̪ʰ]	t [t̪]	ṭh [ʈʰ]	ṭ [ʈ]	ȷ [c]	k [k]	kh [kʰ]
Affricatives	voiced	py [p͡ɸ]			dy [ɖ͡ʐ]				ȷy [ɟ͡ʝ]
	voiceless	by [b͡β]			ty [ʈ͡ʂ]				ky [c͡ç]
Fricatives	voiced			(v [v])	z [z̪]		y [ʐ]		hy [ç]
	voiceless			(v [f] )	s [s̪]		ṣ [ʂ]		hy [ʝ]
Trills					r [r]
Approxim.	voiced			v [w]			ḷ [ɽ]		ı [j]
	voiceless			v [ʍ]

Please note that all retroflex consonants and the dental trill rhoticise the surrounding consonants. The pronunciation of <v> is considered dialectal.

Alphabet

Hence the alphabet of Nāmaς':

Alphabet
Aa		Bb		Bh		Dd		Ḍḍ		Dh		Ee		Γg		Γh		Hh		Iı		Jȷ		Kk		Ḷḷ		Mm		Ṃṃ		Nn		Ṇṇ		Oo		Pp		Ph		Rr		Ss		Ṣṣ		Tt		Ṭṭ		Uu		Vv		Yy		Hy		Zz

Please note that the letters /h/ and /ṃ/ are modifiers of adjacent vowels. See the Vowel Quality section.

The letter /ς/ is a possible alternativeto lexeme-final /s/.

Lenition

In addition to the consonants above, Nāmaς suffers from severe allophony, lenition, caused when:

• Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels.
• Consonants lie in final position in lexemes.

The aspirated consonants become completely spirantisised, whilst the unaspirated phonemes become affricates. The exceptions are the velars, which all become fricatives. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected.

Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the "basic" consonants.

Allophony

		Bilabial		Labiodent.	Dental		Retroflex		Palatal	Velar
		aspirated	unaspirated		aspirated	unaspirated	aspirated	unaspirated		aspirated	unaspirated
Plosives	voiced	bʱ	b		d̪ʱ	d̪	ɖʱ	ɖ	ɟ	gʱ	g
	voiceless	pʰ	p		t̪ʰ	t̪	ʈʰ	ʈ	c	kʰ	k
Affricatives	voiced	b > [b͡β]			d̪ > [d̪͡ð]		ɖ > [ɖ͡ʐ]		ɟ >[ ɟ͡ʝ]
	voiceless	p > [p͡ɸ]			t̪ > [t̪͡θ]		ʈ > [ʈ͡ʂ]		c >[c͡ç]
Fricatives	voiced	bʱ > [β]		(v)	d̪ʱ, z̪ > [ð]		ɖʱ > [ʐ]			gʱ, g > [ɣ]
	voiceless	pʰ > [ɸ]		(f)	t̪ʰ, s̪ > [θ]		ʈʰ > [ʂ]			h ,kʰ, k > [x]
Approxim.	voiced			(v > [w] )
	voiceless			(f > [ʍ] )

Nota bene

There is additional allophony, regarding phonation. The pairs [c - ɟ], [ç -ʝ], [v - f], and [w - ʍ], are only represented by one grapheme each: ȷ, hy, v, and vh respectively. Their voiced counterpart is an allophone - see Consonant Assimilation.

The murmur-phonation letter /h/ receives the pronunciation [ç/x] when final in a syllable.

Thus, our conclusion is that the word vāka- voice, speach - shouldn't be pronounced [ˈwaːka], but rather [ˈʍaːxa].

Affricates

In addition to these, there's a multitude of digraphs with corresponding affricates. It is important to note that the four digraphs /pt/, /vt/, /kt/, and /jt/ symbolise consonant clusters with an affricate onset. They are not affected by lenition.

Affricate clusters

Cluster		Grapheme
[p͡ft]		Pt
[b͡βd]		Bt
[t͡ʃt]		Kt
[d͡ʒd]		Jt

Consonant Assimilation

Nāmaς possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness.

The consequence is that a consonant, a cluster, or an affricate, is pronounced differently, depending on whether it is preceded by a voiced or voiceless consonant. There are exceptions to this rule, since the alveolar trill [r] and the retroflex tap [ɽ] do not differ between voicedness.

The nasal stops are affected quite differently, with a complete nasalisation of the preceding vowel - and loss of the stop - if the initial or first consonant is voiced. However, nasals are perceived as neutral in nature, and does therefore not affect voiceless nor voiced phonemes.

There are, however, two dialects of Nāmaς;

• Staṇya, which means "current, dominating".

• Ḷestra, which means "golden, posh".

The Staṇya dialect will be featured in this article, and is the main dialect that distinguishes consonant assimilaton upon voicedness.

Assimilation

Example		Translation		Staṇza		Ḷestra
sandrā		moon		[s̪an̪.ˈt̪raː]		[s̪an̪.ˈd̪ra]
dāntha		tooth		[ˈd̪ãːða]		[ˈd̪aːn̪.t̪ʰa]
āsvyas		he has		[ˈaːs̪.fʂas̪]		[ˈaːs̪.vʐas̪]
nāmas		name		[ˈnaː.mas̪]		[ˈnaː.mas̪]

Vowels

The representation of Nāmaς' vowels. There are are fifteen vowel phonemes, yet only 7 graphemes, thus, it may be assumed some are allophones during certain circumstances. It is obvious that many of the vowel graphemes are recycled, since many phonemes are allophones. The background is covered in the Metaphony section.

	Front		Near front		Central		Near back		Back
Close					y [ʉ]				ı [ɯ]	u [u]
Near-Close			ı [ɪ]	y [ʏ]			y [ʊ]
Close-Mid						u [ɵ]
Mid					ә/e/o [ə]
Open-Mid	e [ɛ]	o [œ]								o [ɔ]
Near-Open
Open	a [a]								a [ɑ]

Diphthongs

There are a limited number of diphthongs in Nāmaς, with the same amount rising as falling diphthongs. [ɪ̯] is most often equivalent to [j], and [u̯] is often just [w]. The left diphthong is its front value, and the right one is the back value. All other vowel clusters are diaeresis. The main phoneme in all diphthongs may be geminated.

Diphthongs

Rising						Falling
		Front		Back				Front		Back
ıa		[ɪ̯a]		[ɪ̯ɑ]		aı		[aɪ̯]		[ɑɪ̯]
ıe		[ɪ̯ɛ]		[ɪ̯ə]		eı		[ɛɪ̯]		[əɪ̯]
ıu		[ɪ̯ɵ]		[ɪ̯u]		uı		[ɵɪ̯]		[uɪ̯]
ıo		[ɪ̯œ]		[ɪ̯ɔ]		oı		[œɪ̯]		[ɔɪ̯]
ua		[u̯a]		[u̯ɑ]		au		[au̯]		[ɑu̯]
ue		[u̯ɛ]		[u̯ə]		eu		[ɛu̯]		[əu̯]
uo		[u̯œ]		[u̯ɔ]		ou		[œu̯]		[ɔu̯]

Diphthong Allophony

No falling diphthongs occur inter consonants, as a nucleus, nor do the falling diphthongs appear geminated in open coda position. They are transformed into geminated, or short monophthongs - and are inconsistently written as monophthongs, however it isn't compulsory. The allophony according to this schedule:

Front diphthongs on the left, back ones at the right.

Diphthong Allophony

Falling
		Front				Back
		Diphthong		Monophthong		Diphthong		Monophthong
aı		[aɪ̯]		[ɛ]		[ɑɪ̯]		[ə]
eı		[ɛɪ̯]		[ɪ]		[əɪ̯]		[ɯ]
uı		[ɵɪ̯]		[ɵ]		[uɪ̯]		[u]
oı		[œɪ̯]		[œ]		[ɔɪ̯]		[ə]
au		[au̯]		[œ]		[ɑːu̯]		[ɔ]
eu		[ɛu̯]		[æ]		[əːu̯]		[ə]
ou		[œu̯]		[ɵ]		[ɔːu̯]		[u]

Vowel Metaphony

The Naṃkrthāvāka suffers from a certain kind of vowel harmony, called progressive vowel metaphony. This urges all vowel phonemes in a lexeme to be of the same kind of the preceding one. That is: V_a = type-a vowel, V_b = type-b vowel, C = consonant: V_aV_bV_b > V_aV_aV_a

There are tqo exception, causing the metaphony to be regressive instead; when a word is initialised by an [ɛ], or an [ә]. The [ɛ] and [ә] the gets assimilated by the succeeding consonant: V_bV_aV_b > V_aV_aV_a

These modified [ɛ-ә] -sounds will occurr later in text, and will be referred to as "affected" /ɛ-ә/.

The metaphony is present, and affect for example the plural endings of many case declensions, where the coda vowel gets completely assimilated by the former. However, if the preceding vowel has the same front-back value, it's just diphthongised.

• Horse - thētosya (abs. sing.) > thētosyoı (abs. plu.)

• But not; "fire" - kēma (erg. sing.) > *kēmeı, but rather kēmaı (erg. plu.)

Nāmaς' metaphony is based upon backness, with eceptions being when /e/, /y/ and /o/ are followed by an [r], which ignores the harmony, and modifies the phoneme.

Metaphony

Grapheme		Aa		Ee		Iı		Yy		Uu		Oo
Front Phoneme		[a]		[ɛ]		[ɪ]		[ʏ]		[ɵ]		[œ]
Back Phoneme		[ɑ]		[ə]		[ɯ]		[ʊ]		[u]		[ɔ]
[r] Phoneme		-		[æ]		-		[ʉ]		-		[ə]

Vowel Quality

There are no less than six different vowel qualities:

• Short and geminated Oral
• Short and geminated Nasal
• Short and geminated Murmured

The vowels will be represented by a default /a/. Please note that any nasal can nasalise the preceding vowel, however in non-voiced environments, only the letter "ṃ" may.

Quality

	Oral				Nasal				Murmured
Phoneme	/a/		/aː/		/ã/		/ãː/		/a̤/		/a̤ː/
Grapheme	a		ā		aṃ		āṃ		ha		hā

Nota Bene

When /h + vowel/ is preceded by a vowel, a glottal stop is inserted.

Other

Some phonemes create new pronunciations when adjacent to each other:

• <h> + <r> = hr [xr]
• + + vowel = suV [su̯V]
• + + <ı> = suı [sʍı]

Phonotactics

This article or section requires fix up.
It will be done soon.

• Any consonant - C
• Sonorant - S
• Fricative - F
• Nasal - N
• Vowel, also diphthong when final - V

A Namian syllable have two different maximal syllabic structures, the by far most common structure is (F)(C)(C)V(C)(F/N) initially, and (F)(C)CV(C)(F/N) medially and finally. The conclusion is that a syllable's maximal consonant cluster is FCC, that a medial and final syllable minimally must look like CV, and that all syllables must terminate in either a F, fricative, a nasal- N, or a vowel - V. Since most lexemes in Nāmaς are disyllabic, a common lexeme might look like this: FCVN.CV, like stānta - "state" [ˈstaːn.ta]. It should herefore be noted that ēkva - either, is pronounced [ˈɛː.kʍa], and not [ˈɛːk.ʍa].

The second structure is very uncommon, but does occur: (C)CS(C), and sometimes (C)CVS(C), where a sonorant occupy the syllable nucleus. Most of the syllables are free, that is, without the coda. Examples include vṙkas - wolf [ˈʍr̩ˑ.kas], and ēktrva - any of them [ˈɛː.ktr̩ˑ.ʍa]. Interestingly, all syllabic sonorants are half-geminated.

Grammar

Stress

This article or section requires fix up.
It will be done soon.

A pecurious detail of Nāmaς is that it is possible to manipulate the stress to convey different meanings. In Nāmaς' linguistics called stress apophony.

There are four diacritics in Nāmaς:

• The acute accent, "ó", or the dot "ȯ" which marks stress on a short syllable. This is only used on open monosyllables, since they are long otherwise.

• The grave accent "ò" which may be used to replace the macron "ō". These indicate geminated stress.

Stress must always be marked in polysyllabic words, except verbs in the infinitive, and gemination must be marked in all words.

In many of the pro-adverbs, a question may be abbreviated from "Shall I put it here?" Vērem dās sdıses hyāra? [ˈfɛːr.ɛm daːz ˈstis.ɛs ˈçɛː.ra] into "Here?" in English and "Hyarā?", not "Hyāra?" in Namian. By moving the stress to the ultimate syllable in adverbs and nouns, you may produce an interrogative meaning.

Concerning nouns in the nominative case, all stress is irregular, and a multitude of minimal pairs exist: such as "burden" nāutoς [ˈnœːθ.œs], and "meaning" nautōς [nœˈθ.œːs]. Only in certain cases is the stress moved from one syllable to another - "snake" nāga [ˈnaː.ɣa], in the nominative, becomes in the genitive; naganēς [na.ɣa.ˈnɛːs] "snake's".

In verbs, the stress plays an important part in the conjugations: Stress is for example never marked in the infinitive, and always occurs on the first syllable. It also denotes the transition from present tense to the preterite, in all aspects: "We say" means kāham [ˈkaː.ʔa̤m] in Namian, while "We said" is called kahām [ ka.ˈʔa̤ːm]. The stress on all verb conjugations are always regular.

If there are two, or more, geminated syllables in one lexeme, the second one's stressed, for example pāraktīra [paː.ra.ˈt͡ʃtɪː.ra], which means "torso".

Syntactics

Considering the fusional nature of the Naṃkrthāvāka, the word order's rather free. It does possess tendencies towards SOV and SVO. It sould however be noted that the word order may alter depending on transitivity. Only SOV, VSO and SVO orders will be presented here.

Transitive Orders

SVO with ergative verbs is rather common, similarly to English.

Transitive SVO (VO)

Inflectional Phrase
(noun phrase)	verb phrase	noun phrase
(ēga)	mērthoı	ma anthrās
"I" pro.1.sg.erg	"killed" trans.ppfv.1.sg	"the man" sg.acc.def

Since focus lies on the patient, the verb phrase often moves further back.

Transitive SOV (OV)

Inflectional Phrase
(noun phrase)	noun phrase	verb phrase
(ēga)	ma anthrāς	mērthoı
"I" pro.1.sg.erg	"the man" sg.acc.def	"killed" trans.ppfv.1.sg

Intransitive Orders

Intransitive with SV(O) is not very common, though it does occur.

Intransitive SVO (SV)

Inflectional Phrase
noun phrase	verb phrase
ēha	skrbhām
"I" pro.1.sg.abs	"wrote" ıntrans.ppfv.1.sg

Since focus lies on the verb, VS(O) is much more common. Please not that the pronoun may be dropped, but it's not custom regarding intransitive verbs.

Intransitive VSO (VS)

Inflectional Phrase
verb phrase	noun phrase
skrbhām	ēha
"wrote" ıntrans.ppfv.1.sg	"I" pro.1.sg.abs

Phrases

Noun Phrase

The Naṃkrthāvāka does not possess particular positions for the adpositional phrase, hence it will be prepositional for the sake of simplicity. It is quite similar to English.

Noun Phrase
demonstratıve	adȷectıval phrase	modifier	preposıtıonal phrase	noun
daı	mā sāntreı	madrāsyeı	hā dāmıa	kātraı
"Those" pro.1.sg.erg	"very" u.adv."nice" adj.attr.fem.erg.pl	"university" mod.adj.fem.pl	"by" u.prep."house" loc.sg.neut	"students" nom.pl.fem
"Those very nice university students by the house"

Possessive noun phrases can be formed through a possessive pronoun, or a dative construction. However, they remain after the head noun.

Possessive

Noun Phrase
noun	postposıtıonal phrase	preposıtıonal phrase
"chair" nom.sg.fem	"brown"adj.attr.fem.pl "mark" nom.pl.fem "with" u.prep.	"to" u.prep."me" 1.sg.dat
"My chair with brown marks"

Verb Phrase

In the Naṃkrthāvāka, adverbial phrases always precede the modified verb. The noun phrase, however, depends on the transitivity, and mere taste - see further up.

Verb Phrase
adjverbial phrase	verb	noun phrase
mā kevtās	sıhēt	da māuram sēṭham
"very" u.adv."closely" adv.masc.sg	"looked" trans. pst.ipfv.1.sg	"that" u.dem."brown"attr.acc.sg.fem "chair" acc.sg.fem
"(He) looked closely at that brown chair"

Pro-forms

Out of simplicity, a number of the proforms are represented below. It is basically the famous "table of correlatives for constructed languages". The words listed below, however, does not symbolise the entire inventory. They are all relatively irregular in form, though not always in inflection.

Nota Bene

The pronoun rows (Masculine, Feminine, Neutral, Dual, Plural) all decline according their phonological attributes, see the "Declension" section. However, the demonstratives, which roughly correspond to the English third person, and the interrogative-relative, are irregular, and follow their own declension. The rest remain in their original form.

Both the goal and the source, adhere to the location, being the benefactive and ablative case respectively. Derivation along the columns is usually made through the relative.

Correlatives
		Interrogative		Relative		Demonstrative				Quantifier
						Proximal		Distal		Existential		Elective		Universal		Negative		Alternative
Demonstrative		kya		dya								әkā		sva		negā		āntra
		what/which				this		that		some		any		each		no		another
Pronouns
Masculine		kyō		dyō								ēka		mārna		nēga		āntra
		who				this		that		someone		anyone		everyone		no one		another
Feminine		kyē		dyē										mārṇe		nēgıa		āntrıa
		who				this		that		someone		anyone		everyone		no one		another
Neutral		kyā		dyā										mārna		nēgan		āntran
		what				this		that		something		anything		everything		nothing		another
Dual		kvā		deı												nēdeı		-
		which out of all				this		that		some		either		both		neither		-
Plural		karvā		dṙva										māra				-
		which out of all				this		that		some		any		all		none		-
Pro-adverbs
Location		karā		ȷarā				dēra
		where				here		there		somewhere		anywhere		everywhere		nowhere		elsewhere
Source		karōn		ȷāron
		whence				hence		thence		1		anywhence		2		nowhence		elsewhence
Goal		kannā		ȷēnna
		whither				hither		thither		somewhither		anywhither		3		nowhither		elsewhither
Time		kə̄ma		ānta		nāva		dva
		when				now		then		sometime		anytime		always		never		other time
Manner		kuō		doı				o
		how				hereby		thereby		somehow		anyhow		everyway		nowise		otherwise
Reason		kīma		dēma		hēdma		dmā
		why				herefore		therefore		4		5		6		7		8

1. Used in fixed phrases: Veȷyā hāmaron? "It came from somwhere?" [ærˈ.ɛːs ˈa̤ː.ma.rœn].
2. Used in fixed phrases: Veȷyānth saȷāron! "They're came from everywhere!" [fɛˈ.c͡çɪːn saˈ.caː.rœn]
3. Used in fixed phrases: Kēnem am sāȷanna ero! "I want to go everywhere!" [ˈkɛ.nɛm am saˈ.caː.nːa ə.rɔs]
4. - By some reason.
5. - By any reason.
6. Used in fixed phrases: Sāmma! "By all reasons", "excuse me" [ˈsaː.mːa]
7. Used in fixed phrases: "No reason", "You're welcome" [ˈnɛː.ma]
8. - For some other reason.

Pronouns

This article or section requires fix up.
It will be done soon.

There are three kinds of pronouns in the language, the first person, the second, and the impersonal. Since Nāmaς actually doesn't possess a passive voice, it relies on the impersonal pronoun, which only gives an approximation of passivity. The impersonal is also merged with the reflexive pronouns, whilst the remaining persons use their accusative - the passive conjugation later formed the subjunctive conjugation. Also, the pronominal declension distinguishes the dual number. The declension is irregular. Note that the pronouns here are irregular, the rest, including those in the correlatives table, decline normally.

Pronominal Declension

Pronominal Declension

Person →	First						Second						Impersonal
Case ↓	Singular		Dual		Plural		Singular		Dual		Plural		Singular
Ergative	ēga		ēvam		vya		tva		ūvam		ȷam		suә
Absolutive	ēha		ēva		aṣmā		tә		ūva		ȷuṣmā		suāyam
Accusative	mā1		evām		vyam		daı2		uvām		ȷām		suam3
- Enclitic	maı		nau		nos		ṭaı		vas		vam		svә
Dative	mēya		ēvabhya		āṣmabhya		tvāya		ūvabhya		ȷūṣmabhya		sēya
- Enclitic	mya		bya		nos		tya		va		vam		saı
Instrumental	mēbhyam		ēvabhya		āṣmabhya		tūbhya		ūvabhya		ȷūṣmabhya		sēbhyam
Locative	mīa		ēvaı		āṣmıa		tvīa		ūvoı		ȷūṣmıo		suīa
Genitive	maı		ēvaı		āṣmaı		deı		ūvoı		ȷūṣmoı		suāı
- Enclitic	mon		byon		mona		tı		byon		non		svon
Benefactive	mēnna		bhyānna		vyānna		tvānna		byānna		ȷānna		sēnna
Ablative	mās		ēvabhyas		āṣmas		tvās		ūvavbhyas		ȷūṣmas		suās

1. A more formal form of the first person accusative is: mēga
2. A more formal form of the second person accusative is: dāga
3. A more formal form of the impersonal accusative is: sēga

Demonstratives

Since Nāmaς does not have a third person pronoun in the English sense, its demonstratives fulfil this function instead by standing independently without a modified substantive. The demonstratives exist per gender and number. The declension is irregular, but declines relatively well according to the other declensions. The demonstratives are equivalent to English he, she and it, and will in the conjugations be called the third person.

Distal Declension

The distal, or normal declension correspond either to he, she and it, or that man, that woman, and that. It is completely irregular.

Distal Declension

Person →	Masculine						Feminine						Neutral
Case ↓	Singular		Dual		Plural		Singular		Dual		Plural		Singular		Dual		Plural
Ergative	dā		dau		daı		īdh		dībya		deı		tāı		tau		teı
Absolutive	dāha		dāhu		dāhaı		dīha		dīhaı		dīheı		tēna		tēnua		tēnaı
Accusative	dām		dāva		dāma		dīm		dīva		dīma		tām		tāvam		tamā
- Enclitic	da		dau		dam		ıḍh		dī		dım		at		taṃ		atm
Dative	dāya		dābya		dāyaı		īhya		dībya		īhyaı		tīa		tēbya		tāya
- Enclitic	daı		dau		dıa		deı		dī		dıa		tı		tabha		atm
Instrumental	dāṇa		dāṇua		dāṇaı		dīṣta		dīṣtua		dīṣteı		tēṇa		tēṇua		tēṇeı
Locative	dṿa		duābya		dṿaı		dṿe		duēbya		dṿeı		tau		tāva		tāvaı
Genitive	dāṇa		duābyan		dāṇaı		dēṇa		duēbyaṇ		dēṇeı		tēṇa		tāvaṇ		tēṇaı
- Enclitic	daṇ		duaṇa		daṇa		dīṇ		duīṇ		dīṇa		teṇ		tueṇa		teṇa
Benefactive	dānṭa		danṭau		dānṭaı		dēnṭa		dēnṭeu		dēnṭeı		tānṭha		tānṭhau		tānṭhaı
Ablative	dāṭ		dāṭa				īdha		īdhaı				tēṭ		tēṭa

Proximal Declension

The proximal declension differ only with the proximal prefix he, in the masculine and feminine, whilst the neutral gender dual gets the prefix a. They correspond rather well with this man, this woman, and this.

Proximal Declension

Person →	Masculine						Feminine						Neutral
Case ↓	Singular		Dual		Plural		Singular		Dual		Plural		Singular		Dual		Plural
Ergative
Prefixed-	hē
Absolutive
Prefixed-	hē
Accusative
- Enclitic
Dative
- Enclitic
Instrumental
Locative
Genitive
- Enclitic
Benefactive
Ablative

Interrogative

The interrogative pronouns number three, and congruate with the gender, but does not distinguish the dual number. It is rather irregular. It resembles a mixture between the first declension and the demonstratives.

Interrogative Declension

Person →	Masculine				Feminine				Neutral
Case ↓	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Ergative	kyō		kyoı		kyē		kyeı		kyā		kyaı
Absolutive	kāho		kāhoı		kāhe		kāheı		kāha		kāhaı
Accusative	kyōm		kyōma		kyēm		kyēmә		kyām		kyāma
- Enclitic	kam		kama		kam		kama		kam		kama
Dative	kyōmaı		kyōshma		kyēmaı		kyēṣmә		kyāmaı		kyāshma
- Enclitic	kaı		kaṣaı		kaı		kaṣaı		kaı		kaṣaı
Instrumental	kyōṇa		kyōṇoı		kyēstә		kyēsteı		kyāṇa		kyāṇaı
Locative	kou		kōva		kī		keı		kau		kāva
Genitive	kyoṇ		kyoṇā		kyeṇ		kyeṇā		kyaṇ		kyaṇā
- Enclitic	kua		kuaı		kua		kuaı		kua		kuaı
Benefactive	kyōṃ		kyōṃa		kyēnṭa		kyēnṭaı		kyānṭa		kyānṭaı
Ablative	kyōı				kyēı				kyāı

Articles

The Naṃkrthāvāka makes use of plenty articles, which most often just inflect according to gender and number. The definite article of the Naṃkrthāvāka is quite undefined and varies throughout the article. The praxis varies from a generic definite article, to proximal prefixes and demonstrative pronouns

Articles

Number →	Singular					Plural
Article ↓	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
Indefinite	ēka		ēna		eı	ēkaı		ēnaı		ēya
Definite	o, ma
Proximal definite
Distal definite
Partitive	hāma		hāmṇa
Negative	nēga

Nouns

Nouns in Nāmaς are declined by three genders masculine, feminine and neuter. They are also declined by no less than 9 cases, and the single number, and a simple plural, except in the pronouns, which preserve the dual number.

Genders

The genders in Nāmaς are three in number. The genders are masculine, feminine and neuter. There is no way to predict the class of a noun, except for the fact that female and male humans and animals are included in the feminine and masculin genders, respectively. There is however, a tendency towards abstract nouns to be feminine, and objects tend to be neuter.

Cases

Nāmaς possesses nine cases, and all nouns in a clause must be declined by one, and one only. The cases are often followed by a particle, for example the instrumental and locative cases that often are preceded or replaced by such particles as sām [saːm] "with" and ım [ɪm] "in, within". The links will display the usage of each case.

1. Absolutive
2. Ergative
3. Accusative
4. Dative
5. Instrumental
6. Locative
7. Genitive
8. Benefactive
9. Ablative

Please note that the ergative-absolutive distinction is not made in the third nominal declension, nor in the comparative, cercative nor the superlative degrees of comparison of adjectives, whence they form the Nominative case.

Nominal Declension

This article or section requires fix up.
It will be done soon.

There are four declensions in Nāmaς, each declined separately by phonemic differences. Please note that noun endings sometimes are a consequence of vowel metaphony, and diphthongisation. Stress falls on the same syllable no matter case or number, with a few exceptions.

First Declension

The characteristic of this declension are the vowel stems. Nouns decline rather similar between genders, with the exception the instrumental case, and the feminine dative. Please note that the plural of many cases, is a assimilation of the preceeding vowel, and diphthongisation.

Front First Declension

The first declension is split into two subtypes, depending on the vowel metaphony of the word. The front declension is recognised should the word be initiated with a front vowel, contain only one front vowel, or only /ɛ/'s.

The features of the front declension differs somewhat from the back one: Since the accusative and instrumental end in nasals, plural is formed through the third declension of nasal stems. Likewise is the plural of the instrumental formed through the fourth declension.

First Declension

	Sdē chair				Kēma fire				Nāra person
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
Case ↓	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Absolutive	sdē		sdēı		kēma		kēmaı		nāra		nāraı
Ergative	sdēsya		sdēsyaı		kēmasya		kēmasyaı		nārasya		nārasyaı
Accusative	sdēm		sdēma		kēmam		kēmama		nāram		nārama
Dative	sdēya		sdēyaı		kēmaya		kēmayaı		nāraya		nārayaı
Instrumental	sdēṇ		sdēṇa		kēmasṭa		kēmasṭaı		nāraṇ		nāraṇa
Locative	sdeu		sdēṿa		kēmau		kēmaṿa		nārau		nāraṿa
Genitive	sdīṇa		sdīṇaı		kēmaṣva		kēmaṣvaı		nāreṇa		nāreṇaı
Benefactive	sdēnṭa		sdēnṭaı		kēmanṭa		kēmanṭaı		nārans		nāranta
Ablative	sdēṭ				kēmaṭ				nāraṭ

Back First Declension

There are, as mentioned, two separate subtypes of the first vowel stem declension. These are distinguished through whether the word has a back or front vowel harmony. The back declension is used should the word have a single back vowel, have an initial on, or a second one succeding an "affected" /ɛ/.

Some pecularities exist - the accusative plural normally ends in /-ɑu̯/.

Please note the /-u/ final vowel, which prohibits the locative declension. The difference between the normal declensions and the one with a preceding affected /ɛ/, is that the second vowel affects the terminating one.

First Declension

	Krṭō work				Bhūva mud				Dhēnu bull
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
Case ↓	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Absolutive	krṭō		krṭōı		bhūva		bhūvuı		dhēnu		dhēnuı
Ergative	krṭōsya		krṭōsyoı		bhūvasua		bhūvasvuı		dhēnusya		dhēnusyuı
Accusative	krṭōm		krṭōmau		bhūvam		bhūvamau		dhēnum		dhēnumau
Dative	krṭōya		krṭōyoı		bhūvaya		bhūvayuı		dhēnuya		dhēnuyuı
Instrumental	krṭōṇa		krṭōṇoı		bhūvaṣa		bhūvaṣuı		dhēnuṇa		dhēnuṇuı
Locative	krṭōu		krṭōva		bhūvau		bhūvava		dhēnu		dhēnuı
Genitive	krṭōne		krṭōnoı		bhūvane		bhūvanuı		dhēnus
Benefactive	krṭōṃ		krṭōmo		bhūvaṃ		bhūvamo		dhēnuṃ		dhēnumo
Ablative	krṭōna				bhūṿana				dhēnuna

Second declension

Second declension always end a closed fricative coda. The second declension accusative and ablative are always indentical across genders. The accusative plural, and the feminine dative plural, is actually formed through diphthongisation > monophthongisation, [aːɪ̯] > [ɛː] , since the coda is'nt open - nor short.

Second Declension

	Ānthras man				Jēṇus name				Thēṭos horse
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
Case ↓	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Absolutive	ānthras		ānthraıs		ȷēṇus		ȷēṇuıs		thēṭos		thēṭoıs
Ergative	ānthrasya		ānthrasyaı		ȷēṇusya		ȷēṇusyuı		thēṭosya		thēṭosyoı
Accusative	anthrās		anthrāıs		ȷeṇūs		ȷeṇūıs		theṭōs		theṭōıs
Dative	ānthrahya		ānthrahyaı		ȷēṇuhya		ȷēṇuhyuı		thēṭohya		thēṭohyoı
Instrumental	ānthrans		ānthranta		ȷēṇuns		ȷēṇunta		thēṭons		thēṭonta
Locative	ānthrau				ȷēṇou				thēṭou
Genitive	ānthratı		ānthrataı		ȷēṇuta		ȷēṇutuı		thēṭota		thēṭotoı
Benefactive	ānthrassa		ānthrassaı		ȷēṇussa		ȷēṇussuı		thēṭossa		thēṭossoı
Ablative	anthrā				ȷēnu				thetō

Third Declension

The third declension is based upon nasal stems, and have peculiar function, since it affects the other declensions, especially in the accusative

Nota bene

There is no difference inter gender in this declension, and the absolutive and ergative cases are not distinguished, and form the nominative case.

Please note that all neuter nouns with the "-ns" ending also decline by this table. This includes the supine, which is formed through this declension. It is declined identically to the neuter "-n,m,nh" ending.

It is however called the "Special Neuter", hence "s"-neuter.

Third Declension

	Sȳon dog				Jtām experience				Ktans hand
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				s-Neuter
Case ↓	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Absolutive	sȳon		syōna		ȷtām		ȷtāma		ktans		ktāna
Ergative	sȳon		sȳona		ȷtām		ȷtāma		ktāns		ktānta
Accusative	sȳona		sȳonaı		ȷtāma		ȷtāmaı		ktānta		ktāntaı
Dative	sȳonyı		sȳonyeı		ȷtānyı		ȷtānyeı		ktānya		ktānyaı
Instrumental	sȳoṇa		sȳoṇa		ȷtāṇa		ȷtāṇaı		ktans		ktāns
Locative	sȳonau				ȷtāmau				ktānas		ktanās
Genitive	sȳonıs		syonīs		ȷtāmıs		ȷtamīs		ktan		ktān
Benefactive	sȳonaṃ		sȳonama		ȷtāmaṃ		ȷtāmama		ktānna		ktānnaı
Ablative	sȳons		sȳonta		ȷtāns		ȷtānta		ktānta		ktāntaı

Fourth Declension

The fourth declension is by far the smallest, with a minority of the nouns. All of the words end in a diphthong, but not all diphthongs are present as lexeme codas. There are three possible diphthongs that may terminate a word, the rest form hiatus: -au, -eı, -aı. All will be displayed in this table. There is no difference between genders.

The ergative and absolutive cases have merged into the common nominative.

Fourth Declension

	Nau boat				Sārau sorrow				Skōḷeı school				Sīnaı velvet
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter				Neuter
Case ↓	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	nau		nāva		sārau		sārava		skōḷeı		skōḷeya		sīnaı		sīnaya
Accusative	nāva		nāvam		sārava		sāravam		skōḷeya		skōḷeyam		sīnaya		sīnayam
Dative	nāva		nāvaı		sārava		sāravaı		skōḷeya		skōḷeyaı		sīnaya		sīnayaı
Instrumental	nāuṇa		nāuṇaı		sārauṇa		sārauṇaı		skōḷeıṇa		skōḷeıṇaı		sīnaıṇa		sīnaıṇaı
Locative	nau		nāu		sārau		sarāu		skōḷeı		skoḷēı		sīnaı		sınāı
Genitive	Uses the dative construction
Benefactive	nāve		nāvaı		sārave		sāravaı		skōḷeye		skōḷeyaı		sīnaye		sīnayaı
Ablative	nāvaṭ				sāravaṭ				skōḷeyaṭ				sīnayaṭ

Adjectives

Forms

Nāmaς distinguishes five different adjectival forms, which are all perceived as functions of the corresponding noun in Nāmaς:

• Predicative

Predicative adjectives are conjuncted to the object with copulae or another verb, that is, a predicate. The adjectival predicative is indeclineable to case and number, but not gender. It can be compared.

Dāha						dēhyes						karyēm
He						appears						nice
[ˈdaː.ʔa̤]						[ˈdɛː.ʝɛz]						[kar.ˈʃɛːm]
Eoı						sınaȷēm
(I) am						blue
[ɔɪ̯]						[sɪ.na.ˈcɛːm]

Please note that the adjectival predicative above in reality is derived from the nominal predicative, declined to the accusative case.

• Nominal

The nominal form stands independently with a demonstrative, to represent the full object. In Nāmaς it's identical to the nominative attributive form.

Heı						nāvaı						asvyēṣeς						ēumam
The						young						will inherit						(the) Earth
[ɛ̤ɪ̯]						[ˈnaː.ʍaı̯]						[as.ˈfʂɛː.ʂɛs]						[ˈɛu̯.mam]

• Modifier

The modifier form is as close to the noun as possible, in usage where the object is not only described, but modified with another noun. It is common for this form to merge wıth the modified object, in which case the objects original stress is preserved. Uncomfortably long compund words, are instinctively avoided. This form is identical to the nominative attributive singular form - and sometimes the original noun, and is dependent upon the genera.

Ēna 						lēuta						dhrȳa
A						stone						tree
[ˈɛː.na]						[ˈɻɛːu̯.ta ]						[ˈdʰrʏː.a]
Ēna						leutadhrȳa
A						stone(-)tree
[ˈɛː.na]						[ɻɛu̯.ta.ˈdʰrʏː.a]

• Attributive

Attributive adjectives differ in the sense that they congruate with the nouns regarding case, number and gender. They describe a feature of the object in a state.

Dātaı						hedēbyam						adh						kāryaı	ānthrakya
Give						these two						to						[the] nice	man
[ˈdaː.tʰaɪ̯]						[ɛ̤.ˈdɛː.b͡βã]						[að]						[ ˈkaːr.ʂaı̯]	[ˈaːn.tʰra.c͡ça]

• Adverbial

The last form describes a verb, in which manner it's conducted. It is not perceived as a lexical category in Neumatic linguistics. Please note that adverbs decline by gender and number of the verbs subject.

Kāhar						keȷās
(He) talked						quickly
[ka.ˈʔa̤ːr]						[ke.ˈcaːs]

Adjectival Declension

The adjectival declensions are similar to the nominal ones; there are four of them, declined according to phonological features. However, they are not similar considering the vowel metaphony - adjectival āryasto becomes āryastoı, whilst the expected nominal āryasta or āryasto would become āryastaı. The inserted /o/ is a relic from the older languages, where gender played bigger role in declension.

First and Fourth Declension

The first declension adjectives, just like their nominal counterparts, have an open lexeme coda. Their predicative ending is always /-m/. The First adjectival declension has merged with the Fourth declension, causing all lexemes to loose their diphthong, thence giving them an open coda: "notoı" > "noto".

First Declension

Noun →	Ārya noble
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
	Predicative2
	āryam
Case ↓	Attributive1
Ergative3
Absolutive
Accusative
Dative
Instrumental
Locative
Genitive
Benefactive
Ablative
	Adverbial
	aryā		aryāı		aryē		aryēı		aryō		aryōı

Nota Bene

1. The attributive forms are identical to the nominal ones.
2. The predicative is the cognate noun's accusative case.
3. The ergative attributive forms the modifiers.

Second Declension

Second declension adjectives are formed by second declension nouns, which possess fricative lexeme codas. Examples include mārnas - whole, and vēdath - intelligent.

Second Declension

Noun →	Mārnas whole
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
	Predicative1
	marnā
Case ↓	Attributive
Ergative3
Absolutive
Accusative
Dative
Instrumental
Locative
Genitive
Benefactive
Ablative
	Adverbial

Nota Bene

• The predicative form is the corresponding noun's accusative form with an elided fricative.

Third Declension

All third declension adjectives share the characteristic of a nasal coda, and is the smallest declension of adjectives. Please note that the third adjectival declension doesn't distinguish gender.

Third Declension

Noun →	Sām similar
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
	Predicative
	sāma
Case ↓	Attributive
Ergative3
Absolutive
Accusative
Dative
Instrumental
Locative
Genitive
Benefactive
Ablative
	Adverbial

Consonant Declension

The fourth declension possesses a diphthong coda. It is quite similar to the corresponding nominal declension. Interestingly, a number of colours lie in the fourth declension, like sīnaı - blue, and nōtoı - black.

Consonant Declension

Noun →	black
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
	Predicative
Case ↓	Attributive1
Ergative3
Absolutive
Accusative
Dative
Instrumental
Locative
Genitive
Benefactive
Ablative
	Adverbial

Nota Bene

• The predicative form is the corresponding nouns accusative form, except regarding colours, which use their basic form.

Adjectival Comparison

Comparison in Naṃkrthāvāka is not dependent on inflection solely, as it uses comparative adverbs to compare both adjectives and adverbs. Three different degrees of comparison exist, with the standard positive form excluded. The comparative form describes what the English adverb "more", or "less", would describe, likewise is the superlative the ultimate, "most/least" form. However, there is an innovation, the cercative degree of comparison, which describes features as "almost".

Comparison

This article or section requires fix up.
It will be done soon.

 

Adjectival Root
Articles
		Comparative		Cercative		Superlative
Positive
Negative
Gender		Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
Number		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Comparative	Nominative
	Accusative
	Dative
	Instrumental
	Locative
	Genitive
	Benefactive
	Ablative
Adverb
	Cercative
Cercative	Nominative
	Accusative
	Dative
	Instrumental
	Locative
	Genitive
	Benefactive
	Ablative
Adverb
	Superlative
Superlative	Nominative
	Accusative
	Dative
	Instrumental
	Locative
	Genitive
	Benefactive
	Ablative
Adverb
Notes

Verbs

Voice

Nāmaς only possess one voice, the active. In the Indo-European language, the passive and medio-passive voices merged, only to produce an impersonal pronoun, instead of a voice.

Moods

Nāmaς possesses four moods, which all verbs conjugate by, and the optative may be combinated with other moods:

Indicative						Subjunctive						Conditional						Optative
I eat.						I eat if I am hungry.						I would eat, if I were hungry.						I should eat, if I were hungry.
Ēdem ēha						Ēdem ıas ēha kānhar						Ēdar ıas ēha kānhar						Ēdentem ıas ēha kānhar
[ˈɛːdʰ.ɛ̃ ˈɛː.ʔa̤]						[ˈɛːdʰ.ɛ̃ i̯as ˈɛː.ʔa̤ ˈkaːŋ.ar]						[ˈɛːdʰ.ær i̯as ˈɛː.ʔa̤ ˈkaːŋ.ar]						[ˈɛːdʰɛ̃dʰɛ̃ i̯as ˈɛː.ʔa̤ ˈkaːŋ.ar]

Tenses

In Nāmaς there are three tenses, which denote the temporal place. The difference between present and preterite, past tense, is simply pushed stress. All tenses are dependent on the aspects.

Present						Preterite						Future
I talk.						I talked.						I will talk.
Kāhyem ēha						Kahyēm ēha						Kāhasyem ēha
[ˈkaː.çɛm ˈɛː.ʔa̤ ]						[ka.ˈçɛːm ˈɛː.ʔa̤ ]						[ˈkaː.ʔa̤s.ʂɛm ˈɛː.ʔa̤ ]

Aspects

There are four aspects in the Namian language, and please note that in combination with some moods and tenses, no conjugational forms exists. The present imperfect fits the the description "Gnomic" aspect rather than "Imperfect", and features obvious facts, as well as use for stating general occurrences.

Perfective						Imperfective						Gnomic						Retrospective
I stood up.						I stood up, when...						I use to stand.						I had been standing.
Maı stentōı						Maı stentām, āƞa...						Maı stēntam.						Maı stēntabham.
[maɪ̯ stə.ˈntəː]						[maɪ̯ stɛ.ˈntaːm ˈaːɲ.a]						[maɪ̯ ˈstɛː.ntam]						[maɪ̯ ˈstɛː.nta.ɸam]

Transitivity

Specifically, Nāmaς possesses an unique trait - it distinguishes transitivity, not just dynamic and stative verbs, but transitivity. The characteristic is known foremostly in Uralic languages and Siberian ones. Transitivity is, how many, and if, a verb accepts a direct object. If it doesn't, it is called an intransitive verb. This is Nāmaς' basic verb form.

• "I go" - Ērem eha [ˈæːr.ɛm ˈɛː.ʔa̤ ]

The transitive verbs however, can take atleast one direct object, they are formed through vowel apophony, where the first vowel of the root is altered, according to a pattern.

• "I kill the man" - Mērthoı o anthrās [ˈməːr.tʰɔɪ̯ ɔ an.ˈtʰraːs]

Nevertheless, the language's finesse is the fact that the absolute majority of all Nāmaς' verbs, are ambitransitive, and can stand both with and without an object. However, since the transitivity is marked morphologically on the verb it doesn't count as ambitransitive - but in Nāmaς it's perceived as the same verb. Sometimes the conjugation distinguishes the intransitive-transitive states:

• "To instruct" versus "to show".

"Dekaς" hēnta "Dıkeς" [ˈdɛ.ɣaz ˈʔɛ̤ːnta ˈdı.ɣɛz]

And sometimes stative-dynamic verbs:

• "To be active" versus "to do".

"Magaς hēnta "Megeς" [ˈma.ɣaz ˈʔɛ̤ːnta ˈmɛɣ.ɛz]

Some verbs distinguishes both of the above, depending on context:

• "To know" or "to be able" versus "To know (someone)".

"Vedhaς" hēnta "Vıdhıς" [ˈfɛ.θas ˈʔɛ̤ːnta ˈfıθ.ıs]

Supine

The Namian supine is equivalent of that of the English gerund. It is essentially the verbal noun of Nāmaς, and can be found in phrases such as:

• "I like dancing"
• "It's important to know" - "To know is important"

In Nāmaς, the supine is used to form both the verbal nouns, as well as the optative mood, and the three participles. Since the supine always terminate in "-nς", it is classed as third declension, and thus declined thereafter. The formations then come from the third declension special neuter accusative.

Please note that no matter it declines and acts like a noun, it is perceived as a verbal form, hence you use the intransitive when it is the object:

Kānem nākantam - "I like dancing" [ˈkaː.nɛm ˈnaː.kan.tam]

Participle

In Nāmaς there are three active participles, since no passive voice exists. They all decline according to normal adjective or adverb declensions, depending on context. The meaning is displayed in English with relative clauses.

Present Participle						Past Participle						Future Participle
A person who carries.						A person who carried.						A person who's about to carry
Nāra nāutanta						Nāra nautānta						Nāra nautasyānta
[ˈnaː.ra ˈnɔː.tɑn.tɑ]						[ˈnaː.ra nɔ.ˈtɑːn.tɑ]						[ˈnaː.ra nɔ.tɑs.ˈʂɑːn.tɑ]

Infinitive

In Nāmaς no true infinite form exists, all forms are conjugated, and whereas English uses an infinitive to represent the main verb, and and conjugate the auxiliary verb, Nāmaς uses the perfective subjunctive form, conjugated accordingly. Please consider the following example:

Pronoun						Auxiliary verb						Main verb
ēha						kāhyem						vēdhar
"I" pro.1.sg.abs						"to want" ıntrans.ınd.ppfv.1.sg						"to know"ıntrans.sub.ppfv.1.sg
[ˈɛː.ʔa̤]						[ˈkaː.çɛm]						[ˈfɛː.θar]
"I want to know."

In more colloquial language, it is possible to completely ignore any inflection of the main verb, and instead rely on the bare stem. In the above mentioned sentence, a youngster would perhaps express it: "Ēha kāhem vedh". Please note that the pure stem is "ved-", but the aspiration - and spirantisation - cannot contradict the Phonotactics.

Conjugation

Intransitive

The indicative intransitive conjugation forms verbs to fit into factual main clauses, however, without any direct objects. For the optative mood, insert "-ant-" onto the stem.

The subjunctive intransitive formations of the verb, form hypothetical actions in dependent clauses, and bound actions in the main clauses - with no direct objects involved. There is no distinction between the perfect and imperfect aspects in the subjunctive.

Please note that all "-r" endings depende on whether the verb is transitive or not, as well as if it has an intitial back or front vowel. Front intransitive gives: -ar, back intransitive gives: - or, whilst you get an -ir and -er with front and back transitive verbs, respectively.

Interestingly, the subjunctive also happens to be the remaining of the passive voice - without the uses.

Intransitive Conjugation of ved-

Root
ved - to know; to be able to; can
Supine
vedānta
Participles
Preterite			vēdanta
Present			vedānta
Future			vēdasyanta
Person		Singular			Plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd	Impersonal
Indicative		ēγa	tva	dā-dıa-deh	vya	ȷam	daı-deı-deı	sva
	Perfective
	Present	vēdem	vēdas	vēda	vēdama	vēdata	vēdanth	vēdıa
	Preterite	vedēm	vedās	vedā	vedhamā	vedatā	vedānth	vedıā
	Future	vēdāsyam	vēdasyas	vēdāsya	vēdāsyama	vēdāsyata	vēdāsyanth	vēdıāsya
	Imperfective
	Present1	vēdm	vēdah	vēda	vēdma	vēdathaı	vēdanth	vēde
	Preterite	vedṁ	vedāh	vedā	vedmā	vedathāı	vedānth	vedē
	Future	vēdaṣm	vēdāsyah	vēdāsya	vēdāsyam	vēdāsyathaı	vēdāsyanth	vēdēsya
	Retrospective
	Present	vēdabyam	vēdabyas	vēdabya	vēdabyama	vēdabyata	vēdabyanth	vēdebya
	Preterite	vedabyām	vedabyās	vedabyā	vedabyamā	vedabyatā	vedabyānth	vedebyā
	Future	vēdabhȧsyam	vēdabhȧsyas	vēdabhȧsya	vēdabhȧsyama	vēdabhȧsyata	vēdabhȧsyanth	vēdebhȧsya
Subjunctive2		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd	Impersonal
	Perfective
	Present	vēdhar	vēdras	vēdra	vēdharam	vēdrata	vēdranı	vēdr
	Preterite	vedhār	vedrās	vedrā	vedharām	vedratā	vedranī	vedṙ
	Future	vēdraham	vēdrahas	vēdrah	vēdrahama	vēdrahata	vēdrahan	vēdehar
	Imperfective
	Present	vēdamar	vēdhaṣar	vēdra	vēdmara	vēdhathar	vēdranı	vēdher
	Preterite	vedamār	vedhaṣar	vedrā	vedmarā	vedhathār	vedranī	vedhēr
	Future	vēdmahar	vēdhaharaṣ	vēdrah	vēdmaraha	vēdhaharat	vēdrahan	vēdhehar
	Retrospective
	Present	avēdhar	avēdhras	avēdra	avēdharam	avēdrata	avēdranı	evēdr
	Preterite	avedhār	avedrās	avedrā	avedharām	avedratā	avedranī	evedṙ
	Future	āvēdraham	āvēdrahas	āvēdrah	āvēdrahama	āvēdrahata	āvēdrahan	ēvēdhehar
Notes
	1 The present imperfective is rather a present gnomic.
		2 The aspiration of subjunctives only occur when the stem consonant occurs intervocally.

Transitive

The transitive indicative is used to form main clauses with factual content, with a direct object. The transitive stem is constructed through vowel apophony in the stem. The apophony is identical to that of the monophthongisation of diphthongs, in the "Diphthongs" section.

The subjunctive intransitive formations of the verb, form hypothetical actions in dependent clauses, and bound actions in the main clauses - with at least one direct object. There is no distinction between the perfect and imperfect aspects in the subjunctive.

Interestingly, the subjunctive also happens to be the remaining of the passive voice - without the uses.

Transitive Conjugation of vıd-

Root
vıd - to know; to be able to; can
supine
vıdēnta
Participles
Preterite			vīdenta
Present			vıdēnta
Future			vīdeyanta
Person		Singular			Plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd	Impersonal
Indicative		ēγa	tva	dā-dıa-den	vya	ȷam	daı-deı-deı	sva
	Perfective
	Present	vīdoı	vīdaı	vīda	vīdam	vīdatı	vīdanı	vīdeı
	Preterite	vıdōı	vıdāı	vıdā	vıdām	vıdatī	vıdanī	vıdēı
	Future	vīdasyoı	vīdasyaı	vīdasya	vīdasyamas	vīdasyatı	vīdasyanı	vīdıssı
	Imperfective
	Present1	vīdam	vīdә	vīdath	vīdıma	vīdıta	vīdenta	vīdu
	Preterite	vıdām	<vıdə̄	vıdāth	vıdımā	vıdıtā	vıdentā	vıdū
	Future	vīdayoı	vīdayaı	vīdaya	vīdmaya	vādtaya	vīdnaya	vīduṣya
	Retrospective
	Present	vīdabyoı	vīdabyaı	vīdabya	vīdabyam	vīdabyath	vīdabyaṇ	vīdabyeı
	Preterıte	vıdabyōı	vıdabyāı	vıdabyā	vıdabyām	vıdabyāth	vıdabhyāṇ	vıdabyēı
	Future	vīdabham	vīdabhas	vīdhabha	vīdmaṃ	vīdabhata	vīdabhaṇa	vīdabhı
Subjunctive2		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd	Impersonal
	Perfective
	Present	vīdher	vīdrə	vīdra	vīdrem	vīdrath	vīdrana	vīder
	Preterite	vıdhēr	vıdrə̄	vıdrā	vıdrēm	vīdrath	vıdranā	vıdēr
	Future	vīdroı	vīdraı	vīdra	vīdram	vīdratı	vīdranı	vīdreı
	Imperfective
	Present	vīdheram	vīdheras	vīdhera	vīdherema	vīderath	vīdheran	vīdhere
	Preterite	vıdherām	vıdherās	vıdherā	vıdheramā	vıdherāth	vıdherān	vıdherē
	Future	vīdrayoı	vīdrayaı	vīdraya	vīdrayama	vīdrayatı	vīdrayanı	vīdraye
	Retrospective
	Present	avīdher	avīdraı	avīdhara	avīdram	avīdratı	avīdranı	evīdher
	Preterite	avıdhēr	avıdrāı	avıdharā	avıdrām	avıdratī	avıdranī	evıdhēr
	Future	evīdraham	evīdrahas	evīdraha	evīdrahama	evīdrahath	evīdrahan	evīdrah
Notes
	1 The present imperfective is rather a present gnomic.
		2 The aspiration of subjunctives only occur when the stem consonant occurs intervocally.

Irregular verbs

Other than these conjugations, Nāmaς possesses a number of irregular conjugations. Considering the fact that is an artificial language, there ought to be more than a "number". These irregular conjugations have so far been mapped:

• Eos - the copula "to be"
• "Daha" Conjugation
  • Daha - to be generous - to give
  • Kaha - to utter - to talk
  • Seha - to understand - to see
  • "Kara" Conjugation
  • Kara- to be active - to do
  • Skarbha - to be a writer - to write
  • Sarṇa - to hear - to listen to
• "Vaga" Conjugation
  • Vaga - to speak - to say
  • Vega - to go, travel, come
  • Yaga - to pray - to hallow
  • Arga - to be in the lead - to lead, bring

Adpositions

Nāmaς has a relatively free word order, thus it would be incorrect to call the words "prepositions", or "postpositions". There is a tendency towards placing an adposition before the modified nouns, though it isn't compulsory.

Adpositions in Nāmaς are declineable, but decline not to case, but rather gender, person - and number. There are two forms of the adpositions - the independent form:

• Ērem na vyīa - I walk on the street [ˈæː.rɛm na ˈfʂɪː.a]

And the bound form, which replace and decline with the person:

• Is hāmem - You're next to me [ɪs ˈa̤ː.mɛm]

Please note that the dependent form at times include an additional consonant, should the independent form terminate in a vowel. This form is used in the first person and impersonal declension.

There is no first or second person neuter singular. The plural neuter refers to mixed collectives of men and women.

Declension

	By, next to
Form →	Independent						Dependent
	Hā						Hām -
Gender →	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
Person ↓	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
First	hāmem		hāmam		hāmım		hāmam				hāmeı
Second	hāsa		hāsıs		hāsı		hāsıs				hāζeı
Third	hārra		hāron		hārrı		hāron		hārras		hāron
	Impersonal
	Sıngular						Plural
Impersonal	hāmıa						hāmaı

Nota Bene

All the objects of the adpositions must decline by case - should they not have been declined, the meaning could turn ambiguous:

"Haı na vya", can, when declined accordingly, mean both:

• Haı na vyīa - It is on the street. [a̤i̯ na fʂɪː.a]
• Haı na vya - It is the street's. [a̤i̯ na fʂa]

Composition

Compound words, in all lexical categories alike (except adpositions), form according to set number of rules, depending on the nature of the compound.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Translation

Human rights
Human rights set out in the Declaration. The following reproduces the articles of the Declaration which set out the specific human rights that are recognized in the Declaration. Article 1All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Dēktraı na mēnsyaı dathāntam ım Deklarateīa. Ahēs sākvanta kātaprodukta o ārtiklaı na Deklaratenēς, dya dāthıs o dēktrama mēnsyema spekıvīkema, am sēn ādvedhantam im Deklarateīa. Ārtıkla 1 Māraı nārasyaı sthēn nāutantam sȳmnam ıa sāmaṇım am kvasṭaṇa keı dēkraṇa. Hēṣma dāhyeı rāyana ıa sāmvedaṇım, ıa kṙntan adh mārantranna sām āndanna bhrātrekta.

Our Father

Anglican Books of Common Prayer Standard of 1662 Our Father, which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth As it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us, And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, 'The power, and the glory, For ever and ever. Amen.

o Skṙbhaṇa sām Nāımaζ Standarḍam na 2012-01-10 Pītra ȷūṣmoı, am sēkrtas ım ıāmnassa. Bhāvanteı namās deı. Arkēktasya deı vēȷyanta. Hārya deı kṙnteı Im eumıā amsām ıamnıā Dāhaı hēdına āshmabhya lāvam dīnam. Ia hapēdhaı ȷām vērayaı ȷūṣmoı, Kaı hapēdham hāma sām vērastaı ȷānna Ia ārgenaı ȷām adh tenṭatīa , Ḍha ārgaı ȷām av γāranna. Dma da ārktektam, da māγam Kaı deı māraṭṇım haı adh Dēγa. Hā asarıā. Amīn.

Appendices<

A number of appendices gives a quick reach to Nāmaς in depth.

• Nāmaς - Copulae
• Nāmaς - Adpositions
• Nāmaς - Expressions
• Nāmaς - Numerals

Vocabulary

Here is a small introduction to the Naṃkrthāvāka vocabulary. Hopefully, it will be added to the Contitionary.

No.	English	Naṃkrthāvāka
1	I	ēγa
2	you (singular)	tva
3	he	dā
4	we	vya
5	you (plural)	ȷam
6	they	daı
7	this	hēden
8	that	den
9	here	hyāra
10	there	dēra
11	who	kyā
12	what	kya
13	where	karā
14	when	kēm
15	how	kvō
16	not	naı
17	all	mārna
18	many	māȷya
19	some	hāma
20	few	bhēṇa
21	other	āntra
22	one	ēka
23	two	dva
24	three	trā
25	four	kātu
26	five	pānȷa
27	big	mēha
28	long	dārȷa
29	wide	bhēm
30	thick	tākka
31	heavy	bhārı
32	small	mēna
33	short	kyam
34	narrow	strāṭa
35	thin	stērṭaı
36	woman	kyānna
37	man (adult male)	ānthras
38	man (human being)	mēnsya
39	child	nāta
40	wife	māthas
41	husband	dāmtra
42	mother	mātra
43	father	pātra
44	animal	āƞas
45	fish	māsa
46	bird	bhīsa
47	dog	samā
48	louse	ıūka
49	snake	nāγa
50	worm	strāṭo
51	tree	dhrȳa
52	forest	vhāna
53	stick	stēha
54	fruit	bhrūs
55	seed	bhrūs
56	leaf	bhlāta
57	root	rēza
58	bark	khalā
59	flower	ānthıs
60	grass	āndas
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	—
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	—
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	nāmas