Overview
Setting[]
Hlacimusos (pronounce: [xlɔː.cɪ.ˈmu.sos], from hlacis from Proto-Celtic wlati-, area, and from Mus, the Meuse River) is a Celtic language that illustrates how Limburgish would have looked like if the Celts would still be in Limburg.
Phonology[]
Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||||
Manner of articulation ↓ | |||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||
Plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k ɡ | ʔ | ||||||
Fricative | ɸ | f | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | χ | h | |||
Approximant | j | ɰ | |||||||||
Trill | r | ||||||||||
Lateral Fricative | ɬ | ||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l |
- [l] could be velarized or pharyngealized to [ɫ]
- [t] and [d] could also occur as [tˠ] and [dˠ]
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | u | |||
Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |||
Close-mid | eː øː | o oː | |||
Mid | ə | ||||
Open-mid | ɛ œː | ʌ ɔː | |||
Near-open | æ æː | ||||
Open | a | ɑ |
- Some diphtongues exist: [ɑɪ̯ ɑʊ̯ æɪ̯ æʊ̯ iʊ̯ oɪ̯ oʊ̯ uɪ̯] /ai au ei eu iu oi ou ui/
Orthography[]
Hlacimusos uses the latin alfabet with some adapted characters.
Character | IPA | Example | IPA | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | ɔː | aciled | ɔːˈcɪleːð | fish |
aa | a | alisaa | ɔːˈlɪsa | oak |
ä | ɛ | älon | ɛˈɫon | hook |
æ | ɑ | ægu | ɑˈgu | to fight |
b | ɰ1 | barkos | ɰɔːrˈkos | spear |
c | c | hlacis | xlɔːˈcɪs | area |
d- | d | dünon | dæːˈnon | city |
-d- | ɟ | kordas | korˈɟɔːs | family |
-d | ð2 | druhid | druˈxɪð | druid |
e | eː | ekhos | eːˈkχos | horse |
f | ɸ3 | facиr | ɸɔːˈcir | father |
g | g | glexos | gleːˈxos | battle |
h | x, ɣ, χ | hilc | xɪlc | wild |
i | ɪ | ifir | ɪˈɸɪr | soon |
ï | y | dünï | dæːˈny | into a city |
и | i | иqu | iˈɬu | to swell |
j- | ʒ | juhaŋk | ʒuˈxɔːŋk | young |
-y- | j | alesayus | ɔːlɪˈsɔːjus | of two oaks |
-ÿ | ʃ | gaÿ | gɔːʃ | funny |
k | k | kluga | kluˈgɔː | stone |
l | l | lahin | lɔːˈxɪn | happy |
m | m | macu | mɔːˈcu | to carry |
n | n | nigu | nɪˈgu | to wash |
ñ | ɲ | kañcon | kɔːɲˈcon | hundred |
ŋ | ŋ | iŋgus | ɪŋˈgus | paper |
o | o | oku | oˈku | to sharpen |
oo | oː | oobhes | oːˈɰχeːs | virus |
ö | æ | önaa | æˈna | fear |
oe | ʌ | oeno | ʌˈno | one |
öe | ʊ | heröen | xeːˈrʊn | to two men |
oui | œː | ouiqu | œːˈɬu | to listen |
p | p | parkon | pɔːrˈkon | park |
q | ɬ | baqon | bɔːˈɬon | building |
r | r | rin | rɪn | thick |
s | s | saad | sað | easy |
t | t | tiges | tɪˈgeːs | house |
u | u | ud | uð | out of |
ü | æː | ür | æːr | green |
ɯ | øː | herɯ | heːˈrøː | to a man |
z | z | zer | zeːr | zero |
- Rarely pronounced as [b]
- Sometimes pronounced as [θ]
- Sometimes pronounced as [f]
Basical Grammar[]
Nouns[]
Nouns can have three genders (maculine, feminine, neuter), three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and six cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative). Nouns fall into nine declensions, depending on the stem. There are o-stems, aa-stems, i-stems, u-stems, dental stems, velar stems, nasal stems, r-stems and s-stems.
The suffix -d roughly meand the. When a noun ends on a consonant -id is added. dünon ([a] city) > dünonid (the city), herï (towards [a] man) -> herïd (towards to man)
O-stems[]
- heros "man" (masculine)
number | nominative | vocative | accusative | genitive | dative | locative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | heros | heri | heron | here | herɯ | herï |
dual | herou | herou | herou | herüs | heröen | herou |
plural | heroe | here | herüs | heron | herö | heroui |
- dünon "city" (neuter)
number | nominative | vocative | accusative | genitive | dative | locative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dünon | dünon | dünon | düne | dünɯ | dünï |
dual | dünou | dünou | dünou | dünuus | dünöen | dünou |
plural | dünaa | dünaa | dünaa | dünon | dünö | dünoui |
Aa-stems[]
- alesaa "oak" (feminine)
number | nominative | vocative | accusative | genitive | dative | locative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | alesaa | alesa | alesaan | alesaas | alesæ | alesæ |
dual | alesai | alesai | alesai | alesayus | alesän | alesän |
plural | alesaas | alesaas | alesaas | alesaanon | alesä | alesä |
Verbs[]
Many verbs show Germanic influences. There are two verb classes, one with a u-stem and a very rare one with an a-stem. There are three simple active indicative tenses: present, past and future. The conditional, subjunctive and passive are made using constructions. There's a special verb that handles the past particle, amu. The u-stem class is as follows, the example given is macu (to carry):
Present | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
First person | macu | maicu | macum |
Second person | maicust | maic | maici |
Third person | maiced | maicon | macait |
Past | |||
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
First person | macoid | macouid | maceid |
Second person | macaist | macuid | maciu |
Third person | maceda | maiceda | mainouidic |
Future | |||
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
First person | macuda | macudiu | macudui |
Second person | macuidid | macuidiud | macuiduid |
Third person | maicunik | maicuned | maicunä |
Singular | Plural | Let's carry | |
Imperative | madic! | maidic! | macuim |
Present | Past | Infinitive | |
Particles | macuidid | maiciud | a macoui |
When a verb root has an i or и in it, a u is placed directly behind it, instead of an i, for example: aimu oikiud slakerid moi (I have sharpened (oku) my sword) and aimu niugiud laknidimid moi (I have washed (nigu) my shirt).
Conditional is made using the auxiliary verb fiud (to get) and the past particle. The subjunctive is made using a form of lacu (to let) and the infinitive. The passive is made by inserting the particle ui between the verb and the subject, like macoid heronid ghainiudnid ([I] carry man.the wounded > I carry the wounded man) > maiced ui herosid ghainiudnosid (tra mi) ([he] carries pass.part. man.the wounded (by me) > the wounded man is carried (by me))
Some verbs have different conjugational forms depending on whether they appear in absolute initial position in the sentence (Hlacimusos has a Verb Subject Object or VSO word order) or whether they are preceded by a preverbal particle. Forms that appear in sentence-initial position are called absolute, those that appear after a particle are called conjunct. The verb that illustrates this is beru (to wear); the preverbal particle is nи (not).
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute | Conjunct | Absolute | Conjunct | Absolute | Conjunct | |
First person | beru | nи bouir | beröe | nи beiröe | bermɯ | nи beram |
Second person | berst | nи ber | beri | nи ber | beirdi | nи beired |
Third person | beired | nи beir | beroin | nи beroun | berait | nи berat |
There are, of course, also a few irregular verbs, like fiud (to get), biu (to be), habæn (to have, a loanword from Germanic that could be avoided using the less irregular diu), diu (to have), galu-nidu (to be able to) and gnaid (to know, could be avoided using hidu). There are also some strong verbs like hilu (to see, hail - heil - huiliud), kastu (to hate, kuist - kiust - kuistiud), dahu (to give, duiht - diuht - duihtiud), dиhu (to suck, deiht - deht - deihtiud) and skuta (to cut, skait - skiut - skuitiud). The most important irregular verb, biu, is shown below:
Present | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute | Conjunct | |||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
First person | biu | tain | fuilum | biuh | buid | fuilium |
Second person | biud | taid | fuili | bi | bi | biured |
Third person | es | bidoin | bidait | ius | bidoin | bidat |
Past | ||||||
Absolute | Conjunct | |||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
First person | iusoid | suidoid | fidoid | soid | doid | doid |
Second person | iusiud | siudiud | fidiud | siud | diud | diud |
Third person | iuseda | siuduid | fiduid | suid | duid | duid |
Future | ||||||
Absolute | Conjunct | |||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
First person | sihu | sihöe | sihmɯ | souih | siuhoë | siham |
Second person | sihst | sihu | siuhdi | sih | sih | siuhed |
Third person | siuhed | sihoin | sihait | siuh | sihoun | sihat |
Conditional | ||||||
Absolute | Conjunct | |||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
First person | sihoid | sihouid | siheid | siuhoid | siuhouid | siuheid |
Second person | sihaist | sihuid | sihiu | siuhaist | siuhuid | siuhiu |
Third person | siheda | siuheda | siunouidih | siuhui | siuhuidiu | siuhuidiun |
Absolute | Conjunct | |||||
Singular | Plural | Let's be | Singular | Plural | Let's be | |
Imperative | sidih! | siudih! | sihuim | bed! | biud! | sidiud! |
Present | Past | Infinitive | ||||
Particles | bhenad | beid | a hius |
Dictionary[]
- Irregular verbs
- Noun stems
- Strong verbs
- Swadesh list