Neumatic Declension

The Neumatic languages all have similar declensions and cases, with the exception of Nūi Nhā, which does not possess cases. This is a collection of declension mechanisms, cases and their uses, and their appearences in the different languages.

Cases

Three of the Neumatic languages have cases. These are provided so far:

Case

Case		Usage		Example
Nominative		The independent form of nouns		The dog
		Marks a subject of actions without a patient		The dog bites
		Marks the subject of actions with a patient		The dog bites the man
Absolutive		Denotes subjects of verbs without a patient		The man runs
Ergative		Denotes the subjects of verbs with a patient		I killed him
Accusative		Denotes the object or patient of a verb		The dog bites the man
Dative1 3		Marks an indirect object of a verb		He gave the man a pen
Instrumental		Marks the means of the action		He writes with a pen
		The performer of actions		Opened by the mayor
		The aid of an action		Go by the short cut
		Marks the means of an action		He was caught by a net
Locative2		Denotes the position of objects		I'm in Moscow
		Marks vicinity to places		He's at your house
		Marks abstract positions		Between one and ten
		Marks abstract positions		The woman at work
Genitive		Symbolises ownership		The dog's bone
		Marks objects related to the subject in composition		The group member
		Symbolises lacking		Go without me
		Marks origin of nouns.		I moved from the house
Benefactive4		Indicates objects intentionally affected by actions.		Open the door for her
		Indicates movement towards, at, from nouns.		Get to the house
		Marks intention to nouns.		It is for adults
Ablative		Marks origin of nouns		It is from France
		Marks concerned, associated nouns		On the Origin of Species5
		Marks concerned, discussed nouns.		Talking about films
		Indicates cause		It's because of the snow
		Marks abstract cause		Thanks to/despite him

1. In Nāmic, should the focus lie on the patient, and not the object, the patient ought to be marked with the benefactive case.
2. In Nāmic, the following Adpositions correspond to the locative case.
3. The dative can also be used to construct different dative constructions.
4. Considering the use with movement, a better name ought to be benefactive-allative, or alike.
5. "Species" should be in the genitive case.

Number

A number of grammatical numbers are present in different forms in all Neumatic languages:

Number

Number		Usage		Example		Presence
Singular
Dual
Plural
Collective

Nominative

The nominative case denotes the subject of any action, with or without a patient, as well as the basic forms of a noun.

1/2

• "The dog"
• "The dog bites"
• "The dog bit the man"

Absolutive

The absolutive case is used to name something as well as to denote the subject of an action with a target. The suffix -sya is not compulsory, however, in Nāmaς it distinguishes it from the ergative null suffix.

• "The dog"
• "The dog bit the man"

Ergative

The ergative case denotes an action or state, not affecting the surroundings directly. The ergative case is indicated by intransitive conjugations of the verb.

• "The dog bites"

Accusative

The accusative case denotes the direct object of a transitive verb.

• "The dog bit the man"

Dative

The dative case denotes the indirectly affected object of a verb. If focus lies on the patient rather than the object, the benefactive case is preferred.

• "I gave a book to him"

Instrumental

The instrumental case lllustrates the the aid, or means by which you perform an action.

• "He writes with his best pen"
• "The museum was opened by the mayor"
• "You can get to the school quicker via that shortcut"
• "I'm going to the shops for some milk"
• "The house is surrounded by the police"
• "He got caught by speed cameras"

Locative

The locative case denotes a location, such as in, at, on, under et cetera. In Neumatic languages the appropriate particle is needed per location.

• "Moscow is in Russia"
• "I can't talk at the moment, I'm at work"
• "He ran around the track several times"
• "The lamp is on the desk"
• "Our dog is under the table"
• "Keep this between us"
• "Pick a number between one and ten"
• "I'm in front of your house"
• "I stood near the bus stop"
• "We'll wait by the bridge"
• "The plane is now over Rome"
• "What's behind that door?"
• "The house is beyond those hills"
• "There is a bridge across the river."
• "We're waiting outside your house"
• "There is a fence around the park"
• "The ladder is leant against the wall"

Genitive

The genitive case denotes possession or relationship and lacking, but also origin. Replaceable with the particle na [na] "by, of".

• "The boy's father"
• "The party member"
• "We can't go without him"
• "Everyone is here except her"
• "Amongst the contestants was last year's winner"
• "For the sake of the plants, it must rain"
• "Do you know any of them"
• "He knelt in the presence of the King"

Benefactive

The benefactive case is used to indicate an object intentionally affected by actions, as well as movement to, towards or away from something or somewhere.

• "I did it for you"
• "Please, open the door for her"
• "Throw it against the house"
• "They moved into their new house last week"
• "Can we away from those hills?"
• "Jump over the fence!"
• "He got out of the car"
• "Get off of that roof"
• "Are we going to Michael's house tonight?"
• "I'm just leaving Michael's house"
• "These are for adults, not children!"
• "They moved away from the city centre a while ago"
• "What are you talking about?"

Ablative

The ablative case is used to indicate source, as well as cause, but also concerning matters.

• "He is from England"
• "We're talking about the match"
• "Get out from under the table!"
• "On the Origin of Species"
• "According to the papers that restaurant is fantastic"
• "The school had to close because of the snow"
• "Thanks to the rain, the field was flooded"
• "Despite the snow the school was open"

Number

All Neumatic languages decline by number, but Náir possesses the collective number, and Nūi Nhā has a dual.

Singular

The singular number describes the presence of one single object or subject.

• "I see him"
• "One dog bit them"
• "He wants a bike"

Dual

The dual number denotes the presence of two objects or subjects.

• "I see both."
• "Could you give me those two candles?"
• "Hey, you two!"
• "Two men robbed me!"

Plural

The plural number describes two or more objects in Nāmaς, Nūi Nhā, and Mirskya. In Náir it denotes the presence of three or more objects. In Nāmaς, Nemovskie and Náir, it conveys a collective meaning.

• "I see them."
• "People say lots of things."
• "I want two plates of the salad."
• "Three women are waiting on the patio"
• "Pigs are filthy animals."

Collective

The collective number describes a general object or subject, with tendencies to certain actions.

• "People say lots of things."
• "Pigs are filthy animals."
• "Man always strives to evolve."
• "Love is wonderful."
• "I hate chicken!"