| Kohdese Gwòhn xở Ḷwáng | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||
| Isolating | |||
| Alignment | |||
| Head direction | |||
| Tonal | |||
| Yes | |||
| Declensions | |||
| No | |||
| Conjugations | |||
| No | |||
| Genders | |||
| No | |||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||
| Case | Number | ||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
| Voice | Mood | ||
| Person | Number | ||
| Tense | Aspect | ||
General information[]
Native name Gwòhn xở Ḷwáng /kɰ̈on˥ʰ˨ c͡ɕʼɘː˧˩˧ ˀlˠɑ̌ɴ˨˥/
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Plain | m~b〈m〉 | n~d〈n〉 | (ŋ) | |||
| Glottalic | ˀm~ɓ〈ṃ〉 | ˀn~ɗ〈ṇ〉 | |||||
| Plosive | Plain | p〈b〉 | t〈d〉 | k〈g〉 | |||
| Ejective | pʼ〈p〉 | tʼ〈t〉 | kʼ〈k〉 | (ʔ) | |||
| Fricative | Plain | ɸ〈f〉 | s~ɕ〈s〉 | ʂ〈sh〉 | (h) | ||
| Glottalic | ˀs~ˀɕ〈z〉 | ˀʂ〈zh〉 | |||||
| Affricate | Plain | t͡s~t͡ɕ〈tz〉 | ʈ͡ʂ〈j〉 | c͡ɕ〈c,cz〉 | |||
| Ejective | t͡sʼ~t͡ɕʼ〈ts〉 | ʈ͡ʂʼ〈ch〉 | c͡ɕʼ〈x〉 | ||||
| Liquid | Plain | l〈l〉 | ɽ~ɖ〈r〉 | (j) | (ɰ) | ||
| Glottalic | ˀl〈ḷ〉 | ||||||
- /j/ and /ɰ/ are parts of the syllable nucleus and are attached to specific finals.
- /ŋ/ is only found in the syllable coda.
- /ʔ/ and /h/ are found in certain tone contours only.
- The alveolo-palatal series /c͡ɕ/ and /c͡ɕʼ/ are often [c͡ç] and [c͡çʼ], and contrast with [t͡ɕ] and [t͡ɕʼ] before high front vowels.
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | ||
| High | i | ø | ɯ | u | |
| Mid | e | a~ə | ɤ | o | |
| Low | |||||
- /e/ and /ø/ are often analyzed as a single phoneme.
- Each phoneme has several different allophones in different situations.
- With several exceptions, the sounds /i/, [ɨ], /e/, [ø], /a/, [ə], /ɤ/, /o/, /ɯ/, and /u/ are generally transcribed i, y, e, ê, a, ă, ơ, o, ư, and u respectively in romanization.
Syllable Rime[]
Tones[]
Kohdese possesses an eight-tone system, each with additional features as well.
| Tone Name | Description | Tone Contour | Diacritic | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| téi "above" | low rising | ˨˥ | ´ | |
| tzưào "simple" | mid falling | ˧˨ | ` | |
| kảo "strange" | mid falling-rising, breathy | ˧˩˧ | ̉ | |
| xẹ'i "broken" | mid level, glottalized | ˧ˀ˧ | ̣' | |
| dòḫ "dropped" | high falling, glottalized | ˥ˀ˨ | `' | |
| ṃwớn'g "thrown" | low rising, glottalized | ˨ˀ˦ | ´' | |
| lựhen "within" | mid level, mid-devoiced | ˧ʰ˧ | ̣h | |
| zèhng "light" | high falling, mid-devoiced | ˥ʰ˨ | `h |
The approximate frequencies of the eight tones of Kohdese.