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Name: Gröghen

Type: Fusional

Alignment: Ergative-Absolutive

Head Direction: First

Number of genders: 2

Declensions: Yes

Conjugations: Yes

Nouns declined
according to
Case Number
Definitiveness Gender
Verbs conjugated
according to
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect
Gender Cases Numbers Tenses Persons Moods Voices Aspects
Verb No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Nouns Yes Yes No No No No No No
Adjectives Yes No No Yes No Yes No No
Numbers No No No No No No No No
Participles No No No Yes No Yes No No
Adverb No No No No No No No No
Pronouns Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
Adpositions No No No No No No No No
Article Yes No No No No No No No
Particle No No No No No No No No


Setting[]

Phonology[]

I decided to use a more traditional documenting method.

Consonants[]

Orthographic IPA English Equivalent
n n man
ñ ŋ ring
t t cat
d d dog
k k cat
g g dog
s s/ʃ she
z z/ʒ leisure
r ɹ red
h h ham
j j yes

Vowels[]

Orthographic IPA English Equivalent
a æ bat
e
ə run
i
ɛ bet
ï* æ bat
o
u root
ö* ɒ rot
y
i
city
ÿ* ɑ father

(*) When a word has either 'i', 'o' or 'y' preceding an 'a' or 'e' later on, they change to the diacritic.

When a vowel is followed by 'h', the following changes occur. When followed by an 'r', the same sound cahnges occur, but an 'r' is accentuated at the end.

Orthographic IPA English Equivalent
ah ɑː
eh ɜː
ih ɛː
oh ʊː
yh ɪː

Digraphs[]

Orthographic IPA English Equivalent
th θ man
dh ð ring
kh x cat
gh ɣ dog
oy wi leisure
oa red
yo juː ham
ya yes
eo əʊ boat
ao cow
ay high
iy day
rh r no English equivalent

Phonotactics[]

In Gröghen, consonants are as such:

t, tr, trh, th, d, dr, drh, dh, k, kr, krh, kh, g, gr, grh, gh, s, z, r, h, rh, j

The syllable structure is normally (C)V/Vc(r)(C) but allows (C)V/Vc(r)(N/F)(C)

Vc - Vowel Combination.

N - Nasal

F - Fricative

Stress usually lands on the first syllable of a word, excepting additional prefixes.

Basic Grammar[]

Sentence Structure[]

The word order usually conforms to these rules:

VII-NAR-Pre

Ergative-Verb-Adjective-Absolutive-Genitive

The topic of the sentence is usually moved to the front of the sentence for easy reading. Verb always comes second and afterwards, the normal sentence structure follows. Intransitive verbs, because nouns use Ergative and Absolutive cases, miss the subject of a sentence and retain only the object. When asking a question, affixes and interrogative pronouns are used instead of changing word order.

Nouns[]

Nouns decline according to gender, case and definitiveness.

Nouns follow the simple two gender system of Male and Female. There are no official rules to how to predict a words gender and must be learned along with the noun. However, there is some debate as to whether most '-e' words are usually female. Male and Female in Gröghen are 'ögrekhan' and 'ÿthekhan' respectively.

Noun Cases[]

The cases of nouns follow a similar form to latin. When putting endings on vowel ending nouns, the vowels are replaced with the endings.

Male (ögrekhan) Female (ÿthekhan)
Ergative -es -ys
Absolutive -en -yn
Genitive -on -on
Possessive -ih -yh
Vocative -iy -iy

Noun Definitiveness[]

Nouns have the following prefixes to mark their definitiveness. It should be noted, without a prefix, the noun is indefinite.

Definite Prefix
Male i-
Male (Noun begins with a vowel) idr-
Female y-
Female (Begins with a vowel, 't' or 'd') ys-
Female (Begins with 'k' or 'g') ykh-

Plurals[]

To form the plural in Gröghen, you use the word 'ghohra', to refer to 'an amount of...' This use is the only viable allowance of a descriptive word to be in front of the noun. ====Numbers ==== Gröghen uses a base-16 system of numbers. The English system of base-16 will be used to show such.

  • 1 - sen
  • 2 - do
  • 3 - tis
  • 4 - kan
  • 5 - koan
  • 6 - sy
  • 7 - sit
  • 8 - ot
  • 9 - not
  • A - dy
  • B - rhin
  • C - toydh
  • D - toht
  • E - garoñ
  • F - gryñ
  • 10 - dayth
  • 11 - dayth-on-sen
  • 12 - day-do
  • 13 - day-tis
  • 14 - day-kan
  • 15 - day-koan
  • 16 - day-sy
  • 17 - day-sit
  • 18 - day-ot
  • 19 - day-not
  • 1A - day-dy
  • 1B - day-rhin
  • 1C - day-toydh
  • 1D - day-toht
  • 1E - day-garoñ
  • 1F - day-gryñ
  • 20 - dohth
  • 30 - tisoyth
  • 40 - kiyth
  • 50 - koath
  • 60 - syth
  • 70 - sityth
  • 80 - otith
  • 90 - notith
  • A0 - koan-dohth
  • B0 - koan-doh-dayth
  • C0 - sy-dohth
  • D0 - sy-doh-dayth
  • E0 - sit-dohth
  • F0 - sit-doh-dayth
  • 100 - soñ
  • 1000 - trhith
  • 10000 - day-trhith

Pronouns[]

Personal Pronouns[]

There are only six main pronouns in use in Gröghen.

Person Ergative Absolutive Genitive Possessive Vocative English Counterparts
1st (sing. pl.) ykh ykhoñ yr iykhen I, we
2nd, 3rd (sing. ögr.) dhao dhyn dhon dhyr dhiy you, he
2nd, 3rd (sing. ÿth.) dhay dhin dhon dhir dhiy you, she
2nd, 3rd (pl. ögr.) das en dan der diys you, they
2nd, 3rd (pl. ÿth.) dos en don der days you, they
2nd (pol.) 3rd (an.) sao so zon syr sayn you, it
Interrogative and Demonstrative Pronouns[]

Here is a table holding the other pronouns used in Gröghen.

Idea Interrogative Demonstrative
English Counter Gröghen Subject Object, Polite Proximal Distal None One Few, Some Most All
Which Adjective aotin aos dat dot deot sen ghohra dhar agoa
What did you do Verb iyten iysa oyñk jiy deodhyn sendhyn ghohradhyn
What Object odh odr dadh dodh deotakr senakr ghohrakr dharkr agoakr
How Many/Much Amount athoa athjo tha tho deothoa senthoa
Where Location thoa to thya to toñ tok deodo sento dharto agoato
When Time thoa tin thya tin tiñ tiñk deodin sentin dhartin agoatin
What is ... like Description hiñ his jin jik deojisyo ghohrajisyo
How do you feel/What do you think Opinion hykh hydh jykh jygh sendryñyoñ
Why Reason hanreo hasreo janreo jañk deotasreo senasreo ghohrasreo
How Way krhy krheñ sa saot deojiyten senjiyten agoajiyten

Verbs[]

Verbs conjugate depending on several factors. This section will be divided into the verb moods. Stative and Dynamic can equally be called Intransitive and Transitive respectively.

Verbs are found in three forms of ending: '-ar', '-yr' and '-n'.

Indictive Mood[]

The Indictive mood is used for verbs that are concrete in meaning; that happen.

'-ar' Verbs[]
Present Past

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

ykh -ah -a -ahdr -adr
dhao -as -ad -asdr -adrh
dhay -as -ad -asdr -adrh
das -ah -a -ahdr -adr
dos -ah -a -ahdr -adr
sao -en -e -endr

-edr

Present Past
Example:

graodar (to believe)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to begin believing)

Static/Intransitive

(to believe)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to have begun believing)

Static/Intransitive

(to have believed)

ykh

graodah

graoda graodahdr graodadr
dhao

graodas

graodad graodasdr graodadrh
dhay graodas graodad graodasdr graodadrh
das graodah graoda graodahdr graodadr
dos graodah graoda graodahdr graodadr
sao graoden graode graodendr graodedr
'-yr' Verbs[]
Present Past

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

ykh -id -i -ed -e
dhao -ys -is -os -es
dhay -ys -is -os -es
das -oyn -yn -oan -o
dos -oyn -yn -oan -o
sao -idoa -ih -edoa

-eh

Present Past
Example:

drhoñyr (to jump)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to jump ..., to begin jumping)

Static/Intransitive

(to jump)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to have jumped ..., to have begun jumping)

Static/Intransitive

(to have jumped)

ykh

drhoñid

drhoñi drhöñed drhöñe
dhao

drhoñys

drhoñis drhoños drhöñes
dhay drhoñys drhoñis drhoños drhöñes
das drhoñoyn drhoñyn drhöñoan drhoño
dos drhoñoyn drhoñyn drhöñoan drhoño
sao drhöñïdoa drhoñih drhöñedoa drhöñeh
'-n' Verbs[]
Present Past

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

ykh - -n -ñk
dhao - -n -ñk
dhay - -n -ñk
das -kh -g -gh -gr
dos -kh -g -gh -gr
sao -th -d -dh

-dr

Present Past
Example:

sïtzen (to sit)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to sit ..., to begin sitting)

Static/Intransitive

(to sit)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to have sat ... to have begun sitting)

Static/Intransitive

(to have sat)

ykh

sïtze

sïtzen sïtzeñk sïtzeñ
dhao

sïtze

sïtzen sïtzeñk sïtzeñ
dhay sïtze sïtzen sïtzeñk sïtzeñ
das sïtzekh sïtzeg sïtzegh sïtzegr
dos sïtzekh sïtzeg sïtzegh sïtzegr
sao sïtzeth sïtzed sïtzedh sïtzedr
Future Tense[]

The future tense is made by use of two particles.

agrh - will

ñigrh - won't

Either particle can be used before the verb in question, when the verb is in the indictive form needed.

eg. agrh sïtze = will sit down

ñigrh graodadr = won't have believed

This does not work for the subjunctive mood. The rules change.

Subjunctive Mood[]

The Subjunctive mood refers to the wish or doubting of an event. When referring to 'want' or 'were', the subjunctive is used.

'-ar' Verbs[]
Present Past

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

ykh -ahth -ath -arth -ath
dhao -asin -an -azin -anth
dhay -asin -an -azin -anth
das -ahth -ath -arth -ardh
dos -ahth -ath -arth -ardh
sao -od -o -onth

-oth

Present Past
Example:

graodar (to believe)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to want to/were to begin believing)

Static/Intransitive

(to want to/were to believe)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to want to/were to have begun believing)

Static/Intransitive

(to want to/were to have believed)

ykh

graodahth

graodath graodarth graodardh
dhao

graodasin

graodan graodazin graodanth
dhay graodasin graodan graodazin graodanth
das graodahth graodath graodarth graodardh
dos graodahth graodath graodarth graodardh
sao graodod graodo graodonth graodoth
'-yr' Verbs[]
Present Past

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

ykh -idy -ith -edy -eth
dhao -yz -iz -oz -ez
dhay -yz -iz -oz -ez
das -yd -yth -od -oth
dos -yd -yth -od -oth
sao -ithoa -ihth -ethoa

-ehth

Present Past
Example:

drhoñyr (to jump)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to want to/were to jump ..., to begin jumping)

Static/Intransitive

(to want to/were to jump)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to want to/were to have jumped ..., to have begun jumping)

Static/Intransitive

(to want to/were to have jumped)

ykh

drhoñidy

drhoñith drhöñedy drhöñeth
dhao

drhoñyz

drhoñiz drhoñoz drhöñez
dhay drhoñyz drhoñiz drhoñoz drhöñez
das drhoñoyd drhoñyth drhoñod drhoño
dos drhoñoyd drhoñyth drhoñod drhoño
sao drhöñïthoa drhoñihth drhöñethoa drhöñehth
'-n' Verbs[]
Present Past

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

Dynamic/Transitive

Static/Intransitive

(only applies to some verbs)

ykh -no -ny -ño -ñy
dhao -no -ny -ño -ñy
dhay -no -ny -ño -ñy
das -noh -nyg -ñon -ñygr
dos -noh -nyg -ñon -ñygr
sao -nos -nyd -ñoz

-ñydr

Present Past
Example:

sïtzen (to sit)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to want to/were to sit ..., to begin sitting)

Static/Intransitive

(to want to/were to sit)

Dynamic/Transitive

(to want to/were to have sat ... to have begun sitting)

Static/Intransitive

(to want to/were to have sat)

ykh

sïtzeno

sïtzeny sïtzeño sïtzeñy
dhao

sïtzeno

sïtzeny sïtzeño sïtzeñy
dhay sïtzeno sïtzeny sïtzeño sïtzeñy
das sïtzenoh sïtzenyg sïtzeñon sïtzeñygr
dos sïtzenoh sïtzenyg sïtzeñon sïtzeñygr
sao sïtzenos sïtzenyd sïtzeñoz sïtzeñydr
Future Tense[]

The subjunctive future tense can be formed in two forms, for static and dynamic verbs.

When the subjunctive verb is static, you put the appropriate subjunctive form of 'grhoar - to know' in front of the verb's infinitive.

When the subjunctive verb is dynamic, you put the appropriate subjunctive form of 'ighyr - to go' in front of the verb's infinitive.

'grhoar' is an irregular verb, but 'ighyr' is regular.

Conditional, Necessitive and Queries[]

The conditional tense is made by use of verb endings on the verb finitive. The conditional tense means where something would happen or would be done (if not for...)

'-ar' verbs '-yr' verbs '-n' verbs
ykh -arthoa -ÿrthoa -ndoa
dhao -ardhoa -ÿrdhoa -ndoa
dhay -ardhoa -ÿrdhoa -ndoa
das -arthoa -ÿrtoa -ntoa
dos -arthoa -ÿrtoa -ntoa
sao -ardoa -ÿrkhoa -ñkoa

The necessitive tense is made by use of particles, like the future tense of the Indictive, but by using a verb's infinitive instead. The necessitive refers to when something must happen or must be done.


Static Particle - nas


Dynamic Particle - nos


eg. ykh nas sïtzen - I must sit down


dhao nos graodar - You must believe


Finally, queries refer to yes-no questions, created by use of the query endings for verbs. If you wanted to ask something for which the answer is yes or no, then the query ending is used.

'-ar' verbs '-yr' verbs '-n' verbs
ykh -arha -ÿrha -ñka
dhao -arhan -ÿrhan -ñka
dhay -arhan -ÿrhan -ñka
das -arha -ÿrhen -ñga
dos -arha -ÿrhen -ñga
sao -arhy -yrhin -ñkh

Imperfect Tense[]

The imperfect tense was not featured earlier due to the need for participles, and irregular verbs. Here they will be featured for both moods and all three tenses. Whilst the perfect tense is split into Static and Dynamic, the Imperfect tense is not. So you have no need to worry of that.

In all imperfect tenses, the imperfect participle is formed from the original verb.

Verb Ending '-ar' verbs '-yr' verbs '-n' verbs
Participle Ending -iy -y -st
Past Imperfect[]

To use the past imperfect, the verb 'dir' is used in front of the imperfect participle. 'Dir' is an irregular verb, so conjugates differently to normal.

dir - to do Indictive Subjunctive
Present Past Present Past
ykh dith deth dis dekh
dhao dath doth das dokh
dhay dath doth das dokh
das didh dedh diz deg
dos didh dedh diz deg
sao din den dyne deñ

There is no static form of 'dir'. To use the past imperfect, the present form of 'dir' has to be used. Then the verb infinitive follows. Subjunctive and Indictive forms can interchange to show mood.

Present Imperfect[]

For the present imperfect, the irregular verb 'könnar' is used in front of the imperfect participle.

könnar - to begin Indictive Subjunctive
Present Past Present Past
ykh könnakr könnak koññy koññyr
dhao könnakh könnas koññys koññyk
dhay könnakh könnas koññys koññyk
das könnakr könnak koññy koññyr
dos könnakr könnak koññy koññyr
sao könnek können koññi koññir

Same as 'dir', 'konnar' has no static form. Same rules apply as the past imperfect.

Future Imperfect[]

Again, the use of a verb is used. This time, it's 'khoan'.

khoan -to be/ to have

Indictive Subjunctive
Present Past Present Past
Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static
ykh kho ho khoh hoh khod hod khon hon
dhao kho ho khoh hoh khog hog khoñ hoñ
dhay kho ho khoh hoh khog hog khoñ hoñ
das khen hen khehn hehn khed hed khan han
dos khen hen khehn hehn khed hed khan han
sao khy hy khyh hyh khyr hyr khoy hoy

For use with the imperfect participle, the present dynamic form has to be used.

Progressive Participle[]

Those who do a verb (as in runners, jumpers, believers, etc...) can be recreated in Gröghen by use of the static present indictive of a verb as an adjective to 'gren'.

eg. Gren Drhoñi = Jumper

Gerunds and Supines[]

Gerunds are not used anywhere in Gröghen.

Supines, meanwhile, are the infinitives of the verb.

'To begin to go' - könnar ighyr

Irregular Verbs[]

grhoar -to know

Indictive Subjunctive
Present Past Present Past
Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static
ykh groh grhoh gryh grhyh groth grhoth gryth grhyth
dhao gron grhon gryn grhyn gros grhos grys grhys
dhay gron grhon gryn grhyn gros grhos grys grhys
das gror grhor gryr grhyr groz grhoz gryz grhyz
dos gror grhor gryr grhyr groz grhoz gryz grhyz
sao gror grhor gryr grhyr groz grhoz gryz grhyz

Adjectives[]

Adjectives in Gröghen decline by gender, tense and mood. Adjectives come after nouns and must agree with the noun's gender. Adjectives have a regular system of male and female, featured by a regular system of endings, like the verbs. Adjectives will appear in either the 'e/i' pair or the 'o/y' pair. ====Male Adjective Endings ====

Indictive Subjunctive
-eh/-er -oh/-or -eh/-er -oh/-or
Past -ehha/erra -ohha/-orra -eta -öta
Present -e -o -et -ot
Future -esa -ösa -esta -östa


Example: jöder - big

Indictive Subjunctive
Past jöderra jödeta
Present jöde jödet
Future jödesa jödesta

Female Adjective Endings[]

Indictive Subjunctive
-ih/-ir -yh/-yr -ih/-ir -yh/-yr
Past -ihho/irro -yhho/-yrro -iko -yko
Present -i -y -ik -yk
Future -in -yn -iñk -yñk


Example: jodir - big

Indictive Subjunctive
Past jodirro jodiko
Present jodi jodik
Future jodin jodiñk

Comparatives and Superlatives[]

To create the comparative form of an adjective, there are eight particles that cna be used.

Amplifier Extra* Amplifier Excessive^ Amplifier Decreaser Extra* Decreaser Excessive^ Decreaser
Male ñah ñahra ñahka do dönna dökka
Female ño ñor ñohk dho dhon dho

(*) To say 'bigger than an already said bigger object, or bigger than the biggest

(^) To say 'too big' and 'not big enough' or 'too little big''

To make the superlative, 'kh' is added to the end of the adjective to make it the most. For the last, 'st' is used instead.

eg.

ñah jöder - bigger

ñahra jöder - even bigger

ñahka jöder - too big

jöderkh - biggest

do jöder - less big

dönna jöder - even less big

dökka jöder - not big enough/too little big

jöderst - least big

Example of Both Rules[]

dadrhe - table

dadrhe do jödeta

A table that I wanted less big/A table that would've have been less big

dadrhe ñahra jödesa

A table that will be even bigger

Verb Participles[]

The participles for verbs are formed by so:

Verb Ending '-ar' verbs '-yr' verbs '-n' verbs
Indictive Past Participle -aydr -yadr -ñgr
Present Participle -ay -yo -ñg
Future Participle -ayst -yost -jyst
Subjunctive Past Participle -aydrath -yadryth -ñgryth
Present Participle -ayjath -yojyth -ñgyth
Future Participle -aystath -yostyth -jystyth

These are used as adjectives. They don't need to comply to gender.

eg. dadrhe trarhañg - broken table

Adverbs[]

Adverbs in Gröghen are usually adjectives that are not declined. They are used after the verb in question, and before other particles.

Negation[]

Negation in either nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs and so on is done by the two particles 'siy' and 'deo'.

eg.

siy dadrhe deo - not a table

siy könnar deo - to not know

siy jöder deo - not big

Prepositions[]

Gröghen makes use of prefixes to present adpositions.

eg.

an- > in, inside of, into & like, similar to, as

tin- > at (time), at (place), by (manner), by (method)

toh- > at (place), to (place), from (place)

The prefix is used on the noun it's being referred to.

ykh ighid tohidadrhe - I go to the table/I go from the table

Clauses[]

The four clauses will be explained here.

The noun phrase can be organized as such in ordering:

(Number, Noun, Possessive, Adverb, Adjective, Relative Clause)

The Relative Clause is made by using the polite form of a query, for whatever you're referring to. If the Relative Clause is relevant to an object or person, the object query would be used. Then, this clause is put at the end of such a clause.

Meanwhile, the noun clause is formed in a similar way as in English; the object of the clause becomes the query of the subject, and then the pronoun is moved to the beginning of the clause.

Dictionary[]

I have now decided to not use the template, and instead have a listing of such. It would work better I believe


No. English Gröghen
1Iykh
2you (singular)dhao(m)/dhay(f)
3hedhao
4weykh
5you (plural)das(m)/dos(f)
6theydas(m)/dos(m)
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who
12what
13where
14when
15how
16notdeot
17allagoa
18manydhar
19someghohra
20fewghohra
21other
22onesen
23twodo
24threetis
25fourkan
26fivekoan
27bigjöder/jodir
28longrañger/rañgir
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)
38man (human being)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye
75nose
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81leg
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92drink
93eat
94bite
95suck
96spit
97vomit
98blow
99breathe
100laugh
101see
102hear
103know
104think
105smell
106fear
107sleep
108live
109die
110kill
111fight
112hunt
113hit
114cut
115split
116stab
117scratch
118dig
119swim
120fly
121walk
122come
123lie
124sit
125stand
126turn
127fall
128give
129hold
130squeeze
131rub
132wash
133wipe
134pull
135push
136throw
137tie
138sew
139count
140say
141sing
142play
143float
144flow
145freeze
146swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name


Gröghen English Simple Intimate Meaning
ykh I I, we
dhao you (m) you (male), he
dhay you (f) you (female), she
das they (m) you (plural), they (male)
dos they (f) you (plural), they (female)
sao it you (polite), it
dat this this (object), these
dot that that (object), those

Example text[]


No. English
1I
2you (singular)
3he
4we
5you (plural)
6they
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)
38man (human being)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye
75nose
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81leg
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92drink
93eat
94bite
95suck
96spit
97vomit
98blow
99breathe
100laugh
101see
102hear
103know
104think
105smell
106fear
107sleep
108live
109die
110kill
111fight
112hunt
113hit
114cut
115split
116stab
117scratch
118dig
119swim
120fly
121walk
122come
123lie
124sit
125stand
126turn
127fall
128give
129hold
130squeeze
131rub
132wash
133wipe
134pull
135push
136throw
137tie
138sew
139count
140say
141sing
142play
143float
144flow
145freeze
146swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name
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