Hrotish

Classical Hrotish Hrodda/حرُدّه
Type
Fantasy Language
Alignment
Ergative-Absolutive
Head direction
Head-Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Yes
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information[]

Classical Hrotish is the literary language and lingua franca of the Hrots, who now inhabit the continent of Hrotland.

Phonology[]

Consonants[]

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ (nn)
Plosive	p, b			t, d		[c, ɟ]³	k, g
Fricative		f, v	θ, [ð]¹	s, z	[ʃ, ʒ]²	[ç, ʝ]⁴	x (q), [ɣ]⁴	[ʁ]⁵	h
Affricate
Approximant
Trill				r				[ʀ]⁵
Flap or tap
Lateral fric.
Lateral app.				l			[ɫ]⁶
Lateral flap

¹These are allophones of the same phoneme and can only occur in word-middle and word-final positions.
²These are allophones of /s/ and /z/ respectively in the case where s and z appear before a front vowel
³These are allophones of /k/ and /g/ respectively in the case where k and g appear before a front vowel
⁴These are allophones of /x/. [ɣ] occurs when /x/ occurs between two vowels, while [ç] and [ʝ] appear before front vowels
⁵These are all allophones of /r/. [ʁ] appears at the end of words, while [ʀ] appears before back vowels
⁶This is allophone of /l/ that appears at the end of words

Vowels[]

	Front	Back
Low	æ	a, a:
Low near-close
Close-mid
Mid	ɛ, e:	o, o:
Open-mid
High near-open	[ɪ]¹
High	i, y	u, u:

Diphthongs: ai, ɛi

¹this is an allophone /i/ that occurs when /i/ is short

NB: All vowels, except Y and Ä, can appear as long, which is marked by an accent. In positions where ä would be long, it becomes É.

Alphabet[]

P, B, M, T, D, N, TH, DH, S, Z, R, L, K, G, NN, Q, H, A, Á, Ä, Â, O, Ó, U, Ú, E, É, I, Í, Y, AE, ÉI

پ، ب، م، ت، د، ن، ث، ذ، س، ز، ر، ل، ك، گ، نّ، ق، ح، اَ، أ، آ، اُ، اٌ، و، ؤ، اِ، إ، ي، ئ، اْ، اً، اٍ

Phonotactics[]

(C)(C)V(C)(C). If there are two consonants initially, the second must be a continuant. There are no restrictions for the final two consonants.

Mutations and Lenition[]

One of the most noticeable aspects of Hrotish phonology is the high amount of assimilation that occurs, even across word boundaries. Nasals, for example, assimilate to the place of adjacent obstruents. An obstruent preceded by a sonorant becomes voiced, except in certain compounding situations (Aezirnsaga, not Aezirnzaga)

Vowel Harmony[]

All Hrotish vowels are either front or back, and within a root and its affixes must agree in frontness or backness with the stressed vowel that forms the nucleus of the root. Vowels of different fronting cannot be adjacent to each other across a word boundary and are separated by an “h”.

Grammar[]

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Nouns[]

Hrotish nouns have three genders, three numbers, and six cases, and are divided into six declensions.

First declension nouns are strong, meaning that the main vowel of the root morpheme changes to reflect number. They always end in -r and are almost always masculine.

1st Declension
	Abs	Erg	Gen	Dat	Inst	Loc	Voc
S	Gar	Gra	Garn	Garo	Garol	Garos	Gara
Pl	Gora	Gora	Gorn	Goro	Gorol	Goros	Gora
D	Gur	Gura	Gurn	Guro	Gurol	Guros	Gura

Second declension nouns are strong; almost always end in -t, -d, -s, -z, -l, or -n; and are neuter.

2nd Declension
	Abs	Erg	Gen	Dat	Inst	Loc	Voc
S	Ät	Ät	Ädde	Äddi	Äddel	Äddes	Äddä
Pl	Ét	Ét	Édde	Éddi	Éddel	Éddes	Éddä
D	It	It	Idde	Iddi	Iddel	Iddes	Iddä

Third declension nouns are also strong, always end in -a/-ä, and are feminine.

	Abs	Erg	Gen	Dat	Inst	Loc	Voc
S	Sírä	Siré	Sírän	Siré	Sírel	Síres	Sírä
Pl	Saerä	Saeré	Saerän	Saeré	Saerel	Saeres	Saerä
D	Séirä	Séiré	Séirän	Séiré	Séirel	Séires	Séirä

Fourth declension nouns are weak, end in -o, -u, or -i, and are mostly masculine.

	Abs	Erg	Gen	Dat	Inst	Loc	Voc
S	Varo	Varó	Varon	Varu	Varol	Varos	Varoa
Pl	Varor	Varór	Varorn	Varoru	Varorol	Varoros	Varora
D	Varot	Varót	Varondd	Varut	Varolt	Varost	Varodda

Fifth declension nouns are weak, end in -a/ä, and are feminine.

	Abs	Erg	Gen	Dat	Inst	Loc	Voc
S	Loa	Loá	Loan	Loo = Ló	Loál	Loás	Loa
Pl	Loar	Loár	Loarn	Loaró	Loaral	Loars	Loara
D	Loat	Loát	Loandd	Lót	Loalt	Lost	Loadda

Sixth declension nouns are weak, usually end in a consonant, especially -n, and are neuter.

6th Declension
	Abs	Erg	Gen	Dat	Inst	Loc	Voc
S	Nen	Nen	Nenin	Nené	Nenel	Nenes	Nenä
Pl	Nenär	Nenér	Nenärn	Nenäré	Nenärel	Nenäres	Nenärä
D	Nenät	Nenät	Nenändd	Nenét	Nenält	Nenest	Nenäddä

Determiners[]

Hrotish has four main kinds of determiners. The first is the definite article "al/äl", which almost always appears when there is not another determiner. The second is the partitive article "Tal/täl", which represents some or any. The third type is the pronomial determiner, "mar/mär, tar/tär, lar/lär, noar/niär, voar/viär, lara/lärä". The fourth and final type of determiner is the demonstrative determiners "sar/sär and sur/sír

Adjectives[]

Adjectives in Hrotish decline for number, gender, and case. They are declined like 4th, 5th, or 6th declension nouns depending on the gender of the noun they modify. They can come after the adjective they modify. Adjectives can be formed from nouns by adding a/ä to the end of the noun.

Verbs[]

Hrotish verb constructions have two parts; the first part is the copular verb "ár" conjugated for person, number, tense, mood, and voice. The second part of the verb construction is a participle of the main verb that agrees with the subject of the sentence.

Here is the conjugation of "ár":

Ár conjugation
	Present	Past	Future
1st S	sam	fam	seräm
2nd S	es	fas	seräs
3rd S	éi	fa	serä
1st Pl/D	esim	famo	serämé
2nd Pl/D	esti	fazo	seräzé
3rd Pl/D	syn	fandda	seränddä

Here are the mood markers:

Indicative: ----

Subjunctive: h(a)/h(ä)

Imperative: d(o)/d(e)

Here are the voice markers:

Active: ----

Passive: g(o)/g(e)

To form a a complete verb phrase, one adds a participle form of the verb to the copula. There are three verb forms, the infinitive/gerund, the present participle, and the past participle.

All infinitives end in -r. The infinite also functions as a gerund and is declined as a 4th declension noun.

Present participles (which are also adjectives) are formed by removing the final -r and adding an a/ä if the stem does not already end in an a/ä.

The past participle is formed by adding -th to the verb stem.

Here is thus the tense/aspect formed by the two parts of the verbal construction:

	Present	Past	Future
Present Participle	present	imperfect past	future
Past Participle	perfect past	pluperfect	anterior future

NB: Remember that the participle must agree with absolutive case noun associated with it.

Adverbs[]

Hrotish adverbs are formed from adjectives by removing the final a/ä and adding the suffix -duil. Adverbs go in the middle of a verb phrase.

Pro-forms[]

The Hrotish pro-verb is "var" (to do) and it can replace verbs like a pronoun can replace a noun.

Here is a list of Hrotish pronouns:

Pronouns
	1st S	2nd S	3rd S	1st Pl/D	2nd Pl/D	3rd Pl/D	Relat/Interro	Demonstr	Negative
Abs	Man	Tan	Lan	Noan	Voan	Larn	Kuan	San	Nan
Erg	Ja	Ta	La	Noa	Voa	Lar	Kua	Sa	Na
Gen	Mo	To	Lo	Nó	Vó	Laró	Kuo	So	No
Dat	Mu	Tu	Lu	Nu	Vu	Laru	Ku	Su	Nu
Inst	Mal	Tal	Lal	Nal	Val	Larl	Kual	Sal	Nal
Loc	Mas	Tas	Las	Nas	Vas	Lars	Kuas	Sas	Nas
Voc	Ma	Ta	La	Na	Va	Lara	Kua	Sa	Na

Prepositions[]

Hrotish preposition are always followed by nouns in either the genitive, dative, instrumental, or locative case. These cases can stand for themselves, in fact there is a silent pronoun in Hrotish.

Here are some common pronouns:

at - "to" with dative, "at" with locative

aen - "in" with locative, "into" with dative

éq - "out of" with dative

mit - "with" with instrumental

Conjunctions[]

Coordinating conjunctions: und (and uniting two phrases), é (and within a phrase type), méi (or)

Subordinating conjunctions always end in -ka

Syntax[]

Basic Theoretical Structure[]

Like any language, Hrotish follows a basic, universal framework. At the base of this framework is the lexicon, the inventory of words in the language, as well as certain pertinent information about said words. The next step in this framework is the X' Rules, which govern how the words in the lexicon are arranged into phrases and sentences in a hierarchical fashion. This produces the D structure, the underlying structure of the language. The D structure is also the level at which the Theta Criterion applies. The Theta Criterion deals with phenomena like verb transitivity by saying that every lexical item has a theta role. Theta roles of different classes (lexical categories like nouns, verbs, etc) must match up one to one with other classes.

The next layer in the framework of Hrotish is the case filter, which assigns nouns case depending on their syntactic role in the sentence. The final stage in the framework is movement, which governs a whole series of different types of transforms that can occur. The language the we would see and hear, the product of these transformations, forms the S Structure, the final level in our syntactic framework.

Lexicon[]

An abridged lexicon of Hrotish is presented below in the Vocabulary section, a rudimentary dictionary of the Hrotish language.

X' Rules[]

Hrotish X' Rules are as follows:

XP → X'(WP)

X' → (YP) X'

X' → X (WP)

D Structure[]

The D structure for the Hrotish sentence “al-paddra éi ninn lan givivädä äl-metré” (The father didn’t give it to the mother) would thus be:

Theta Criterion[]

This tree conforms to the Theta Criterion as every theta assignment maps to the theta role and vis à vis. “Givivär”, which assigns three theta roles, as all of its assignments mapped one to one with “al-paddar”, “lan”, and “äl-meträ” respectively.

Case Theory[]

Now that we have the D structure, we can apply case theory. The idea behind case theory is that that all DP, depending on the role they play in the sentence, must have a case. This case, in Hrotish, affects the suffix a noun has. In this particular sentence, “al-paddar” is assigned ergative case, since it is the subject of a transitive verb, “lan” is assigned absolutive case because it is the direct object of a transitive verb, and “äl-meträ” is assigned dative case because it is the indirect object of the verb. As such, “al paddar” transforms into “al-paddra”, “lan” remains “lan”, and “äl-meträ” becomes “äl-metré”.

Movements[]

The most common type of movement in Hrotish, “wh” movement, in which the DP complement of a verb (the verb's direct object) moves up into [Spec,CP]. All sentences in Hrotish undergo this movement, producing its characteristic Object Subject Verb word order. Hrotish also undergoes head movement, where the T moves to the [C] position.

S Structure[]

The S Structure for the sentence “Lan éi h'al-paddra ninn givivädä äl-metré” thus looks like:

Question formation[]

Yes/no Questions are formed in Hrotish by adding the Interrogative Particle “kua” to the C position in the tree, blocking T → C movement. In complex questions, one adds the Interrogative Particle and replaces the phrases in question with an interrogative pro-form.

Embedded and relative clauses[]

To embedded a clause in Hrotish, one simply adds a complementizer to the C position of the embedded clause. To form a relative clause, one moves the phrases that is being relativized to the [Spec,CP] position and replaces it with an interrogative pronoun.

Ergativity[]

Hrotish is ergative, meaning that the subject of an intransitive verb gets assigned that same case as the direct object of a transitive verb. In Hrotish, the main verb in the sentence licenses absolutive case, and, as a quirk of Hrotish grammar, must license that case to some DP. If there is no complement DP to license the absolutive case to (as in the case of an intransitive verb), the verb will license the absolutive case to the subject DP. Since a DP can only receive case once, the subject DP is then blocked from taking ergative case.

Summary[]

Here is a tree that summarizes basic Hrotish syntax:

NB: The adjunct can also come before the verb.

Vocabulary[]

Abjar - VI; to consent
Ádar - N4; bird
Addorlátur - VT; to arrange
Æddyn - N2; clan, tribe
Æn - prep; in, on (loc); into (dat), in from (gen)
Æna - Adj; one (notice it breaks the vowel harmony rule)
Ænäzeryléduil - adv; to one another, to each other
Agóz - N6; sin, wrong
Agró - N4; farm
Ahadúr – VT; to take, lead, carry
Ahara - adj; late
Alba - adj; white
Alóm – N2; dream
Alómar – VI; to dream
Alór - intj; so, then, here
Alsagar – VT; to speak about
Alvar - N4; old man
Alvar - VT; to learn
Älvéä - N5; jug
Aman - N6; faith
Amánar – VT/I; to believe
Amar - VT; to order, rule, command
Amaz - N2; time
Anar - N1; spirit, ghost
Andua - adj; west
Änin- N6; voice
Änzäl - N6; number
Änzär - VT; to count
Áqalar – VT; to eat
ár - VT; to be
ár az - VI; to have (literally to be to)
Ara - adj; glorious, honorable
Ara - N1; glory, honour
Arf - N6; heir
Arja - adj; great, noble, mighty
Aro - N4; oar
Arvór - VT; to value, (passive) to be worth
Ät - N2, place, location
Auroddar - VT; to exterminate
Ävær - V4; to hold, to keep
Avon - N2; river
Avónur - N1; grandfather/grandmother's brother
Az - P; to, towards (with dative); at (with locative)
Aza - adj; happy
Bæjänir - VT; to divide, separate
Baggjar - VI; to remain
Bagja - N5; desire, will, want
Bahar - V1; to bleat
Baqar - VT; to open
Bara - N3; bread
Barach - N6; flash
Baraggar - VT; to bless
Bardar - N1; beard
Baugró - N4; ring
Bazra - N5; joy
Belyvä - adj; curvy, bent
Biz - N6; kiss
Bizér - VT; to kiss
Bjannka - conj; although
Bjur - adv; well
Braddar - N1; brother
Brur - N1; brow
Bunja - N5; building
Bunjar - VT; to build
Bykjir - VI; to weep
Byl - N6; mud
Bylstén - N6; brick
Dabak - N6; stick
Dabar - VT; to command
Dabha - N5; sacrifice
Dabhar - VT; to sacrifice
Dæver - N1; husband's brother
Dägez - adv; yesterday, tomorrow (depending on verb tense)
Dägez - N6; yesterday, tomorrow
Dagga - N5; memory
Daggar - VT; to remember
Daggró - N4; tear
Dagór - VT; to fight
Danddan - N6; yore
Daragga - adj; straight
DDvagga - N3; human skin
Déin - N6; day(time)
Dévä - N3; goddess/ female diety
Dévär - N1; diety, god
Dir - VT; to say, to tell, to mean
Djanar - VT; to judge
Djanaró - N4; judge
Djend - adv; since
Dól - N6; pain, ache
Dólar - VT; to hurt, to pain
Dómjar - VI; to bleed
Dóngua - N3; tongue
Dont - N2; tooth
Dóqala - adj; natural
Dótra - N3; daughter, girl
Dóza - N3; forearm
Dräzil - N6; house, home
Drizär - VT; to study
Dróz - N2; loaf
Drugga - adj; evil
Druk - N6; death, destruction, evil
Drylélduil - adv; thoroughly
Duqa - N5; suffering
Duqar - VI; to suffer
Dyljär - VY; to hang
é - conj; and
éár - VT; to take, to conquer, to control
Edder - N1; intestines
Eg - N6; a day
Egéz - N2; lake
éivär - N1; vital force, spirit
Elär - VI; to live
Elbä - adv; maybe
Elnä - N3; elbow
Engir - N1; organ
Enverm - adv; sometime
ér - N1; king, lord
érämäz - N2; wilderness
érqir - N1; testicle
eryl - N6; other
erylä - adj; other
éryz - N2; mountain
érzä - N3; arse
Evz - N6; dawn
Evzä - N3; ear
ézen - N6; harvest
ézér - VT; to try, to attempt
Fa - N2; daughter
Faddaha - adj; open
Falaur - VI; to must
Far - N1; son
Favhar -VI; to exhale
Fésträr - VT; to meet
Filemelä - N5; nightingale
Fludda - N5; horn
Flugga - adj; false
Fóla - N5; menstrual blood
Fólk - N6; family, kin
Fuqalar - VI; to act
Gadba - adj; angry
Galóa - adj; jealous
Gänäbir - V3; to steal
Ganja - N5; song
Ganjar – VT/I; to sing
Gar - N1; war, battle
Gard - N2; town, city, fortress
Garur - VT; to drag
Gaurór - VI; to be afraid
Gauróz - N6; fear
Gebä - N3; jaw
Géiä - N5; winter
Genyä - N3; cheek
Genyr - N1; knee
Gér - VT; to make, to create
Gest - N2; hand
Givddär - VT; to aid
Givivär - VDT; to give
Glæq - adv; the same, equally
Glóva - N3; brother's wife
Gólómur - V3; to shear
Gozdd - N2; stranger/guest
Grad - N2; hail
Grund - N2; hammer
Guelbä - N3; womb
Guelegä - N3; gland
Guenä - N3; woman
Guér - N1; sinew
Guéz - N2; event, times (pl)
Guezär - VT; to taste
Habar - VT; to hide
Hadaddar - VI; to occur, to happen
Häddemir - VT; to seal
Hædyr - VT; to deserve
Hægä - N5; spear
Haemär - VT; to copy
Haggam - N6; wisdom
Haggama - adj; wise
Hahra - adj; south
Hajur - N4; smell, fragrance, odour
Hajur - VT; to smell
Hajuva - N5; perfume
Halakar - VT; to transport
Hamam - N6; heat
Hämärä - N5; twilight
Hamuda - adj; thankful
Hamudan - N6; gratitude
Hamudar - VT; to thank
Harab -N6; ruin, wreck
Häzäber - VT; to calculate
Hazar - VT; to feel
Häzdder - N1; star
Hébir - VT; to love (familiarly)
Héidri - N4; part, piece
Helm - N6; hat
Hen - N2; ancestor
Hinä - N5; sling
Hjort - N6; heart, center
Hju - adverb; also, too
Hœst - N2; bone
Hórma - N5; wall
Horós -N6; stupor
Horózar - N1; to be put into a stupor
Hózar - VT; to lose
Hräddir - VT; to plow
Hrelä - N3; ewe
Hrézär - N1; human blood
Hryq - N6; silence
Hryqä - adj; silent
Huana - adj; weak
Hudra - N3; udder
Hund - N2; dog
Huros - Adv; now
Ir - VI; to go
Isir - N1; the specific group of gods that rules now
Ivrä -adj; drunk
Ivrär - VI; to become drunk
Jabaza - adj; dry
Jæz - N2; language
Jämä - adj; right
Jämen - N6; the right
Javar – VI; to work
Jeg - N6; ice
Jenddrä - N3; brother-in-law's wife
Jer - N1; year
Jóddaggu - conj; so that, in order to
Joqur - N1; liver
Jóra - adj; yellow
Jóstava - adj; sultry, hot
Kabbudd - N2; head
Kablar - VT; to bind, to tie
Kabór - VT; to bury
kadazar - VT; to sanctify, make holy, bless
Kaddbar - N4; book
Kadja - N5; end
Kadjar - VT; to end
Kadza – adj; holy
Kær - N1; fortress, castle
Kagga - N3; excrement
Kähuaejä - adj, cute
Kälilér - VT; to diminish
Kanazar - VT; to gather
Kaqa - N3; shit
Kar - conjunction, for
Kar - N1; male friend
Kara - N3; female friend
Karar - VT; to proclaim
Kard - N2; heart
Kardól - N6; heartache, grief
Karógar - VT; to be able to
Kavanur - VI; to exist
Kavna - N5; existence
Kél - N6; music
Kélijærä - adj; lost for words
Kenngä - N3; kneecap
Kér - N1; skull
Kevér - N4; northwind
Kibädir - VT; to gather, to bring together
Kiddäb - N6; script, writing
Kiddäbir - VT; to write
Kidebär – VI/T; to lie
Kinedä - N3; paradise
Kirbä - adj; near
Kivä - adj; sultry, hot, seqy
Kiver - N4; covering
Kiver - VT; to cover
Kizrä - adj; short
Klynir - N1; buttock
Kóra - adj; short, brief
Kóznór - N1; world, universe
Krabbar - N1; body
Krevä - N3; blood (generic)
Krózggór - N1; leg
Kuba - N3; hips
Kudular – VT/I; to copulate
Kulmaggarva - N5; eyebrow
Kuyn - adv/prep; like, as
Kyrir - VI; to run
Kyrri - N4; vehicle, fashion in which something is done
La - prefix, to do again
La-qabar - VT; to be enthralled with
Labas - N6; clothes
Laggadar - VT; to collect, gather
Laja - N5; sojourn
Lajar - VI; to rest
Lazgappór - VT; to take up arms against
Lebä - N3; lip
Lend - N2; kidney
Levqä - adj; bright
Lóa - N5; flower, blossom
Lóna - adj; blue
Lond - N2; haven, harbor
Loz - N6; shock
Lyggär - VI; to shine
Lyk - N6; light
Madaur - VI; to forgive (dative)
Madur - N1; mead (the traditional Hrotish drink)
Madur - N6; mankind
Mäggéä - adj; sweet
Mähæjär -VT; to erase
Malagga - N5; reign
Malaggar - VT; to rule over
Malar - VT; to fill
Mänyd - N2; person
Märi - N4; sea
Mavadar - V; to die
Mazar - VT; to touch
Meddér - VDT; to place, to put
Méi - conj; but
Meld - N2; lightening
Men - N6; mind, consciousness
Meneqér - VT; to hinder
Menz - N6; month
Menzór - N1; flesh
Méträ - N3; mother
Miggvér - VT; to cleanse
Miz - prep; with (inst)
Mizähär - VT; to wipe
Móna - N3; moon
Mónja - N3; neck
Mórmór - N1; whale
Mózgór - N1; brain
Mua - adj; soft
Mukta - adj; free
Muzaga - N5; whisper, rumor
Muzagar - VT; to whisper
Myggvä - N5; ritual cleansing exercises
Myndd - N6; a small coin
Naba - N3; navel
Naba - N5; prophecy
Nabar - VT; to predict
Nabbddór - N1; grandson
Naddakór - VT; to bite
Næn - conj; thus
Naur - N1; corpse
Navar - N4; light
Navar - V1; to glow
Navóhar – VT/I; to blow
Navózar - VI; to breath
Naza - N3; nose
Nazar - N4; guard
Nazar - VT; to guard
Näzér - VT; to help
Nebbddir - N1; nephew
Nebóz - N6; cloud
Neggäbir - VT; to dig
Neggär - N1; dead person
Nem - N2; name
Nemer - VT; to name
Nen - N6; thing
Nénäggä - adj; sassy
Nevä - N3; heaven, the heavens
Nevä - N3; sky
Nevérädérn - N6; heaven and earth
Nókt - N2; night
Nóra - adj; north
Nóra - adj; young
Nu - adverb; never
Nunduil - adv; now
Nunduilka - conj; now that
Nyggemér - VT; to avenge
Ob/ko - prep; if/then
óduzar - VI; to journey, to travel
Og - conj; or
óg - prep; of, about (gen)
ógga - N3; eye
óggar - VT; to stare, glance at
ólrudda - adj; crazy, insane, mad
ómza - N3; shoulder
ór - N1; gold
óra - adj; wealthy, golden, beautiful
órum - N2; arm
Oza - adj; east
óza - N3; mouth
Ozd - N2; the east
Paddar - N1; father
Pazar - N1; penis
Peggyr - N1; cattle
Pek - N6; wealth
Pel - N2; ball, sphere
Pel - N2; skin (generic)
Peler - VT; to skin
Perggä - N3; rib
Pérznä - N3; heel
Péstär - V1; to thresh, to beat
Piggäri - N4; cup, goblet
Pilä - N5; arrow
Piskä - N5; fish
Pizdä - N3; vulva
Plagar - VT; to stab
Plomór - N1; lung
Póda - N3; foot
Poga - N3; lap
Pula - N3; hair, lock
Qaba - N5; female slave/servant
Qabadar - VT; to serve
Qabar - N4; slave, servant
Qabrar - VT; to cross
Qaga - adj; fast
Qagal - N6; speed
Qaggabur - VT; to follow
Qamada - adj; unchanging
Qedär - VT; to hate, dislike
Qér - N1; bowels
Qérz - N6; horror
Qérzä - adj; horrible
Qóggar - VT; to disturb
Rädér - N1; earth
Radója - N4; pleasure
Radójar - VT; to please
Raglar - VI; to walk
Raham - N6; mercy
Rajar - VT; to see
Räqel - N6; orgasm
Razmór - VT; to draw
Rézär - VT; to love (romantic)
Rezmenz - N2; throat
Rhadar - VT; to wash
Riqibär - VT; to ride
Róc - N6; smoke
Róza - adj; red
Rumjar - VT; to throw
Sabaqa - adj; satiated
Saqjar - VT; to drink
Saga - N5; story, tale
Sagar - N1; speech, language
Sagar – VI; to speak
Sal - N6; valley
Salam - N6; peace
Salar - VT; to ask
Samaqur - VT; to hear
Sana - N5; hate
Sana - N5; word
Sanar - VT; to hate
Sar - N4; remains, remnants, ruins
Sar - VI; to remain, to endure
Sasta - N3; filth, dirt
Séhän - N6; heat
Séhér - VT; to heat
Sékrä - N3; mother-in-law
Sélämér - VT; to save
Seledä - adj; beautiful, pretty
Sem - N6; summer
Sembrä - adj; eternal, everlasting
Sembru - adv; always
Semja - adj; half
Senedir - VT; to bolster
Seräggär – VI/T; to rise
Sérhär – VT/I; to scream
Sóma - N5; hallucinogenic drink used in many religious rituals
Sig - N6; meat, food
Sigrä - adj; small
Sirä - N2; ship, boat, vessel
Sjardur - VT; to hunt
Sjól - N6; seed, sperm
Skap - N6; weapon, tool
Skra - adj; intoxicated
Smeq - N2; chin
Snéig - N6; snow
Snevdri - N4; mist
Snuza - N3; daughter-in-law
Sókrur - N1; father-in-law
Sóla - adj; alone, lonely
Sólórubba - N5; sunrise, dawn
Solv - N6; sun
Sondur - prep; without (inst)
Splengä - N3; spleen
Srop - N6; sling
Sryzir - VT; to burn, to cook
Stajar - VT; to drink
Stenä - N3; breast
Stón - N6; stone (material)
Sunur - N1; son
Svebben - N6; sleep
Svebber - VI; to sleep
Svéid - N2; sweat
Sy - prep; under (locative); to underneath (dat); from underneath (gen)
Syggädär - VT; to pour out
Tabadd - N6; the ground
Tabadda - adj; stable
Tabhar - VT; to slaughter
Tabqa - N5; stamp
Taedi - N4; art, skill, knowledge
Tagar - VT; to cut
Talpa - N3; space
Tanha - N5; clinging
Tanhar - VT; to cling to
Taval - N6; plain
Tavba - adj; good, fine
Témämä - adj; complete, perfect
Tenddä - N5; temptation, seduction
Tenddär - VT; to tempt, seduce
Terzä - adj; dry, barren
Tjar - VT; to stir
Tól - N2; island
Tónar - N1; thunder
Tóvaróq - N6; comrade
Traezagan - N6; trilogy
Trigér - VT; to dwell
Tróvar - VT; to find
Tryzä - adj; sad
Tudda - adj; all
Tudda - Adj; whole, entire
Tuddanon - N6; everything
Tular - V1; to come
Tulazóddavbaduil - intj; welcome
Ubbronda - adj; outrageous
Udar - VT; to hit, to strike
Udara - N3; belly
Umbar - N1; fate, destiny, Fortune
Und - conj; and
Vabur - VT; to love (an inanimate object)
Vadar - VI; to exit
Vag - N6; wave
Vahad - N6; union, whole
Vahadar - VT; to unify
Väheddär - VI; to fall
Var - VT; to do
Varn - N6; deed, action
Varnnqérezä - adj; horrified
Varó - N4; someone, somebody, person
Vastan - prep; against (loc)
Väzár - N4; evening
Vér - V2; to become
Vet - N2; year
Vezri - N4; spring
Viddä - adj; wise
Viddä - N5; wisdom
Vigil - N6; power
Vigilär - VT; to empower
Vihär - N4; wrath
Vinjä - N3; wine
Vir - N1; man
Viräddär - VI; to flow
Vizä - N5; verse
Vódchar - VT; to know
Vólda - N5; birth
Vóldar - VI1; to be born
Von - prep; from (gen); by (inst)
Vóqar - VT; to call
Vrydir - VI; to come down
Vybir - VT; to look at
Vydivä - N3; widow
Vygg - N6; trouble
Yb - prep, on, above (loc); over (dat)
Ydir - prep; between (loc)
Yhänä - adv; wonderful
Ynyr - VT; to overflow, to flood
Yz - N2; place, location
zädim - adv; then
zalma - adj; dark
zalmar - VI; to darken
Zalur - N4; bough
zar - N1; Poet
Zéit - N2; people, nation
zólóa - adj; whole
zraq - N6; plant
zraqar - VT; to plant
Zubur – VI/T; to lie, to cheat
zvézä - N3; sister
Mahúr - N1; hill, mountain
Ót - N2; horse
Guzvand - N2; sheep
Kezär - VT; to pull
Arava - N5; cart
Bazna - adj; heavy
Bórga - adj; big
Jun - N6; wool
Randar - VT; to drive, to operate
Ustar - N1; master
Garma - adj; warm
Gireqtär - VI; to flee

Example text[]

اِوٌنِل تال سٍره حِزوندّ ناويگاندإ لِندويل. كو لَرمّ وَّندّ ايوٍ يا زو نؤن سَقه.

Avónal täl-saerâ hazundd nävigädé lenduil. Ku larmm vvandd ivé ja zu nún saqa.
River-LOC some-ships might-be-PAST sailing slowly. Where-to they be-PAST going I NEG-know.
Some ships might have sailed [up] the river. I don't know whither they were going.

***

آل ايزر، مَر پأدّره! اَل مأدوره هِ

ال سيگان يه حِزو اَقألَن، اِ هَل أرَن كَر

مو هِ مَنُ ال وٌلكُ يه حَزو اَحأدَن

äl-Izr, mar-páddra! al-Mádura h’e
al-Sigän ja hazu aqálan, e h’al-áran kar
Mu h'e mano al-vólko ja hazu ahádan!

Issr, my father! May I devour
meat and mead, and may I take
glory for both me and my family!

***

Yb al-vagro vvandd nävígrä h’äl-saerä
Arorol péstärel fluddrol baharol
Aen al-londo albano navano
Gardan óranan é lyggän Silärn.

Over the waves the ships sailed
With threshing oar and bleating horns
Into the lucent white harbor
Of Silär’s gleaming fair city.