By all means, please contribute to the language's culture and/or history.
| Progress 96% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kranti Kiranti yoli | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||
| Agglutinative | |||
| Alignment | |||
| Tripartite | |||
| Head direction | |||
| Final | |||
| Tonal | |||
| No | |||
| Declensions | |||
| Yes | |||
| Conjugations | |||
| Yes | |||
| Genders | |||
| No | |||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||
| Case | Number | ||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
| Voice | Mood | ||
| Person | Number | ||
| Tense | Aspect | ||
General information[]
Main article: Kranto-Fenikic languages
This is a language from my Science-fiction book Astral Tale. It is designed to sound alien.
Lara, the Laranese homeworld
Kranti, or Common Laranese as humans call it, is the lingua franca of the Laranese feline alien species. It was the first alien language described by human scholars. It is one of 2000 languages spoken on their homeworld of Lara, belonging to the Krantic branch of Kranto-Fenikic language family. It is the national language of the Krant kingdom.
Kranti dialects
Main article: Kranti dialects
Kranti is very dialectal. There are many dialects on their homeworld and their colonies.
Main dialects are Rodian or Standard Kranti, Sambelic Kranti and Erin.
Phonology[]
A Kranti speaker
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m/m/ | n/n/ | ny /ɲ/ | ng/ŋ/ | ||
| Plosive | p /p/ b/b/ | t/t/ d/d/ | c/c/ j/ɟ/ | k/k/ g/g/ | ||
| Fricative | f/f/ v/v/ | s/s/ z/z/ |
sh/ʃ/ zh/ʒ/
|
cx/ç/ jx/ʝ/ |
x/x/ gh/ɣ/
| |
| Affricate |
ts/ts/ dz/dz/ tl/tɬ/ dl/dɮ/
|
ch/ʧ/ dj /ʤ/
|
kx/kx/ q/gɣ/
| |||
| Approximant | vw /ʋ/
|
y/j/ | w/w/ | |||
| Trill | rb/ʙ/ | r/r/ | ||||
| Flap or tap | ||||||
| Lateral fric. |
ls / ɬ/ lz /ɮ/
|
|||||
| Lateral app. | l /l/ | |||||
| Lateral flap |
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
| Mid | e /e/ | o /o/ | |
| Open | a /a/ |
Alphabet[]
Sarah Matthew, the first human linguist who became familiar with Kranti has adopted a Latin orthography for this language used in this article. There are also a native script to write Kranti but it has decreased in use after the human-laranese contact.
Phonotactics[]
The maximal syllabe structure is CVVC, consonant clusters are forbidden. Vowels have three degrees of length: short, long and extralong.
Grammar[]
Kranti, like the Native American language Nez Perce, but in contrast with majority of human languages, uses a tripartite system.
Nouns[]
Noun number[]
Nouns display three numbers: singular (one thing), paucal( several things), plural(many things)
| Noun number | Suffix |
|---|---|
| singular | none |
| paucal | -tin |
| plural | -angi |
Nouns cases[]
| Case | Suffix | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Absolutive | none | subject of a intransitive clause |
| Ergative | -ka | subject of a transitive clause |
| Accusative | -san | direct object |
| Dative | -vwer | indirect object |
| Locative | -giiin | location |
| Instrumental | -jein | modality |
Verbs[]
Kranti verbs are conjugated according to person, number, tense,aspect, mood, voice and evidentiality.
Fourth person inflection[]
Kranti language feature a so-called fourth person which use to express impersonal verbs or to distinguish two third-person perfomers in a clause. For example the English phrase "He is leaving because he is sick" is ambiguous because is not sure if is refer to one or two persons and is not clear who is leaving and who is staying. This is not case of Kranti.
Person, number and tense inflection[]
There are only two tenses: future and non-future. The verb stems are terminated in a consonant.
| Singular | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | -ao | -epo | -emi |
| Second | -avi | -ifin | -eber |
| Third | -erbi | -areng | -rimi |
| Fourth | -ena | -enyu | -nitu |
| singular | paucal | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
First |
-ui | -ghuui | -wani |
| Second | -owe | -veeen | -vimi |
| Third | -bun | -voni | -avni |
| Fourth | -jxei | -cxii | -ice |
| singular | paucal | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | -ivpi | -vopen | -ovpe |
| Second | -oyer | -yera | -lei |
| Third | -pima | -ipma | -inyu |
| Fourth | -djeyu | -zheri | -jeli |
| singular | paucal | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | -ara | -epara | -mara |
| Second | -avara | -ifara | -ebeera |
| Third | -erbara | -rengira | -rimara |
| Fourth | -enara | -nyara | -nitara |
| singular | paucal | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | -ura | -ghuura | -wanara |
| Second | -owara | -veeera | -vimara |
| Third | -bura | -vonara | -avnara |
| Fourth | -jxera | -cxaara | -icera |
| singular | paucal | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | -ivpara | -vopera | -ovpara |
| Second | -oyera | -yaara | -leiira |
| Third | -pimra | -ipmara | -inyara |
| Fourth | -djeyara | -zherara | -jelara |
Aspect[]
Aspects in Kranti grammar:
-Perfective : -a completed action , unmarked
-Imperfective: -a uncompleted action, -laren
-Momentane: -occurrence is sudden and short-lived, -awej
-Iterative: -expresses the repetition of an event, -ghija
Moods[]
Indicative, unmarked
Subjunctive, a ipotetic action, -rats
Optative, a wish, -laka
Imperative, a command, -dzeb
Potential, probability indicating that, in the opinion of the speaker, the action or occurrence is considered likely, -uto
Permissive, action is permitted by the speaker, -bavwe
Voice
Active, unmarked
Passive, -veba
Reflexive, -elpa
Adjustative, to help to, -yu
Evidentiality[]
visual sensory, -ta
non-visual sensory, -rian
inferential,-ama
reported, -ope
Nonfinite forms[]
Nonfinite forms of a verb is:
-Infinite, the basic form of verb
-Gerund, the verbal noun obtained with -ydli
-Supine, the adverbial form of verb -ghaarb
Adjectives[]
Kranti doesn't have proper adjectives, but use stative verbs instead of them. Their inflection is identical to normal verbs. The are terminated with the -we suffix.
Comparision[]
The comparasion is made analitycal be adding the following before the stative verb:
-dei, denoting the superiority
-ara, denoting the equality
-jxew, denoting the inferiority
-kxas, denoting the superlative
Pronouns[]
Personal pronouns[]
Because of Kranti nature the personal pronouns are used only for emphasis.
| singular | paucal | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | Nga | Gana | Inyei |
| Second | Okxew | Yuuu | Vaac |
| Third | Haji | Kali | Cxaz |
| Fourth | Qen | Dlesi | Zhej |
Demonstrative pronouns[]
Kranti exbit four degree of deixis, proximal (near the both speakers), medial (near the second speaker, but far to first), distant to both speakers but still visible, invisible to both speakers.
| singular | paucal | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| proximal | lsin | lsintin | lsinangi |
| medial | tler | tlertin | tlerangi |
| distant | fegi | fegitin | fegiangi |
| invisible | rbee | rbeetin | rbeeangi |
Numbers[]
Kranti use the hexadecimal system, because their hand and their foot have only four digits.
| Number | Kranti |
|---|---|
| 0 | pati |
| 1 | ada |
| 2 | jxeen |
| 3 | qei |
| 4 | konya |
| 5 | dlaanu |
| 6 | eeevu |
| 7 | ooyrta |
| 8 | loik |
| 9 | eewqa |
| 10 | baitu |
| 11 | ngagi |
| 12 | rolsu |
| 13 | lzasii |
| 14 | jecxaa |
| 15 | alkoo |
| 16 | reeluu |
| 256 | annyuuu |
| 4096 | munuu |
| 65536 | vwequ |
| 1048576 | lafik |
| 16777216 | fasghi |
| 268435456 | zhed |
| 429497296 | yulir |
The multiples of powers of 16 is by adding the coresponding divisor as a prefix to that power. For example 32 is jxeenreeluu. Complex numbers like 33, 50 is formed by the number that needed to added as a suffix. For example 33 is jxeenreeluuada and 50 qeireeluuujxeen. The ordinary example is made by adding the suffix -car to the cardinal one.
Syntax[]
Kranti is a VOS (verb-object-subject) and a head-final language.
Negation[]
Negation is realised with the particle vak placed before verb.
Question[]
Question are formed by placing gherta before verb. Noun suffixes order
The noun compund is stem-case suffix-number suffix
Verbal suffix order
The verbal compund is stem-tense,person,number suffix-aspect suffix-mood suffix-voice suffix-evidentiality suffix.
Vocabulary[]
Main article:Kranti vocabulary
yoli-language
jaun-male
ghora-female
laraju-laran farbue-planet
sarkan-moon
Example text