Jemean

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Jemean is a mashup language (that is, a language designed by taking aspects of several natlangs (preferably of different language families) and combining them together), which takes its vocabulary and half its grammar from Japanese, and the phonology, morphology, and the other half of grammar from the Slavic branch of the Indo-European family (most notably Czech).

Progress 91%
	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 99% Adjectives 100% Syntax 83% Words 100 of 1500

Name: Jemean Type: Fusional Alignment: Fluid Head Direction: Final Number of genders: 2 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Setting

In all honesty, I have created this language for a potential story that I had in mind, which may or may not involve a kingdom inspired by those in tzarist Russia and feudal Japan. Other than that, there is little background to this conlang.

Phonology + Alphabet

Jemean may be written with either the Latin or Cyrillic alphabet.

Latin Majuscule	Latin Minuscule	Cyrillic Majuscule	Cyrillic Minuscule	IPA Pronunciation	Example
A	a	А	а	/ɑ/	all
Á	á	Ӓ	ӓ	/æ, ɑː/	apple, lawn
B	b	Б	б	/b/	bet
V	v	В	в	/v/	van
Ħ	ħ	Х	х	/x/	Bach
H	h	Г	г	/h/	hot
G	g	Ґ	ґ	/g/	get
D	d	Д	д	/d/	deed
E	e	Э	э	/ɛ/	let
Z	z	З	з	/z/	zoo
Ž/Ź	ž/ź	Ж	ж	/ʒ/	vision
I	i	И	и	/ɪ/	it
Í	í	Ӥ	ӥ	/iː/	me
J	j	Й	й	/j/	yay
K	k	К	к	/k/	cap
L	l	Л	л	/l/	low
M	m	М	м	/m/	man
N	n	Н	н	/n/	not
Ň	ň	Њ	њ	/ɲ/	canyon
Ŋ/Ng	ŋ/ng	Ҥ	ҥ	/ŋ/	sing
O	o	О	о	/ɔ/	got
P	p	П	п	/p/	pet
R	r	Р	р	/ɹ/	read
S	s	С	с	/s/	see
Š/Ś	š/ś	Ш	ш	/ʃ/	fish
T	t	Т	т	/t/	tot
U	u	У	у	/ʊ/	put
Ú	ú	Ӱ	ӱ	/uː/	shoe
W	w	Ў	ў	/w/	wish
F	f	Ф	ф	/f/	fear
C	c	Ц	ц	/ʦ/	cats
Ê/Je	ê/je	Е	е	/jɛ/	yes
Û/Ju	û/ju	Ю	ю	/jʊ/	you
Ô/Jo	ô/jo	Ё	ё	/jɔ/	yodel
Â/Ja	â/ja	Я	я	/jɑ/	yawn
Þ	þ	Ћ	ћ	/θ/	math
J	j	Ь	ь	/-ʲ/	layer

Phonotactics + Orthography

• Up to three consonants may occur consecutively. Any more and they have to be separated with a vowel, R, or J.
• In polyphthongs, the Cyrillic letter Ь can only be used after hard (non-palatalized) vowels, otherwise Й is used.
• W is usually used in diphthongs and very rarely (if at all) as a stand-alone consonant.
• Ś is the final form of Š, as is Ź of Ž.
• The four soft vowels are usually written in the "J-Vowel" form, but can be exchanged for the diacritical version.
• Ŋ/Ng is always used before G, Ħ, and K.
• N(soft vowel) and Ň(hard vowel) are subtly distinct sounds and thus are represented as such.
• R may be used as a vowel, e.g. krt (крт) - enemy
• The letters Й, Ь, and Ҥ may not begin words.
• Ju always replaces iw.
• When S precedes a soft vowel, it elides into Š followed by the vowel's hard version. Same goes for Z/Ž.

Basic Grammar

Nouns

Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine, and can be put into three categories, physical, ideological, and spiritual.

• Physical nouns refer to objects, people, materials, and other objects that are tangible. E.g. sešk (сэшк) - stone.
• Ideological nouns refer to non-tangible nouns, like shapes, locations and sounds. E.g. jucú (юцӱ) - house.
• Spiritual nouns refer to ideas, emotions, and non-sensory phenomena. This category does not have plurals. E.g. kasa (каса) - [self-]worth.

Aside from the lack of plurals in the spiritual category, the categories are largely arbitrary.

In regards to gender, masculine nouns usually end in a consonant, e, or o, while feminine nouns end in a, á, i, í, u, ú, or a diphthong ending in j. Exceptions exist, however, and will be marked in the dictionary with their correct gender, or with (m/f) if they can take either.

Plurals

Singular nouns follow the nominative-accusative alignment, and thus when used as agents, they retain their nominativity (subjecthood) in both transitive and intransitive clauses. Plurals, however, follow the ergative-absolutive alignment, and thus plural agents are the subjects of intransitive verbs and the objects of transitive verbs.

Declensions

Nouns decline by case, number and gender, along with the final letter of their dictionary (singular nominative) form. For all tables, the rule is to affix certain letters to the end to decline them.

• If the final letter is a consonant other than j, see Table 1.
• If it is e or o, and the noun is singular, see Table 2a. If it is plural and has at least two syllables, drop the vowel, then see Table 2b. If it has just one syllable, leave it as is for Table 2b (except for the plural ergative, where you must add j to the end).
• If it is a, i, or u, and the noun is singular, see Table 3a. If it is plural, move that vowel to the next last vowel (i changes to j, u to w) or the beginning if it's the only vowel (other than r when used as such), or remove it if the next last vowel is [nearly] the same, then see Table 3b. If the final vowel is instead á, í, or ú, shorten that vowel so that it loses its accent, then check for number.
• If it is j, drop it, then see Table 4. If the noun is to be declined as plural vocative feminine, move the vowel that was before j to the next last vowel (e/i -> j, o/u -> w) or the beginning if it's the only vowel (other than r when used as such), or remove it if the next last vowel is [nearly] the same.

Table 1 (final letter is a consonant other than j)
singular accusative	e
singular dative	en
singular genitive	ke
singular vocative masculine	-
singular vocative feminine	a
plural ergative	ej
plural absolutive	es
plural dative	en
plural genitive	ek
plural vocative masculine	ej
plural vocative feminine	eja

Table 2a (final letter is e or o, and the noun is singular)
singular accusative	r
singular dative	re
singular genitive	kre
singular vocative	-
Table 2b (final letter is e or o, and the noun is plural)
plural ergative	-
plural absolutive	je
plural dative	se
plural genitive	ce
plural vocative masculine	-
plural vocative feminine	ja

Table 3a (final letter is a, i, or u (or their long versions) and the noun is singular)
singular accusative	r
singular dative	re
singular genitive	kre
singular vocative ending in i	-
singular vocative not ending in i	j
Table 3b (final letter is a, i, or u (or their long versions) and the noun is plural)
plural ergative	-
plural absolutive	e
plural dative	se
plural genitive	ce
plural vocative masculine	o
plural vocative feminine	a

Table 4 (final letter is j)
singular accusative	d
singular dative	de
singular genitive	ke
singular vocative	-
plural ergative	mm
plural absolutive	m
plural dative	me
plural genitive	ne
plural vocative masculine	-
plural vocative feminine	*

For example:

mizí (мизӥ) - water (f, -í)
singular nominative	mizí
singular accusative	mizir
singular dative	mizire
singular genitive	mizikre
singular vocative	mizi
plural ergative	miz
plural absolutive	mize
plural dative	mizze
plural genitive	mizce
plural vocative	miza

Verbs

The dictionary form of verbs consists of the verb root (which always ends in a consonant) combined with -o. There are three classes of regular verbs:

• Class I verbs have as their penultimate letter b, g, d, k, p, or t. E.g. íko (ӥко) - go.
• Class II verbs have v, ħ, z, ž, s, š, f, c, or þ. E.g. jaso (ясо) - translate
• Class III verbs have h, l, m, n, w, r, or j. E.g. inro (инро) - sleep

Regular Verb Conjugation

• The affixes in Level 1 Conjugation replace the final o when they conjugate. There are two forms of each L1 Conjugation, the basic and the polite. The polite form is used between strangers and informal settings, while the basic form is for friends, family, and intimates.
• The affixes in Level 2 Conjugation then come after that to conjugate in agreement to (pro)nouns. The conjugation for You (formal) is only used for addressing superiors and other people not intimately connected to the speaker.
• The adparticles in Level 3 Conjugation further conjugate the verb by modality, tense, and mood. When multiple forms are used for polite verbs (e.g. near future subjunctive), the last prepaticle before the verb and the first postparticle after must be in polite form. When either of the future forms are combined with the past tense of the verb, the result will be the future perfect tense; the (plu)perfect form cannot be combined with the future forms to achieve this. Level 3 Conjugation, even though optional, holds for all verbs, regular, irregular, and semiregular.

Level 1 Conjugation Table
Tense/Mood	I	II	III
Basic	o
Polite	enjo
Negative	ani	ante	ani
N. Polite	enani	enante	enani
Past	eva		ecva
P. Polite	evja		ecvja
N. Past	anevi	antvi	anecje
N. P. Polite	anvari	antari	anecare

Level 2 Conjugation Table
Number/Person	I	II	III
I	-
thou (you sg.)	c	s	ś
he/it	t	r	l
she
we	s	n	s
ye (you pl.)	þ	t	ja
they (m/f)	ź	w	z
You (formal)	d

Level 3 Conjugation Table
Verb Form	Tense	Preparticle	Postparticle
Imperative	basic	saj (polite gdas)	-
Infinitive		-	row
Progressive/Imperfect	either	po (polite pocte)	-
Near Future		cta (polite štari)	ša (polite šana)
Distant Future			-
(Plu)perfect		gat (polite gtraj)
Obligative (must)		em (polite emsurí)
Suggestive (should)		-	ša (polite šana)
Permissive (may)			tan (polite tanat)
Abilitative (can)			rejr (polite remate)
Affiliative (like)			ubus (polite ubusana)
Subjunctive (could)			sti (polite stiljo)
Gerund/Participle	past		teh (polite mate)

Irregular Verbs

There are exactly three irregular verbs in the whole of the Jemean language: dzo (дзо) - be [copula], mro (мро) - see, and šro (шро) - know [people, locations].

• Dzo is automatically polite, and thus has no "polite" form for Level 1 Conjugation.
• The verbs all have their own rules for Level 1 Conjugation. For Level 2 Conjugation of non-basic verbs, mro and šro follow the Class III conjugation, while dzo follows Class III for the negative form and Class I for both past forms.

Level 1 Conjugation (Irregular)
Tense/Mood	dzo	mro	šro
Basic	dzo	mro	šro
Polite		mrenjo	šrenjo
Negative	masne	mikani	sitani
N. Polite		mikenani	sitenani
Past	masta	mrcva	šrcva
P. Polite		mrcvja	šrcvja
N. Past	desta	mikace	sitace
N. P. Polite		mikacare	sitacare

Level 2 Conjugation (Irregular)
Pronoun	dzo	mro	šro
I	doz	mro	šro
thou (you sg.)	djes	morc	šas
he/she/it	dzo	mot	štra
we	dzos	mos	šris
ye (you pl.)	doþ	moþ	šrþ
they (m/f)	doź	moź	šaś
You (formal)	djes	mrend	šrenego

Semiregular Verbs

There are six classes of semiregular verbs, based on the mixture of Level 1 and 2 Conjugations. Semiregular verbs will be displayed in the dictionary with the format (A.B), where A is the class of the Level 1 Conjugation, and B that of Level 2. For example:

Level 1 Conjugation (jeco (ецо) - do (II.I))
Tense/Mood	II
Basic	jeco
Polite	jecenjo
Negative	jecante
N. Polite	jecenante
Past	jeceva
P. Polite	jecevja
N. Past	jecantvi
N. P. Polite	jecantari

Level 2 Conjugation (jeco (ецо) - do (II.I))
Pronoun	I
I	jeco
thou (you sg.)	jecoc
he/it	jecot
she
we	jecos
ye (you pl.)	jecoþ
they (m/f)	jecoź
You (formal)	jecod

Pronouns

Pronouns decline similarly to nouns, but have only one class. In addition, pronouns also decline by the possessive and reflexive cases.

Pronoun/Case	Nom	Acc	Erg	Abs	Dat	Gen	Voc	Pos	Rfx
I	patáś	pacek			penta	bení	pat!	benja	pacek
thou (you sg.)	nat	nrlaf			nata	najd	nat!	najda	nrlaf
he/it	krje	kiraj			kirja	krjo	kar!	krjaj	kiraj
she	krše	kiś			kiša	kršo	kaś!	kršaj	kiś
we			vacr	vadam	vadna	basr	vac!	basra	vadim
ye			vos	vesú	vesa	besa	vos!	bese	vis
they (m)			okr	okori	okra	oger	ok!	ogera	okir
they (f)			okś	okoś	oša	ozri	oś!	ozra	okiś
You (formal)*	ros	rejs	ros	rejs	resa	reź	ros!	reža	rejs/rec

(*)This pronoun is formed from the name of the addressee and the appropriate honorific (see below), prefixed on to the appropriate declension of the You (formal) row. It may be used to address a singular or plural amount of people.

In addition, the null pronoun ja is used as a placeholder for pronouns used in the same context in consecutive non-clausal sentences. It is not used in very formal situations, however, due to the potential confusion with its meaning as "no".

Postpositions

In postpositional phrases, the noun that the postposition relates to must agree with the case of the postposition itself. Most postpositions have multiple cases for different denotations, and thus have differences in pronunciation to differentiate.

Postposition	Acc/Erg	Dat	Gen
through	den (motion)	dín (means)
for		per
to	v
against	gag (adjacent)		gig (opposed)
with[out]	[a]m ([not] having)	[a]mer (including/[except])
around		šrk (circum-)	šek (approximately)
until	bed (cutoff)		baþ (time)
out	ak (out to)	ák (outside)	ake (out of)
in	ún (in to)	un (inside)	une (in from)
at	der (location)	deren (goal)	dra (time)
since	kra (origin)		ker (time)
about		pán
from	je (lineage)	eś (origin)
on	na (position)	no (active)	há (about)
off	hem (position)	hin (inactive)
behind/before	mra (behind)	mor (before)	mare (time)
ahead/after	sur (ahead)	šir (after/in front of)	sere (time)
between/among	izu (location)	icu (people, in the middle of)	íšu (time)
adjacent		nejv
opposite		ingur
above/over	enja (over)	ajn (above)	awan (dignity)
below/under	ura (under)	awr (below/beneath)	parn (dignity)

Adjectives + Adverbs

Adjectives are expressed in noun form when describing something indeterminate. E.g. kaj (каь) - red (thing). However, they act as suffixes when they describe definite objects (nouns). E.g. dakkaj (даккаь) - red brick. Successive adjectives are suffixed in reverse order, as in dakkajħow (даккаьхоў) - big red brick (lit. brick-red-big).

Comparatives are formed with one of the following suffixes, depending on the final letter of the target adjective:

• Final letter is a consonant other than j - add jeri to the target adjective.
• Final letter is e or o - add jori to the target adjective.
• Final letter is a, i, or u (or their long forms) - add jari to the target adjective.
• Final letter is j - add ri to the target adjective.

Superlatives prefix i (iš if the adjective already begins with i) to the comparative form of the target adjective. Thus, jajmkroj (яймкроь) [black night] becomes jajmkrojri (яймкроьри) [blacker night] becomes jajmikrojri (яймикроьри) [blackest night]. There are certain exceptions to this rule:

ħow	big	kisal	small
hoveri	bigger	kesaleri	smaller
ihoveri	biggest	ikesaleri	smallest
jori	good	vare	bad
jorari	better	borjori	worse
idorari	best	iporjori	worst
ok	many/much	skoś	few/little
sarari	more	skaneri	fewer/less
išarari	most	iškaneri	fewest/least

Adverbs function similarly, affixing themselves to verbs such that their final vowels (if any) are replaced by the verb's Level 1 Conjugation. E.g. jecjoro (ецёро) [do well]. However, their comparatives and superlatives use those of the adjective ok (many/much). E.g. íkosko sarari (ӥкоско сарари) [go more slowly]. NB: Nouns and verbs retain their original declensions/conjugations even with adjectives and adverbs (respectively) attached!

Conjunctions

Conjunctions come between two related items (nouns, phrases,...). When used in series, they only appear between the first and second elements thereof, like in Japanese.

þo	and
uþr	or
avr	but

In written Jemean, following discourse with a conjunctive statement requires the use of the word ħa (ха) [yes]. For example:

Ħa, avr vacr širenanis remate. (Ха, авр вацр ширэнанис рэматэ.) - Yes, but we cannot die.

Questions + Answers

Any statement can be turned into a question with the particle ká inserted before the verb, as in:

Krje samvar dzo. (Кре самвар дзо.) - He is cold. -> Krje samvar ká dzo? (Кре самвар кӓ дзо?) - Is he cold?

For questions requiring specific answers, the target of inquiry is represented in an interrogative sentence by a question word:

Inquiry	Nom	Acc	Erg	Abs	Dat	Gen	Pos
Who	nadat	nade	nadej	nades	naden	nadel	nader
What	nan	nane	nanej	nans	nanin	nanel	narri

Inquiry	From	At	To
Where	esok	dok	vrok
When	esce	ice	vice

Why	vrim
How	do
How many/much*	dowok-

(*)This question word is attached to the adjective/adverb of inquiry.

For answers to the yes/no questions, use ħa (ха) [yes] or ja (я) [no (not to be confused with the pronoun placeholder)].

Signifiers

For answers to other questions, special pronouns called signifiers may be used to show the answer, rather than simply tell it. The following table shows signifiers that can be treated as masculine nouns and so declined as such. NB: Kojr cannot be used in place of a personal pronoun (I, you, he, she, we...)

Inquiry	Who/What	When	Where
This	kojr	koce	kok
That	sojr	soce	sok
Other	ajr	ace	ak
Every	orojr	oke	ogu
Each	ejr	eci	egu
None	masojr	macr	macke
Some	teci	tone	tokr
Many*	kojr ok	koce ok	kokok
Few*	kojr skoś	koce skoś	koskoś
Any	dador	dace	dakko

(*) Kojr ok/skoś are circumparticles: kojr goes before the noun it augments, and ok/skoś goes after it.

The signifiers from the following table deal with the question word vrim (врим) [why], and so do not decline.

Thus	korim
If	mogo
Then	kosit
Else	sonna
Because	dákar

NB: "There is nothing" is an idiom expressed as kojr masnel (коьр маснэл), with a postpositional phrase between those words clarifying where there is nothing. However, if a noun is inserted between the two, its meaning changes to "This is not X," where X is the noun. Similarly, inserting a question word (like nan) before kojr (or changing kojr to another signifier like kok) in the sentence that explains where there is nothing changes its meaning to "This is not Y," where Y is the postpositional phrase that now explains where something is not.

Numbers

The Jemean counting system is base 10, but it separates large numbers into groups of five digits instead of three. They have a standalone/final form (for mathematics and noun use) and a counter/initial/medial form (for adjectival use).

Number	Standalone	Counter
0*	ržje	re
1*	íc	í
2	fuc	fu
3	mic	mi
4	jo	jo
5	is	is
6	muc	mu
7	nán	ná
8	jac	ja
9	gju	gi
10	on	o
11	íjon	íjo
12	omfuc	omfu
13	ommic	ommi
14	onjo	onjo
15	onis	onis
16	ommuc	ommu
17	onnán	onná
18	onjac	onja
19	ogju	ogi
20	fujon	fujo
21	fujo-íc	fujo-í
22	fujo-fuc	fujo-fu
30	mijon	mijo
40	jojon	jojo
50	išon	išo
60	mujon	mujo
70	nájon	nájo
80	jajon	jajo
90	gijon	gijo
100	ħja	ħja
101	ħja-íc	ħja-í
120	ħja-fujon	ħja-fujo
300	miħja	miħja
612	muħja-omfuc	muħja-omfu
1000	seln	sel
10000	majn	má
1,00000	keml	kel
10,00000	on keml	on kel
36,00120	mijon-muc keml ħja-fujon	mijon-muc keml ħja-fujo
1,00000^2	fukkeml	fukkel
1,00000^3	mikkeml	mikkel
1,00000^[n]	[n]-kkeml	[n]-kkel
.1**	þen íc
.11**	þen í-íc
.215**	þen fu-í-is
π**	mic þen í-jo-í-is-gi-fu-mu-is-...

(*) These two numbers take the singular form, whereas all the others take the plural. Furthermore, íc can be used as an indefinite singluar article (as in í majka (ӥ маька) [a priestess] or íc iro (ӥц иро) [a color]), but there are no definite or plural articles.

(**) Decimals have no counter form, as they are rarely used for quantifying. When they are, they are detached from the noun being quantified.

Counters

The following is a list of counters that are used when numbers are being used adjectivally. They act as suffixes.

Category	Counter	Used For	Example
Numerical	ba	ordinals	miba (3rd)
	jace	percentages	mijace (3%)
Calendar*	nek	days	minek (three days/3rd day)
	jajm	nights	mijajm (three nights)
	šúwa	weeks/days of the week	mišúwa (three weeks/Wednesday)
	cujk	months	micujk (three months/March)
	[t]ton	years	mitton (three years/3 CE)
Clock**	bíro	seconds	mibíro (three seconds)
	šof	minutes	mišof (three minutes)
	ziken	hours	miziken (three hours/ 3 O'Clock)
Living Things	ikra	animals	cúnmikr (three foxes (cúňe))
	cin	people	jedenmicin (three doctors (jedne))
	tav	foods/beverages	bortmitavej (three [loaves of] bread)
Uniform Shape	hrat	flat objects	kawbmihrat (three [pieces of] paper (kabbu))
	márl	round objects	marmimárlej (three balls)
	hov	large objects	gibmihovej (three walls)
	kes	small objects, currency	kardmikes (three [small] candles (karde))
	na[ng]	long objects	vominamm (three sticks (voj))
Other	c	everything else	záwmicej (three statues)

(*) Capitalized, these counters denote calendar dates (šúwa in this case changes meaning to become "day of the week", where Monday is the first day). E.g. The Grateful Dead performed at the Oakland Coliseum Arena on Íšúwa Onisnek Omfucujk Íseln-giħja-jajo-mutton (1шӱўа 15нэк 12цуьк 1986тон) [Monday, December 15, 1986].

(**) Capitalized, these counters denote specific times. E.g. Armistice Day commemorates the end of World War I by a cessation of hostilities on November 11, 1918, at the precise time of Íjoziken (11зикэн) [11 O'Clock].

Arithmetic

Fractions are represented by attaching a number's counter form to a fraction counter, derived from the divisor suffixed to bak (бак) [shorthand for bakrecvjal-mate (бакрэцвял-матэ) - divided]. E.g. mi-bakja (ми-бакя) - 3/8. (NB: Special counters exist for halves (ivus) and quarters (joše).) Negative numbers have the word hik (гик) [short for hiko (гико) - subtract, decrease, take away] before them, as in hik fujon (гик фуён) [-20], while positive numbers may be denoted with ca (ца) [short for cawo (цаўо) - add, increase]. Mathematical operators (which are preceded by an and-series of numbers to be operated on) are described below:

+	ca[wo]
-	hiku/o
×	kakr[o]
÷	bakr[o]

For example, fuc þo jajon, mic, is ca gijon dzo [2 + 80 + 3 + 5 = 90]; fuc þo jajon ca, re mic, is hiku nájojo dzo [(2 + 80) - 3 - 5 = 74]; fuc þo jajon ca, re mic þo is ca, re sojrej hiku, nájojo dzo [(2 + 80) - (3 + 5) = 74].

Honorifics

Jemean uses a vast array of honorifics for addressing people. They are always used in formal situations, but seldom informally, and never intimately. Their inverses are dishonorifics (see below).

Honorific	Used for
sal	general purposes, when the proper honorific is unknown
spen	masculine version of sal
nož	feminine version of sal
jenr	people of a highly learned nature (e.g. doctors, teachers,...)
spem	superiors and elders (not to be confused with spen)
koraj	underlings/inferiors. Vulgar when used out of context
kind	pre-teen boys (adult use only)
dan	pre-teen girls (adult use only)
zne	teenage/young adult males (adult use only)
todr	teenage/young adult females (adult use only)
brád	similar-aged men of equal standing (informal)
zist	similar-aged women of equal standing (informal)
tjomo	friends (informal, vulgar when used out of context)
dajn	important administrators (rulers, CEOs,...) Very respectful, but pretentious when used out of context.
gren	those who work intimately with the innards of society (roadworkers, nurses, farmers,...) Elsewhere, a dishonorific.

Null Honorifics

If the name of a person is not known, then a null honorific is used to address him/her. In the case of ale/al/ala, the first is used between males, the next between people of different genders, and the last between females. NB: Using this for someone whose name is known in certain communities may draw fire from those communities, as they would expect people to know his/her name.

Null Honorific	Used For	Honorific suffix
žiba	elders and other older people	spem
ale (m), al (intersex), ala (f)	middle-aged men	spen
	middle-aged women	nož
	young adult men	brád
	young adult women	zist
	teenage boys	zne
	teenage girls	todr
	young boys	kind
	young girls	dan
brád	equal-aged males	sal (bracal)
zist	equal-aged females	sal (ziscal)

Dishonorifics

Jemean also has several dishonorifics for the sole use of insulting (or joking with, as with close friends) others and sarcasm. For obvious reasons they are all considered vulgar and thus not usable in public. The following list is only of the tamer ones:

Dishonorific	Meaning
bák	idiot, moron
damsi	fool
jár	despicable one
fucigr	klutz
gren	pariah (when used as such)
špard	coward
tákk	geek, nerd
bore	disrespectful one
hebro	brute

Clauses

Clauses are formed from sentences and postpositional phrases with the use of a pronoun, question word, or signifier. The subordinate clauses always precede the main clause. For example:

Dok Grínspenros súmenjod, narri jucur ká dzo? (Док Ґрӥнспэнрос сӱмэнёд, нарри юцур кӓ дзо?) [Which is the house where you live[, Mr. Green]? (lit. Where Mr. Green lives, which house ? is.)]

Cek krje pacek ňemišonkesen ħrawenjol, krje cikenanir! (Цэк кре пацэк њэм50кэсэн храўэнёл, кре цикэнанир!) [The man who owes me 50 ňem didn't show up! (lit. Man he me 50-ňem owes, he did-not-come!)]

Koce ker, sojr krše jumarenjol remate, patáś ursir doz. (Коцэ кэр, соьр кршэ юмарэнёл рэматэ, патӓш урсир доз.) [For now, I am glad that she can dream. (lit. Now since, that she can-dream, I glad am.)]

Dictionary

Nature + The Heavens

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
bradna	брадна	noun (m)	bear
haś	гаш	noun	star
hogara	гоґара	noun	shine
hoger	гоґэр	adjective	shiny, shining
hogro	гоґро	verb (III.II)	shine
gíri	ґӥри	noun	tree
ejmi	эьми	noun	rain
ejmo	эьмо	verb	rain
zejní	зэьнӥ	noun	nature
zuś	зуш	noun	soil, dirt
zuškawen	зушкаўэн	noun (f)	road, trail
izuci	изуци	noun (m)	ram
íki	ӥки	noun	breath
íkijo	ӥкиё	verb	breathe
kawen	каўэн	noun (f)	river
kaþ	каћ	noun	wind
kor	кор	noun	ice
krs	крс	noun	crow
lovare	ловарэ	noun	horse
mejren	мэьрэн	noun	sheep
mizí	мизӥ	noun	water
mjuś	мюш	noun (m/f)	cow/cattle
nek	нэк	noun	day
nerís	нэрӥс	noun (f)	planet
požá	пожӓ	noun	fire
sešk	сэшк	noun	stone
suk	сук	noun (f)	moon
tán	тӓн	noun	valley
tajon	таён	noun	sun
tenral	тэнрал	noun (m/f)	sky
tenramizí	тэнрамизӥ	noun	weather
cúňe	цӱњэ	noun (f)	fox
juhe	югэ	noun	air
juke	юкэ	noun	snow
juko	юко	verb	snow
jam	ям	noun	mountain
jamisal	ямисал	noun	hill
jajm	яйм	noun (f)	night

Time

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
as	ас	noun	morning
bang	баҥґ	noun	evening
Íssere (ÍR)*	Ӥссэрэ (ӤР)	expression	afternoon (technical)
íšir	ӥшир	noun	afternoon
Íšu (ÍŠ)*	Ӥшу (ӤШ)	expression/noun	noon
Íšumare (ÍM)*	Ӥшумарэ (ӤМ)	expression	morning (technical)
Nekízu (NÍ)*	Нэкӥзу (НӤ)	expression/noun	midnight
Suknabí (SN)*	Сукнабӥ (СН)	expression	evening (technical)
Suksof (SS)*	Суксоф (СС)	expression	night (technical)
Tajonabí (TN)*	Таёнабӥ (ТН)	expression/noun	sunrise
Tajonsof (TS)*	Таёнсоф (ТС)	expression/noun	sunset
jajm	яйм	noun (f)	night[time]

(*) The following table lists the exact times wherein these time-of-day expressions fall:

Latin	Cyrillic	Starts	Ends
Nekízu (NÍ)	Нэкӥзу (НӤ)	12:00 AM	12:59 AM
Suksof (SS)	Суксоф (СС)	1:00 AM	4:59 AM
Tajonabí (TN)	Таёнабӥ (ТН)	5:00 AM	7:59 AM
Íšumare (ÍM)	Ӥшумарэ (ӤМ)	8:00 AM	11:59 AM
Íšu (ÍŠ)	Ӥшу (ӤШ)	12:00 PM	12:59 PM
Íssere (ÍR)	Ӥссэрэ (ӤР)	1:00 PM	4:59 PM
Tajonsof (TS)	Таёнсоф (ТС)	5:00 PM	7:59 PM
Suknabí (SN)	Сукнабӥ (СН)	8:00 PM	11:59 PM

Humanity and its Actions

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
ħo	хо	noun	child
mro	мро	verb (Irregular)	see
ňemuro	њэмуро	noun	sleep
odeħo	одэхо	noun	boy (Archaic)
odek	одэк	noun	man (male)
oneħo	онэхо	noun	girl (Archaic)
oneri	онэри	noun	woman
toni	тони	noun (m)	boy (Modern)
cín	цӥн	noun	human, man
jeco	ецо	verb (II.I)	do
juwi	юўи	noun	girl (Modern)

Family

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
brád	брӓд	noun	brother (elder)
zist	зист	noun	sister
karaś	караш	noun	brother (younger)
midasver	мидасвэр	noun	husband (formal), groom
midasvera	мидасвэра	noun	wife (formal), bride
midasmat	мидасмат	noun	marriage
midaso	мидасо	verb (II.III)	marry
odo	одо	noun	husband (informal)
orja	оря	noun	wife (informal)

Food + Drink

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
bort	борт	noun	bread
nommas	номмас	noun	drink, beverage
nomo	номо	verb	drink
swešraj	сўэшраь	noun	milk
swej	сўэь	noun	water (beverage)
tavmas	тавмас	noun	food
tavro	тавро	verb	eat
from	фром	noun	cheese

The Home

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
báś	бӓш	noun	room
morbáś	морбӓш	noun	antechamber
ňemurbáś	њэмурбӓш	noun	bedroom
požabáś	пожабӓш	noun	kitchen
rowk	роўк	noun	hallway
súmo	сӱмо	verb	live (somewhere)
širrowk	ширроўк	noun	foyer, lobby
tavbáś	тавбӓш	noun	dining room
tajonbáś	таёнбӓш	noun	sunroom
ugje	уґе	noun (f)	home
furja	фуря	noun	bath
furjabáś	фурябӓш	noun	bathroom
ješe	ешэ	noun (f)	house
jassabáś	яссабӓш	noun	living room
jasso	яссо	verb	rest

Clothing

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
zwír	зўӥр	noun	robe (men's)
kallotej	каллотэь	noun (pl. only)	pants
košel	кошэл	noun	shirt
mjušnone	мюшнонэ	noun	leather
none	нонэ	noun	cloth
rogi	роґи	noun	robe (women's)
sukon	сукон	noun	skirt
figuri	фиґури	noun	clothes/-ing

Greetings

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
Ašori!	Ашори!	expression	Good morning!
Bangjori!	Баҥґёри!	expression	Good evening!
Vá vá!	Вӓ вӓ!	expression	Bye [bye]! (informal)
Vákerjori!	Вӓкэрёри!	expression	Good bye!
Hirmjori!	Гирмёри!	expression	Good day!
Íširjori!	Ӥширёри!	expression	Good afternoon!
Jajmjori!	Яймёри!	expression	Good night!

Colors

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
awn	аўн	adjective (f)	blue
hor	гор	adjective	grey
iro	иро	noun	color
kaj	каь	adjective (m)	red
korrok	коррок	adjective	multicolored
kroj	кроь	adjective	black
mursak	мурсак	adjective (f)	purple
mjol	мёл	adjective (f)	green, cyan
palś	палш	adjective	pink
rán	рӓн	adjective (f)	indigo
rajle	раьлэ	adjective	lavender
šraj	шраь	adjective	white
cen	цэн	adjective	orange, yellow
cenoger	цэноґэр	adjective	golden
jukra	юкра	adjective	violet

Education

Latin	Cyrillic	Part of Speech	Definition
veder	вэдэр	noun	knowledge
vedo	вэдо	verb	know (facts)
gjako	ґяко	verb	learn
gjakugje	ґякуґе	noun	school
ocer	оцэр	noun	teacher (m)
oceri	оцэри	noun	teacher (f)
ocero	оцэро	verb	teach
šar	шар	noun	wisdom
šerer	шэрэр	adjective	wise
šro	шро	verb (Irregular)	know (people, locations,...)
jedengjak	едэҥґяк	noun	professor