Lanquanese

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	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 100% Adjectives 100% Syntax 97% Words 6500 of 1500

Lanquanese [IPA: læ̹ŋkʷəˈniːz] is a Romance language spoken by about 2.5 million people. Its vocabulary resembles that of the French language, though Lanquanese is almost mutually unintelligible to that of spoken French. However, when spoken at normal speed, the lanuage can easily perceived to be Italian, and many Lanquanese words resemble written Italian words. Lanquanese is a synthetic language, just as are Latin, French, Spanish, Romanian, and German. Out of Latin's three grammatical genders‒‒masculine, feminine, and neuter‒‒Lanquanese has preserved two‒‒masculine and feminine. Like Spanish, distinguishing between genders is not an arduous task, as it often can be in French or Romanian. There are no cases that are formed with endings tacked on the to end of a noun, as nouns are the used in their nominative form‒‒the standard‒‒wherever they may be placed in a sentence. Lanquanese verbs are conjugated by person, number, and gender, as well as by tense/mood and voice. Nouns are declined by number and gender, and the like is also applied to adjectives.

Name: Lanquanese Type: Synthetic Alignment: Accusative Head Direction: Initial Number of genders: 2 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
Numbers	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Setting

Lanquanese is the official language in the country of Lanquania. It is broken up into two medium-sized islands and four small isles and located off the west coast of France and north coast of Spain. With almost 2.5 million people speaking it as their mother tongue, the only other official language is French. The language is also a minority language in parts of Andorra, though particularly in the French coastal region of Bordeaux. Lanquania is made up of ten states: Zacchè, Ghegna, Vacherta, Quartello, Bellagio, Monatagia, Marcetti, Iloquella, La Mezza, and Gnello. The water from the Bay of Biscay, which surrounds the nation, forms the Quanagella River, cutting the nation into two islands, dividing it in half. Lez Arge, the famous Lanquanian mountain range, sets the boundary between Bellagio and Monatagia. All the coastal land surrounding the entire nation makes for wonderful beaches during the summer with warm temperatures, especially in the peninsular state of Gnello, "the Beach State", which prides itself for its crystal clear waters. Lanquania's major exports are granite from Lez Arge, emeralds and sapphires mined from Zacchè and Iloquella, and milk from Orgêssio. "The Cow State" milk is supposedly the creamiest and tastiest due to the upbringing of their cattle and the lush pasture on which they graze. The capital city of Lanquania, Delana, is found in the south of Bellagio and is a two hour drive to Lez Arge. It is also located on the Clearwater Lake, which leads into the Quanagella River. Ferries that cross the Quanagella are often taken from the other half of Lanquania to reach Delana.

Alphabet and Phonology

The Lanquanese alphabet is made up of 40 letters, many of which may be perceived to speakers of English as two letters combined. However, in Lanquanese, these so-called double letters are actually one letter. While they head their own section in a dictionary, both letters are not placed in the same spot in activities such as crossword puzzles or word searches. Unlike other languages, particularly Latin ones, there are no loan letters. All the letters of the Lanquanese alphabet are completely Lanquanese, though some are used more than others. Lanquanese is read just as it looks.

LANQUANESE ALPHABET:

Aa Bb Cc CHch CIci CEce CYcy Dd Ee Ff Gg GHgh GIgi GEge GYgy GNgn GUgu Hh Ii Jj
Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp QUqu Rr Ss SGIsgi Tt Uu Vv Ūū Xx XHxh XIxi XExe XYxy Zz ZZzz Yy

Consonants

There are 35 consonants in Lanquanese, seen in normal fontface in the chart above. However, only 33 of those are true consonants due to the fact that two of the consonants are actually semi-vowels. These semi-vowels can be seen italicized in the same chart. In Lanquanese, most consonants have the same sound as they would in English. These would be Bb, Dd, Ff, Hh, Ll, Mm, Nn, Pp, QUqu, Ss, Tt, Vv, and Zz. However, there are quite a few consonants that would not always be pronounced the way an English speaker might think:

Letter	Cc	CHch	CIci	CEce	CYcy	Gg	GHgh	GIgi	GEge	GYgy
English:	cat	chemist	ciabatta	cello	like CIci	gum	ghetto	fusion	rouge	like GIgi

Letter	GNgn	GUgu	Jj	Rr	SGIsgi	Xx	XHxh	XIxi	XExe	XYxy
English:	lasagne	guava	yes	rolled	shock	fox	exhale	gin	gem	like XIxi

• It is good to keep in mind that the vowels in CIci, CEce, GYgy, XExe, etc. can change pronunciation when diacritics are placed on them following the rules that that particular vowel follows.

Letter	Ūū	ZZzz
English:	dishwasher	mozzarella

There are also characters in Lanquanese which are not letters in the alphabet, yet are used nonetheless. Two of these have diacritic marks on them: the cedilla on the Cc and the dash on the Hh.

Letter	SGIsgi OR SGEsge	Çç	Ħħ
English:	A light sh as in chef or hush	check	Bach

Here is a table of all the sounds that exist in Lanquanese using the International Phonetic Alphabet:

		Bilabial		Labiode.		Dental		Alveol.		Postalve.		Retrofl.		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyn.		Epiglot.		Glottal
Plosives		p	b			t			d					c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ
Affricates
Fricatives				f	v			s	z	ʃ	ʒ			ç		x									ɦ
Lateral Fricatives								ɬ
Lateral Affricates
Nasals			m		ɱ				n						ɲ		ŋ
Trills						r
Flaps / taps						ɾ
Glides	Approxim.													j
	Lateral Appr.					l								ʎ		ʟ
	Co-art. approx.	ʍ w ɥ												ɥ		ʍ w

Here is how these IPA letters are represented in Lanquanese. If the letter seem in the box above is not seen in the chart below, this signifies that it has the same sound in Lanquanese.

ɟ = ghi + vwl.	ʒ = g + e, i, or y	ɲ = gn; nj; ni + vwl.	ɬ = l in final position	ʍ = h + u or ū	c = ch + i + vwl.	ʎ = lj; li + vwl.
q = cħ	x = 'ħ	ŋ = n + c, g, or q	ɦ = h	ɱ = m/n + f or v	ʃ = sg + i or e	ɢ = l + g
ç = vwl. + h + vwl.	ʟ = l + cons.	ɥ = û + vwl.	ɾ = vwl. + r + vwl.

Vowels

Lanquanese has 6 vowels, seen in bold as in the alphabet chart above, and two semi-vowels, seen in italics in the same chart. Sometimes, when placed before or after another vowel, Ii and Uu can act as semivowels, though technically they are not. All 6 vowels can have diacritics on them, which either change the stress placed on them, alter their pronunciation, or do both. There are 4 diacritics that can be placed on them: the acute (´), the grave (`), the circumflex (^), or the diæresis (¨). In general, the acute diacritic changes stress, the grave changes stress, pronunciation or both, the circumflex changes stress, pronunciation, or both, and the diæresis changes lengthens the value of the vowel.

	Front		Near front		Central		Near back		Back
Close	i	y								u
Near-close			ɪ
Close-mid	e									o
Mid					ə
Open-mid	ɛ									ɔ
Near-open
Open	a

Here is a chart that shows the sounds of all vowels, with and without diacritics, from the IPA. Notice that the grave and circumflex serve the same purpose, but that the grave is placed at the end of a word and the circumflex is placed elsewhere. Also note that when letters with the grave are placed within a word and when letters with a circumflex are placed outside a word, the stress shifts.

Normal	Acute	Grave	Circumflex	Diæresis
Aa = /a/	Áá = /a/*	Àà = /a/*	Ââ = /a/*	Ää = /aː/
Ee = /e/	Éé = /e/*	Èè = /ɛ/; /ɛ/*†	Êê = /ɛ/; /ɛ/*†	Ëë = /eː/
Ii = /i/	Íí = /i/*	Ìì = /i/	Îî = /i/	Ïï = /iː/
Oo = /o/	Óó = /o/*	Òò = /ɔ/; /ɔ/*†	Ôô = /ɔ/; /ɔ/*†	Öö = /oː/
Uu = /u/	Úú = /u/*	Ùù = /y/; /y/*†	Ûû = /y/; /y/*†	Üü = /uː/
Yy = /ə/ or /ɪ/*	Ýý = /ɪ/*	Ỳỳ = /ə/ or /ɪ/*	Ŷŷ = /ə/ or /ɪ/*	Ÿÿ = /əː/ or /ɪː/*

• This denotes that the letter is normally stressed. When two or more letters that denote stress are in the same word, the second one takes the stress.
• †This denotes that this takes place only when (I) the grave is at the middle or beginning of a word or (II) the circumflex is at the end of a word.

Here is a chart to show how to pronounce the IPA characters:

IPA	English Equivalent	IPA	English Equivalent
/a/	money	/ə/	pencil
/e/	café without 'y' sound at end	/ɪ/	ripped
/i/	teeth	/ɛ/	bed
/o/	boat without 'w' sound at end	/ɔ/	cross between done and don
/u/	loot	/y/	as in French tu

Phonotactics

There are many consonant clusters allowed in Lanquanese that are not permissible in English. Likewise, the two languages also share a bunch of permissible clusters. Here is a table which shows permissible Lanquanese consonant clusters with examples:

Cluster + Example	Cluster + Example	Cluster + Example	Cluster + Example
bl = blûr	fr = fròliquer	sb = sbaglia	sp = spigotta
br = brije	gl = glisser	sc = scojer	spl = splën
cl = clûbbo	gr = grande	scl = escluir	spr = sprër
cn = cnôba	hr = hrinoser	scr = scritto	squ = squaloppi
cr = crù	mn = mnúpai	sf = sforzo	st = starnutar
cs = Cazacstan	ng = ângulo	sfr = sfringolar	str = strïtto
ct = correctar	pj = pje	sg = sgeir	sv = svêta
dj = radjo	pl = plover	sh = eshaleir	th = thigua
dl = ladlo	pn = pneū	sj = sjuro	tl = atlazzo
dr = cudrer	pr = prûno	sl = sluir	tr = traduir
dz = dzia	ps = psichir	sm = smogyrar	vr = vrijer
fl = flïr	pt = septa	sn = snorir

Stress

Stress in Lanquanese is fairly basic. Unlike other Romance languages, such as Romanian or Italian, stress is never irregular. It is always either marked with an stress-changing diacritic or follows the normal stress pattern.

REGULAR PATTERN

When a word ending in a consonant contains no stress-changing diacritic, the normal rule is that the emphasis is placed on the ultimate syllable, that is the last one. Therefore, enstrumôn is pronounced en-stroo-MON. When a word ending in a vowel contains no stress-changing diacritic, the normal rule is that the emphasis is placed on the penultimate syllable, that is the second-to-last. Semi- vowels are not counted as a whole syllable. Therefore, mamilja is pronounced ma-MEE-lya and nazzionalo is pronounced na-tsyon-A-lo. However, since semi-vowels do not count as whole syllables, etudio would be pronounced as e-TOO-dyo.

IRREGULAR PATTERN

This normal rule is not followed when there is a stress-changing diacritic in the word that shifts the emphasis to its syllable. Letters with diacritics that are always stress-changing no matter where they are placed in the word are: Áá, Éé, Íí, Óó, Úú, Ýý. Letters with diacritics that are stress-changing only when they are placed at the end of a word are: Àà, Ùù, Êê, and Ôô. Letters with diacritics that are stress-changing when they are placed anywhere but at the end of a word are: Èè, Òò, and Ââ. If a word contains letters with diacritics that do not change the stress of the word, the stress is placed on the correct syllable as the regular pattern above states.

Basic Grammar

Nouns

Singular Nouns

Lanquanese nouns are not as hard to work with as they are in other languages. As Lanquanese is a Romance language, it has retained two of the three grammatical genders from Latin: masculine and feminine. Being able to differentiate between feminine and masculine nouns is not hard. A noun's gender can be distinguished by the letter with which the noun ends. A singular noun that ends in the vowels Aa, Ee (or Êê), Ii or the consonants Nn, Ss, or Ūū is feminine. Nouns are also feminine if the meaning of the word is implicitly feminine. Such is the case with nouns like woman, hen, or daughter. A singular noun that ends in the vowels Èè (or sometimes Êê), Oo, Uu, or Yy or any consonant other than Nn, Ss, or Ūū is masculine. Nouns are also masculine if the meaning of the word is implicitly masculine. Such is the case with nouns like man, rooster, or son. In addition, nouns can be masculine if they end in -ista, signifying the suffix -ist or -er/-or in English. (The equivalent of this for feminine nouns is -egna). The gender of the noun must be known in order to correctly use adjectives and articles accordingly.

Plural Nouns

When it comes to making the plural of nouns, the task is not extremely difficult, yet not the easiest job either. For both masculine and feminine nouns, the plural is formed in multiple ways.

1. If a noun ends in an -a, replace it with -e to form the plural.

2. If a noun ends in -e, -i (or -ì), -o, or -u, replace it with -i to form the plural. (This means that, in essence, words ending in -i or -ì stay the same in the plural as in the singular).

3. If a noun ends in -ai or -oi, add an -e to form the plural.

4. If a noun ends in -_io (where _ is Cc, Gg, or Xx), replace -io with -ì to form the plural.

5. If a noun ends in -_ia (where _ is Cc, Gg, or Xx), replace -ia with -e to form the plural.

6. If a noun ends in -_ie/-_io (where _ is not Cc, Gg, or Xx), replace -ie/-io with -ï to form the plural. (Technically this follows pluralizing rule #2 which would state that -ie/-io would change to -ii in the plural, but Lanquanese g rammar states that -aa change to -ä, -ee to -ë, -ii to -ï, etc.).

7. If a noun ends in -_a (where _ is Ee, Éé, or Êê), replace -_a with -ë.(Technically this follows pluralizing rule #1 which would state that -ea (even with a diacritic on Ee) would change to -ee (with appropriate diacritics on Ee) in the plural, but Lanquanese grammar states that -aa change to -ä, -ee to -ë, -ii to -ï, etc.).

8. If a noun ends in -à, -è, -ò, or -ù, replace the grave accent (`) with a circumflex (^), and add -le to form the plural. (If however the noun ends in -lè, instead of the plural being -lêle, it is actually -lì)

9. If a noun ends in -ã or -õ, add -e to form the plural.

10. If a noun ends in in -é, -í, -ó, or -ú, replace the final vowel of the word with its nasal equivalent plus its nasal cessor. If there is an additional vowel before the final one, add a Jj between the first vowel and the nasal equivalent and cessor. Here is a chart to show the correct nasal equivalent and nasal cessor to add to form the plural.

Letter	Nasal Equivalent	Nasal Cessor
-é	ã	e
-í	õ	e
-ó	õ	e
-ú	õ	o

11. If a noun ends in -ä, -ë, -ï, -ö, or -ü, replace the final vowel of the word with its nasal equivalent plus its nasal cessor. If there is an additional vowel before the final one, add a Jj between the first vowel and the nasal equivalent and cessor. Here is a chart to show the correct nasal equivalent and nasal cessor to add to form the plural.

Letter	Nasal Equivalent	Nasal Cessor
-ä	ã	o
-ë	ã	e
-ï or -ö	õ	e
-ü	õ	o

12. If a noun ends in -ê or -ô, replace the final letter with -î to form the plural.

13. If a noun ends in a consonant, add -e to form the plural.

14. If a noun ends in -_e (where _ is Cc, Gg, or Xx), replace -e with -ë to form the plural.

15. If a noun ends in -_i (where _ Cc, Gg, or Xx), replace -i with -e to form the plural.

16. If a noun ends in -al, change -al to -ai to form the plural.

There are also a few irregular plurals as shown is this chart below:

Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
bö	boze	maëre	maëre
bü	buje	paio	pai
chef	cheve	pesge	pessõe
dé	doce	qü	qüle
fi	fie	ré	roje
frè	frì	vegetaljo	vegetai
lece	lecele	vezça	vece
lï	lizze	vi (masculine)	vi
nêz	nizele	vi (feminine)	vie

Adjectives

Adjectives are not necessarily that hard to learn in Lanquanese. All Lanquanese adjectives (that go after the noun) inflect ‒ all adjectives inflect in number ‒ but not all adjectives inflect in gender. Lanquanese adjectives must agree in gender and in number with the noun they modify. Thus, if the noun is feminine plural, so will be the adjective. If it is masculine singular, so will be the adjective. All Lanquanese adjectives have a neutral adjectival form, which is the form that will be seen under a dictionary or thesaurus heading. A good way of putting is that a neutral adjectival form is to an adjective what the infinitive is to a verb. You can never look at an adjective and know whether it is in the neutral adjectival form, it's just something you have to know by heart, similar to knowing which ending a verb has in its infinitive.

Articles

There are two types of articles in English and Lanquanese: the definite article and the indefinite article.

Definite Article

The definite article in English is "the". It is used the same was in Lanquanese as it is in English. In Lanquanese, there are five forms as seen in this chart below:

Gender	Singular Before	Singular Before	Plural Before	Plural Before
	consonant	vowel	consonant	vowel
masculine	lo	l'	le	lez
feminine	la	l'	le	lez

Indefinite Article

The indefinite article English is "a" or "an" before a vowel. These are used the same way in Lanquanese as they are in English. In Lanquanese, there are two forms as seen in this chart below:

Gender	Singular Before	Singular Before
	consonant	vowel
masculine	un	un
feminine	una	un

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives are adjectives like my, his, her, our, their, etc. While technically adjectives, they are still often misunderstood to be pronouns. The reason for this is because each possessive adjective has a corresponding subject. They are called possessive because they describe who possesses the object in the sentence. If "he" owns the ball, we can say that it is "his ball", where his is the possessive adjective and he is the corresponding subject pronoun. Subject pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, who, we, and they. However, in Lanquanese, subject pronouns have more variety and there exist subject pronouns in Lanquanese that do not exist in English. For more information on subject pronouns, see the section under Pronouns.

Following is a table displaying all the possessive adjectives in Lanquanese:

Subject	Masculine	Masculine	Masculine	Masculine	Feminine	Feminine	Feminine	Feminine
	Before Consonant	Before Consonant	Before Vowel	Before Vowel	Before Consonant	Before Consonant	Before Consonant	Before Consonant
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
jo	mio	mei	mi	mei	mia	mei	mi	mei
tu	tio	tei	ti	tei	tia	tei	ti	tei
il	lio	lei	iel	lei	lia	lei	iel	lei
ella	elo	fei	el	fei	ela	fei	el	fei
ol	io	oi	iol	oi	ia	oi	iol	oi
ogna	ognio	ognei	ogni	ognei	ognia	ognei	ogni	ognei
chi	chio	chei	chi	chei	chia	chei	chi	chei
eso/esa	sio	sei	si	sei	sia	sei	si	sei
nôssi	nôsso	nôssei	nôssel	nôssei	nôssa	nôssei	nôssel	nôssei
vôssi	vôsso	vôssei	vôssel	vôssei	vôssa	vôssei	vôssel	vôssei
vu	vôsso	vôssei	vôssel	vôssei	vôssa	vôssei	vôssel	vôssei
ile	loro	lori	lor	lori	lora	lore	lor	lorei
elle	eloro	elori	elor	elori	elora	elore	elor	elorei
ole	luoro	luori	luor	luori	luora	luore	luor	luorei

Gender of Adjectives

As with nouns, there are two genders that adjectives can have: masculine and feminine. One thing that must be understood about Lanquanese adjectives is that they cannot be classified as either masculine or feminine until they have a masculine or feminine noun to modify. Therefore, when the gender of an object in Lanquanese is undetermined, the neutral adjectival noun form is used. The object is usually referred to by "ciò" (ɡenderless this/that) or "quo" (genderless it). Adjectives that are in the neutral noun form can end in almost any letter. To make them masculine follow these steps:

• If the adjective is in the neutral adjectival form and ends in -a, it can be made masculine by changing the -a to -o and made feminine by leaving it as it is. (Example: neutral & feminine: generoza; masculine: generozo)
• If the adjective is in the neutral adjectival form and ends in -a with an -o before it, instead of forming the masculine by changing the -a to -o, change instead the -a to -j. (Example: neutral & feminine: enprimoa; masculine: enprimoj not enprimoo)

• If the adjective is in the neutral adjectival form and ends in -e, it can be made masculine or feminine by leaving it as it is. (Example: neutral & feminine & masculine: grande)

• If the adjective is in the neutral adjectival form and ends in -i or -ì, it can be made masculine by changing the -i or -ì to -o and made feminine by leaving it as it is. (Example: neutral & feminine: gricì; masculine griço)

• If the adjective is in the neutral adjectival form and ends in -o, it can be made masculine by leaving it as it is and made feminine by changing the -o to -a. (Example: neutral & masculine: povro; feminine: povra)

• If the adjective is in the neutral adjectival form and ends in -u, it can be made masculine by leaving it as it is and made feminine by changing the -u to -a. (Example: neutral & masculine: simplu; feminine: simpla)

• If the adjective is in the neutral adjectival form and ends in a consonant, it can be made masculine or feminine by leaving it as it is. (Example: neutral & masculine & feminine: possabil)
• If the adjective is in the neutral adjectival form and ends in a vowel with a diacritic, it can be made masculine or feminine by leaving it as it is. (Example: neutral & masculine & feminine: favorettà)

Number of Adjectives

Also as with nouns, there is a way to make adjectives plural in Lanquanese. Albeit, not nearly as hard as with Lanquanese nouns. One thing to remember is that Lanquanese nouns always end in -e. The process of making adjectives plural is very similar to that of pluralizing nouns. Adjectives can be made plural by following these steps:

• If an adjective already ends in -e, the plural is the same as the singular.

• If an adjective ends in a consonant, an -e is added to the word to form its plural.

• If an adjective ends any vowel (without diacritical marks), the plural is formed by replacing the final vowel with -e.

• If an adjective ends in a vowel with an accent grave (`), the plural can be formed using the same rules nouns use. (See rule #8 under Plural Nouns).

• If an adjective ends in a vowel with an acute accent (´), the plural can be formed using the same rules nouns use. (See rule #10 under Plural Nouns.)

• If an adjective ends in a vowel with a diæresis (¨), the plural can be formed using the same rules nouns use. (See rule #11 under Plural Nouns.)

Placement of Adjectives

Adjectives can be placed either after or before a noun. The knowledge of where they are placed is governed by certain rules. If an adjective describes quantity (such as "four"), possession (such as "his"), or if it points something out (such as "this"), they are placed before the noun. Also, if it describes quantity, and sometimes possession, they do not inflect, meaning they do not change in gender or number.

Verbs

Verbs are probably the hardest part of any language to grasp. In Lanquanese, this is certainly proven the case.

Infinitive

A verb infinitive is the raw form of the verb which often has to be worked with before it can be used in a sentence. This "working with" a verb is a declination called "conjugation". In Lanquanese, the infinitive can end in -ar, -er, -ir, or -ûr. Two extremely common verbs in the infinitive are aver (to have) and essar (to be).

Past Partipicle

In Lanquanese, the past participle is the past form of a verb. In English, the past participle is the same thing. The past participle of the English "to choose" is chosen, "to walk" is walked, and "to speak" is spoken. In Lanquanese, there are two types of past participles: an active past participle and a passive past participle. The same concept also exists in English, but the same word for both is used. For example in the sentence: "He has eaten the apple.", the word eaten is the active past participle. In the sentence: "The apple was eaten by him.", the word eaten is the passive past participle. The difference is that the active past participle is used as a verb, whereas the passive past participle is used as an adjective, all while technically being a verb! To distinguish in Lanquanese whether a verb is an active or passive participle is simple. If the verb "to have" (aver) is used with the past participle, it is active. If the verb "to be(come)" (essar/avenir) is used with the past participle, it is passive. The same applies in English as in the example sentences above.

Forming the Active Past Participle

The active past participle is formed for -ar, -er, and -ir verb infinitives by taking off the final -r and adding an acute accent on the leftover vowel. Thus -ar becomes -á, -er becomes -é, and -ir becomes -í. For the -ûr verb infinitive, the final -r is removed as for the circumflex on the u, to be replaced by an accent grave. Thus -ûr becomes -ù. Also, verbs infinitives ending in -_rer (where _ is a consonant) or -aitrar make their active past participle by removing -rer and adding -u and by removing -aitrar and adding -ú, respectively. Thus, fondrer becomes fondu, and quonaitrar becomes quonú. The only exception to this is for the verb essar (to be), where the active past participle is (e)sté. The e in brackets is only used in formal situations.

Forming the Passive Past Participle

The passive past participle is formed for any verb infinitive by taking off the final -r and adding -tto. The exception is with -_rer verbs (where _ is a consonant), where -rer is removed and then -utto is added. Remember, because the passive past participle acts like an adjective, -tto (masculine & neutral) can also be -tta (feminine) or -tte (plural). Thus, the passive past participle of acetar is acetatto/-a/-e and the passive past participle of fondrer is fondutto/-a/-e. There are a handful of exceptions to this rule, the most common being that the passive past participle of essar and aver are (e)stesso/-a/-e (the e 'in brackets is only used in formal situations) and avutto/-a/-e.

Present Participle

The present participle is equivalent to an English word ending in -ing. In Lanquanese, -ing is equivalent to the ending -nte. To form the present participle, take off the final -r of the verb infinitive, and add -nte. Thus, the present participle of acetar is acetante and the present participle of fondrer is fondrente. The only exceptions to this rule are the present participles of essar and aver, which are (e)stante (the e in brackets is only used in formal situations) and aviente.

Tenses and Moods

A tense or mood in Lanquanese is different sets of ways of conjugating a verb. In Lanquanese there are 9 simple tenses/moods (meaning that they are only one word) and 9 compound tenses/moods (meaning that there are more than one word) and the imperative, the mood that commands someone to do something. Compound tenses are just the conjugation of aver (to have) in the simple tenses with the active past participle of the verb being conjugated. In Lanquanese, a tense is distinguished by the endings the verb has accordin to who is using it, be it I, you, him or her, we, they, etc. In Lanquanese, il, ella, ol, eso/esa, chi, and ogna all conjugate the same, ve and vôssi conjugate the same, and ile, elle, and ole conjugate the same. Thus, in Lanquanese conjugation, the only the conjugation for il, vôssi, and ile are shown, but these conjugations are the same for the other pronouns in their conjugation category.

Present Tense

The present tense is the one that is used the most often in both Lanquanese and English. This tense is used to show things that take place now, such as I eat, you eat, he eats, we eat, they eat.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE PRESENT REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habita	nôssi	habitono
tu	habiti	vôssi	habiteza
il	habità	ile	habitão

arriver			-er verb
jo	arrive	nôssi	arrivono
tu	arrivi	vôssi	arriveza
il	arrive	ile	arrivãe

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squezo	nôssi	squezono
tu	squezi	vôssi	squezeza
il	squeze	ile	squezõe

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristorù	nôssi	ristorono
tu	ristori	vôssi	ristoreza
il	ristoro	ile	ristorõo

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	ai	nôssi	avono
tu	az	vôssi	aveza
il	a	ile	aū

essar			irregular verb
jo	siù	nôssi	essono
tu	sei	vôssi	esseza
il	è	ile	sõe

Imperfect Tense

The imperfect tense is the one that is used to show things that were taking place, such as I was eating, you were eating, he was eating, we were eating, they were eating.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE IMPERFECT REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habitiasso	nôssi	habitiamo
tu	habitiatto	vôssi	habitiama
il	habitai	ile	habitei

arriver			-er verb
j'	arriviasso	nôssi	arriviamo
tu	arriviatto	vôssi	arriviama
il	arrivai	ile	arrivei

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squeziasso	nôssi	squeziamo
tu	squeziatto	vôssi	squeziama
il	squezai	ile	squezei

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristoriasso	nôssi	ristoriamo
tu	ristoriatto	vôssi	ristoriama
il	ristorai	ile	ristorei

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	aviasso	nôssi	aviono
tu	aviatto	vôssi	avieza
il	ai	ile	avei

essar			irregular verb
jo	ero	nôssi	erono
tu	erai	vôssi	ereza
il	era	ile	eraū

Simple Past Tense

The simple past tense is the one that is used to show things that happened, such as I ate, you ate, he ate, we ate, they ate.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habitó	nôssi	habitiamo
tu	habitassi	vôssi	habitiate
il	habitai	ile	habitarono

arriver			-er verb
jo	arrivé	nôssi	arriviemo
tu	arrivessi	vôssi	arriviete
il	arrivei	ile	arriverono

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squezí	nôssi	squezimo
tu	squezissi	vôssi	squezite
il	squezei	ile	squezirono

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristorú	nôssi	ristoriumo
tu	ristorussi	vôssi	ristoriute
il	ristorui	ile	ristorurono

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	aveço	nôssi	avemmo
tu	avessi	vôssi	avete
il	avei	ile	avreno

essar			irregular verb
jo	fui	nôssi	fuimo
tu	fossi	vôssi	fuiste
il	fu	ile	furono

Future Tense

The future tense is the one that is used to show things that are going to take place, such as I will eat, you will eat, he will eat, we will eat, they will eat.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE FUTURE REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habitarai	nôssi	habitarono
tu	habitaraz	vôssi	habitareza
il	habitarà	ile	habitarão

arriver			-er verb
jo	arriverai	nôssi	arriverono
tu	arriveraz	vôssi	arrivereza
il	arriverà	ile	arriverão

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squezirai	nôssi	squezirono
tu	squeziraz	vôssi	squezireza
il	squezirà	ile	squezirão

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristorûrai	nôssi	ristorûrono
tu	ristorûraz	vôssi	ristorûreza
il	ristorûrà	ile	ristorûrão

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	avrai	nôssi	avrono
tu	avraz	vôssi	avreza
il	avrà	ile	avrão

essar			irregular verb
jo	serai	nôssi	serono
tu	seraz	vôssi	sereza
il	serà	ile	serão

Conditional Mood

The conditional mood is the one that is used to show things that would happen, such as I would eat, you would eat, he would eat, we would eat, they would eat.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE CONDITIONAL REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habitariasso	nôssi	habitariono
tu	habitariatto	vôssi	habitarieza
il	habitarai	ile	habitarei

arriver			-er verb
jo	arriveriasso	nôssi	arriveriono
tu	arriveriatto	vôssi	arriverieza
il	arriverai	ile	arriverei

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squeziriasso	nôssi	squeziriono
tu	squeziriatto	vôssi	squezirieza
il	squezirai	ile	squezirei

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristorûriasso	nôssi	ristorûriono
tu	ristorûriatto	vôssi	ristorûrieza
il	ristorûrai	ile	ristorûrei

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	avriasso	nôssi	avriono
tu	avriatto	vôssi	avrieza
il	avrai	ile	avrei

essar			irregular verb
jo	seriasso	nôssi	seriono
tu	seriatto	vôssi	serieza
il	serai	ile	serei

Necessary Tense

The necessary tense is the one that is used to show things that are supposed to take place, such as I should eat, you should eat, he should eat, we should eat, they should eat.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE NECESSARY REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habitarò	nôssi	habitarogno
tu	habitarossi	vôssi	habitarozze
il	habitarogge	ile	habitarõe

arriver			-er verb
jo	arriverò	nôssi	arriverogno
tu	arriverossi	vôssi	arriverozze
il	arriverogge	ile	arriverõe

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squezirò	nôssi	squezirogno
tu	squezirossi	vôssi	squezirozze
il	squezirogge	ile	squezirõe

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristorûrò	nôssi	ristorûrogno
tu	ristorûrossi	vôssi	ristorûrozze
il	ristorûrogge	ile	ristorûrõe

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	avrò	nôssi	avrogno
tu	avrossi	vôssi	avrozze
il	avrogge	ile	avrõe

essar			irregular verb
jo	serò	nôssi	serogno
tu	serossi	vôssi	serozze
il	serogge	ile	serõe

Potential/Able Tense

The able tense, also known as the potential tense, is the one that is used to show things that could take place, such as I could eat, you could eat, he could eat, we could eat, they could eat.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE POTENTIAL/ABLE REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habitarei	nôssi	habitaregno
tu	habitaressi	vôssi	habitarezze
il	habitaresge	ile	habitarenta

arriver			-er verb
jo	arriverei	nôssi	arriveregno
tu	arriveressi	vôssi	arriverezze
il	arriveresge	ile	arriverenta

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squezirei	nôssi	squeziregno
tu	squeziressi	vôssi	squezirezze
il	squeziresge	ile	squezirenta

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristorûrei	nôssi	ristorûregno
tu	ristorûressi	vôssi	ristorûrezze
il	ristorûresge	ile	ristorûrenta

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	avrei	nôssi	avregno
tu	avressi	vôssi	avrezze
il	avresge	ile	avrenta

essar			irregular verb
jo	serei	nôssi	seregno
tu	seressi	vôssi	serezze
il	seresge	ile	serenta

Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive is the one that is used to show things that are may take place or used to express an emotion (doubt, fear, desire, etc.) in the present, such as I may eat, you may eat, he may eat, we may eat, they may eat.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habitage	nôssi	habitâssio
tu	habitasgi	vôssi	habitâssia
il	habitasgì	ile	habitassenta

arriver			-er verb
jo	arrivage	nôssi	arrivâssio
tu	arrivasgi	vôssi	arrivâssia
il	arrivasgì	ile	arrivassenta

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squezige	nôssi	squezíssio
tu	squezisgi	vôssi	squezíssia
il	squezisgì	ile	squezissenta

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristorûge	nôssi	ristorûssio
tu	ristorûsgi	vôssi	ristorûssia
il	ristorûsgì	ile	ristorûssenta

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	asgo	nôssi	avessio
tu	asgi	vôssi	avessia
il	asge	ile	asgenta

essar			irregular verb
jo	sgio	nôssi	sgiâssio
tu	sgei	vôssi	sgiâssia
il	sgia	ile	sgiassenta

Imperfect Subjunctive Mood

The imperfect subjunctive is the one that is used to show things that might take place or used to express an emotion (doubt, fear, desire, etc.) in the past, such as I might eat, you might eat, he might eat, we might eat, they might eat.

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS IN THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE REGULARLY:

habitar			-ar verb
jo	habitache	nôssi	habitâme
tu	habitasse	vôssi	habitâte
il	habitât	ile	habitenta

arriver			-er verb
jo	arrivache	nôssi	arrivâme
tu	arrivasse	vôssi	arrivâte
il	arrivât	ile	arriventa

squezir			-ir verb
jo	squeziche	nôssi	squezíme
tu	squezisse	vôssi	squezíte
il	squezít	ile	squezenta

ristorûr			-ûr verb
jo	ristorûche	nôssi	ristorûme
tu	ristorûsse	vôssi	ristorûte
il	ristorût	ile	ristorenta

IRREGULAR VERBS:

aver			irregular verb
jo	aveche	nôssi	avesseme
tu	avesse	vôssi	aveste
il	avût	ile	avessenta

essar			irregular verb
jo	foche	nôssi	fosseme
tu	fosse	vôssi	foste
il	fût	ile	fossenta

Imperative Mood

The imperative mood is the one that is used to make commands, such as eat! or let's eat!' This is formed the same way as the present tense and is only used with tu, vu/'vôssi, or nôssi. However, when using the imperative with tu, the stem of the infinitive is used with the -r being dropped. With the verbs aver, essar, and irar (to go), the imperative is formed by using the subjunctive mood, or alternately, but less commonly, the present tense.

Orthographically Changing Verbs

Orthographically changing verbs are regular verbs that are conjugated by changing their stem before adding the regular endings. Here are the rules governing these types of verbs:

• One syllable verbs that end in -ar, -er, or -ir remove the -r and add z before continuing to add the normal endings. This does not occur in tenses/moods which add upon the infinitive, such as the future tense or conditional mood. Here are two examples conjugated in the present tense:

gher			orthographically changing -er verb
jo	gheze	nôssi	ghezono
tu	ghezi	vôssi	ghezeza
il	gheze	ile	ghezãe

lir			orthographically changing -ir verb
jo	lizo	nôssi	lizono
tu	lizi	vôssi	lizeza
il	lize	ile	lizõe

• One syllable verbs that end in -ûr remove the -ûr and add uzz before continuing to add the normal endings. This does not occur in tenses/moods which add upon the infinitive, such as the future tense or conditional mood. Here are two examples conjugated in the present tense:

gynûr			orthographically changing -er verb
jo	gynuzzù	nôssi	gynuzzono
tu	gynuzzi	vôssi	gynuzzeza
il	gynuzzo	ile	gynuzzõo

glûr			orthographically changing -ir verb
jo	gluzzù	nôssi	gluzzono
tu	gluzzi	vôssi	gluzzeza
il	gluzzo	ile	gluzzõo

• Verbs which end in -är, -aer, -air, -oar, -oer, -oir, -uar, -uer, or -uir take off -r plus the vowel preceding it and add vr to the stem before continuing to add the normal endings. This does not occur in tenses/moods which add upon the infinitive, such as the future tense or conditional mood. Here are two examples conjugated in the present tense:

diploar			orthographically changing -er verb
jo	diplovra	nôssi	diplovrono
tu	diplovri	vôssi	diplovreza
il	diplovrà	ile	diplovrão

conduir			orthographically changing -ir verb
jo	conduvro	nôssi	conduvrono
tu	conduvri	vôssi	conduvreza
il	conduvre	ile	conduvrõe

• Verbs which end in -ear, -ër, -eir, -iar, -ier, or -ïr take off -r plus the vowel preceding it and add rr to the stem before continuing to add the normal endings. This does not occur in tenses/moods which add upon the infinitive, such as the future tense or conditional mood. Here are two examples conjugated in the present tense:

aqueir			orthographically changing -ir verb
jo	aquerro	nôssi	aquerrono
tu	aquerri	vôssi	aquerreza
il	aquerre	ile	aquerrõe

haïr			orthographically changing -ir verb
jo	hairro	nôssi	hairrono
tu	hairri	vôssi	hairreza
il	hairre	ile	hairrõe

Pronouns

While the area of pronouns in Lanquanese is not a tough one to grasp. However, there are quite a number of them, so it is crucial to when and where they are used and placed. In Lanquanese, there are ten types of pronouns.

Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns are the most common type of pronouns in both English and Lanquanese. These are the pronouns used in addressing people or objects without using their names. The Lanquanese subject pronouns are as follow:

Person	Singular	Plural
1rst	jo -- I	nôssi -- we
2nd	tu -- you	vôssi -- you
2nd	vu -- you	vôssi -- you
3rd	il -- he	ile -- they
3rd	ella -- she	elle -- they
3rd	ol -- genderless he/she	ole -- they
3rd	eso/esa -- it	ole -- they
3rd	chi -- who	--
3rd	ogna -- (some)one	ogni -- they

A few things to keep in mind about subject pronouns:

• Jo can become j' before words beginning with a vowel, but it is mandatory if the vowel is 'o'

• Tu is used when talking informally to one person only, such as close family and friends

• Vu is used when talking formally to one person only, such as those in higher authority or rank

• Ol has the same usage as il and ella, except where they refer to males and females, ol refers to a person or personified object with no specified gender

• Eso means it when referring to masculine objects and esa when referring to feminine objects

• Ogna means (some)one or you as in "You never know."

• Vôssi is used when talking formally or informally to more than one person

• Ile means they when everyone is male

• Elle means they when everyone is female

• Ole means they when there are people of both genders or a bunch of genderless objects

• Ogni is now almost obsolete and is the plural of ogna

Object Pronouns

Object pronouns are probably the next most common type of pronouns in Lanquanese. These pronouns show an action done to the subject pronouns. There are two types of object pronouns in Lanquanese: direct and indirect.

Direct Object Pronouns

Direct object pronouns are the pronouns used to show who is the recipient of the action, such as in the sentence "I saw them yesterday," where them is the direct object pronoun. The Lanquanese direct object pronouns are as follow:

Person	Singular	Plural
1rst	mi -- me	nos -- us
2nd	ti -- you	vos -- you
2nd	ve -- you	vos -- you
3rd	lo -- him	le -- them
3rd	la -- her	le -- them
3rd	lo -- genderless him/her	li -- them
3rd	se -- it	li -- them

A few things to keep in mind about the direct object pronouns:

• Mi becomes m' before words starting with a vowel

• Ti becomes t' before words starting with a vowel

• Ve becomes v' before words starting with a vowel

• Lo and la become l' before words starting with a vowel

• Se becomes s' before words starting with a vowel

• Le becomes lez before words starting with a vowel

• Li is technically the correct term, but le/lez is often used instead

Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect object pronouns are the pronouns used to show to whom the action was done, such as in the sentence "We gave the ice-cream to her," where her is the indirect object pronoun. The indirect object pronoun can always be distinguished in Lanquanese from the direct object pronouns by looking to see if the pronoun is preceded by a form of the word to (à). The Lanquanese direct object pronouns are as follow:

Person	Singular	Plural
1rst	mi -- to me	nos -- to us
2nd	ti -- to you	vos -- to you
2nd	ve -- to you	vos -- to you
3rd	lui -- to him	loro -- to them
3rd	lei -- to her	lora -- to them
3rd	loi -- to genderless him/her	lore -- to them
3rd	sei -- to it	lore -- to them

A few things to keep in mind about the indirect object pronouns:

• Mi becomes m' before words starting with a vowel

• Ti becomes t' before words starting with a vowel

• Ve becomes v' before words starting with a vowel

Adverbial Pronouns

In Lanquanese, there is a separate bunch of pronouns that do not exist in English called adverbial pronouns. In Lanquanese there are three adverbial pronouns: ne, on, and ce. They are all placed before the main verb in the sentence and all have a similar function: to replace a preposition plus a pronoun.

Ne, also n' before words starting with a vowel, is used to replace of + pronoun, as in the sentence: "I have none of them." In Lanquanese, this would be: "I ne have none."

On is used to replace to/about/at/from + pronoun, as in the sentence: "I have not thought about it." In Lanquanese, this would be "I on have not thought."

Ce, also c before Ii or Ee or ci before any other vowe, is used to replace in/on + pronoun, as in the sentence: I placed the hat on her." In Lanquanese, this would be "I ce placed the hat."

Disjunctive Pronouns

Disjunctive pronouns are pronouns that are used within prepositional phrases. This means that they come after a preposition, such as with/for/by/next to. An example of this can be seen in the sentence: "John came to the park with us." In Lanquanese, us is the disjunctive pronoun. Here is a list of Lanquanese disjunctive pronouns:

Person	Singular	Plural
1rst	me -- me	nos -- us
2nd	tu -- you	vos -- you
2nd	vu -- you	vos -- you
3rd	lui -- him	loro -- them
3rd	ella -- her	elle -- them
3rd	loi -- genderless him/her	lore -- them
3rd	sé -- it	lore -- them
3rd	chi -- who	--
3rd	ogna -- (some)one +	ogni -- them

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are words that end in -self and reflect the action on the self of the speaker, hence their name. The reflexive pronouns in Lanquanese are as follow:

Person	Singular	Plural
1rst	meúl -- myself	nôsseúle -- ourselves
2nd	teúl -- yourself	vôsseúle -- yourselves
2nd	veúl -- yourself	vôsseúle -- yourselves
3rd	leúl -- himself	lorúle -- themselves
3rd	feúl -- herself	elorúle -- themselves
3rd	loúl -- gender neutral himself/herself	luorúle -- themselves
3rd	seúl -- itself	luorúle -- themselves
3rd	ogneúl -- oneself	luorúle -- themselves

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are the ones that point something out, such as the words the ones in this very sentence as seen bolded. There are two types of demonstrative pronouns in Lanquanese: those that are variable and those that are invariable.

Variable Demonstrative Pronouns

Following is the list of variable Lanquanese demonstrative pronouns:

Gender	Singular	Plural
Masculine	cel -- the one	celor -- the ones
Feminine	celle -- the ones	celle -- the ones

An example of usage of the variable demonstrative pronouns could be found in the sentence: "I ate my slice of cake as well as Peter's." which would be translated in Lanquanese as "I ate my slice of cake as well as the one of Peter."

Invariable Demonstrative Pronouns

There are only two invariable demonstrative pronouns: ciò (this) and lò (that). These pronouns are used when the subject to which this/that refers to is not mentioned in the sentence. An example of usage of the invariable demonstrative pronouns could be found in the sentence: "This is not what I expected."

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are those referring to people, such as in the sentence "Which is the one you prefer?", or those that are used as the direct object of a verb or object of preposition, such as in the sentence "Whom do you love?"

Note that when interrogative pronouns which (quin) and whom (chin) are objects of the prepositions at (o), by (da), for (pora), from (de), in (en), into (den), of (di), on (su), through (per), to (à), with (con), or without (sanza), they form as follow:

Preposition + quin	Translation	Preposition + chin	Translation
à + qui = àque	to which	à + che = àche	to whom
con + qui = conque	with which	con + che = conche	with whom
da + qui = daque	by which	da + che = dache	by whom
de + qui = deque	from which	de + che = deche	from whom
den + qui = denque	into which	den + che = denche	into whom
di + qui = dò que	of which	di + che = dò che	of whom
en + qui = enque	in which	en + che = enche	in whom
o + qui = oque	of which	o + che = oche	at whom
per + qui = perque	though which	per + che = perche	though whom
pora + qui = porque	for which	pora + che = porche	for whom
sanza + qui = sanque	without which	sanza + che = sanche	without whom
su + qui = suque	on which	su + che = suche	on whom

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns take the place of possessive adjectives plus a noun and agrees in gender and number with what it is replacing.

Subject	Meaning	Masculine Singular	Masculine Plural	Feminine Singular	Feminine Plural
jo	mine	meno	meni	mena	mena
tu	yours	teno	teni	tena	tene
il	his	luio	luï	luia	luie
ella	hers	feno	feni	fena	fene
ol	genderless his/hers	loio	loï	loia	loie
esa/eso	its	seno	seni	sena	sene
ogna	one's	ogneno	ogneni	ognena	ognene
chi	whose	cheno	cheni	chena	chene
nôssi	ours	nôsseno	nôsseni	nôssena	nôssene
vôssi	yours	vôsseno	vôsseni	vôssena	vôssene
vu	yours	veno	veni	vena	vene
ile	theirs	loreno	loreni	lorena	lorene
elle	theirs	eloreno	eloreni	elorena	elorene
ole	theirs	luoreno	luoreni	luorena	luorene

Examples of where these pronouns could be used in a sentence could be as seen in the following sentences: "Is this book yours?" -- "No. Then whose is it?" -- "The book is theirs." Since the word for book in Lanquanese is masculine and there is only one of them, the masculine singular possessive pronoun would be used.

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a word that refers to an antecedent. An antecedent is something that comes before something else; it can be a word, a phrase, a clause that is replaced by a pronoun, or some other substitute. For example, in the sentence "Is it Mary who did that?", who is the relative pronoun and Mary is the antecedent.

Some common relative pronouns are:

• àque (to which); and all other relative pronouns in the table under Interrogative Pronouns

• àche (to whom); and all other relative pronouns in the table under Interrogative Pronouns

• quò que (that which/what)

• quar (where)

• che (whom)

• que, qu' (that)

• qui (which)

Dictionary

No.	English
1	I	jo
2	you (singular)	tu
3	he	il
4	we	nôssi
5	you (plural)	vôssi
6	they	ile/elle/ole
7	this	chiasso/-a
8	that	chiasco/-a
9	here	iar
10	there	chiar
11	who	chi
12	what	quasso
13	where	quar
14	when	quando/lorque
15	how	chema
16	not	ne/ni
17	all	tuccì
18	many	mai
19	some	qualco/-a/qualche OR dù
20	few	picò
21	other	aūtro/aūtri
22	one	un/una
23	two	duo/due
24	three	tre
25	four	quatro
26	five	quinte
27	big	grande
28	long	lungiazza/-o
29	wide	vido/-a
30	thick	grosso/-a
31	heavy	mâsivo/-a
32	small	piccone
33	short	breffa/-o
34	narrow	nitroito/-a
35	thin	minzzo/-a
36	woman	femma
37	man (adult male)	om
38	man (human being)	gente
39	child	criança/crianço
40	wife	molje
41	husband	ubadò
42	mother	maëre
43	father	paio
44	animal	animal
45	fish	pesge
46	bird	oïzo
47	dog	cîenno
48	louse	pú
49	snake	cerpent
50	worm	vér
51	tree	arbore
52	forest	forêtto
53	stick	pico
54	fruit	frutti
55	seed	pépino
56	leaf	feūllo
57	root	ruito
58	bark	barca
59	flower	flora
60	grass	herbo
61	rope	roppo
62	skin	pò
63	meat	viandi
64	blood	sanga
65	bone	ozzo
66	fat	grossa
67	egg	ūova
68	horn	corna
69	tail	queū
70	feather	plûmo
71	hair	cevaū
72	head	têtto
73	ear	ori
74	eye	jôzza
75	nose	nêz
76	mouth	bocâs
77	tooth	denta
78	tongue	tonqua
79	fingernail	onglo
80	foot	peda
81	leg	giambo
82	knee	gynú
83	hand	mano
84	wing	aëlo
85	belly	estomimi
86	guts	bojaūe
87	neck	cù
88	back	dosà
89	breast	poitrina
90	heart	corã
91	liver	foïe
92	drink	boir
93	eat	mangiar
94	bite	mâsger
95	suck	suzonar
96	spit	sfringolar
97	vomit	vomir
98	blow	sufler
99	breathe	haleir
100	laugh	rir
101	see	var
102	hear	entendir
103	know	savir/quonaitrar
104	think	pencer
105	smell	sentir
106	fear	cregnir
107	sleep	dormir
108	live	habitar/vivrar
109	die	morir
110	kill	tair/tuer
111	fight	foir
112	hunt	hôntar
113	hit	frapper
114	cut	cûper
115	split	fendrer
116	stab	persar
117	scratch	grifer
118	dig	creúzar
119	swim	nagiar
120	fly	flir
121	walk	promenir/caminar
122	come	venir
123	lie	mentir/lïr(on)
124	sit	assoir
125	stand	star
126	turn	turnir
127	fall	tombir
128	give	donir
129	hold	tenir
130	squeeze	squezir
131	rub	frôtar
132	wash	lavar
133	wipe	essuir
134	pull	tirer
135	push	pûsser
136	throw	geter
137	tie	cravatar
138	sew	cudrer
139	count	contar
140	say	dir
141	sing	cantar
142	play	giocûr
143	float	floar
144	flow	fluir
145	freeze	congeler
146	swell	hular
147	sun	Sola
148	moon	luna
149	star	etoila
150	water	acqua
151	rain	pluvo
152	river	riviera
153	lake	lacco
154	sea	mar
155	salt	sella
156	stone	pierro
157	sand	sablo
158	dust	dûtto
159	earth	terra/Mondo
160	cloud	nuagi
161	fog	mïtto
162	sky	cîelo
163	wind	vento
164	snow	nêgio
165	ice	glaci
166	smoke	fumo
167	fire	feū
168	ash	cînder
169	burn	brûler
170	road	rù
171	mountain	montagna
172	red	rugio/-a
173	green	vergio/-a
174	yellow	giugno/-a
175	white	blagna/-o
176	black	noira/-o
177	night	nôctu
178	day	giorgno
179	year	anno
180	warm	cêona/-o
181	cold	froida/-o
182	full	plegna/-o
183	new	nova/-o
184	old	vezza/-o
185	good	buone
186	bad	mal
187	rotten	pûritto/-a
188	dirty	saleatto/-a
189	straight	droito/-a
190	round	rônde
191	sharp	egù
192	dull	dollo/-a
193	smooth	lustrente
194	wet	mūije
195	dry	secca/-o
196	correct	correcto/-a
197	near	pri
198	far	lona
199	right	vera/-o/dretto
200	left	sbaglia/-o
201	at	o/sge
202	in	en (ne-)
203	with	con (co)
204	and	e
205	if	cì
206	because	parce
207	name	nome

Example text

Here is the Lord's Prayer translated into Lanquanese. For comparison, the translation of the prayer has also been done in French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Latin, and English to help one visualize the similarities and differences in the language.

English	Lanquanese	Latin	French	Italian	Spanish	Portuguese
Our Father	Nôsso Paio	Pater Noster	Notre Père	Padre Nostro	Padre Nuestro	Pai Nosso
Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, on Earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day out daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.	Nôsso Paio, chi sei nele Cîeli, sanctifitto sgia Vôsso nome. Vôssa réoma venisgì, Vôssa volontà sgia fatta, su Terra, co qui è nele Cîeli. Doneza-nos aūgiorgno nôsso panè quodizzeno, e padrôneza-nos nôssei debúti, come nôssi padrônono chiassi que nos debútão. E ne guideza-nos den tentazzione, chial rendeza-nos de male. Ca Vena è la réoma, e lo puisso, e la glória, poratogio e togio. Amên.	Pater noster, qui es in cælis; sanctificetur nomen Tuum; adveniat regnum Tuum; fiat voluntas Tua, sicut in cælo et in Terra. Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris; et ne nos inducas in tentationem; sed libera nos a malo. Quia Tuum est regnum, et potestas, et gloria in sæcula. Amen.	Notre Père, qui es aux cieux, que Ton nom soit sanctifié, que Ton règne vienne, que Ta volonté soit faite, sur la Terre comme au ciel. Donne-nous aujourd'hui notre pain de ce jour. Pardonne-nous nos offenses, comme nous pardonnons aussi à ceux qui nous ont offensés. Et ne nous soumets pas à la tentation, mais délivre-nous du mal. Car c'est à Toi qu'appartiennent le règne, la puissance, et la gloire, pour les siècles des siècles. Amen.	Padre nostro, che sei nei cieli, sia santificato il Tuo nome, venga il Tuo regno, sia fatta la Tua volontà, come in cielo così in Terra. Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano, e rimetti a noi i nostri debiti come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori, e non ci indurre in tentazione, ma liberaci dal male. Perché Tuo è il regno, la potenza, e la gloria nei secoli dei secoli. Amen.	Padre nuestro, que estás en los cielos, santificado sea Tu nombre; vénganos Tu reino; hágase Tu voluntad, así en la Tierra como en el cielo; el pan nuestro de cada día, dánoslo hoy; y perdónanos nuestra ofensas así como nosotros perdónamos a los que nos ofenden; y no nos dejes caer en tentación, mas líbranos del mal. Porque Tuyo es el reino, el poder, y la gloria, por los siglos de los siglos. Amén.	Pai nosso, que estais no céu, santificado seja o Vosso nome, venha a nós o Vosso reino, seja feita a Vossa vontade, assim na Terra como no céu. O pão nosso de cada dia nos dai hoje. Perdoai as nossas ofensas, assim como nós perdoamos a quem nos têm ofendido. E não nos deixeis cair em tentação, mas livrai-nos do mal. Pois Vosso é o reino, o poder, e a glória. Para sempre. Amém.

For more information

For more information on Lanquanese and a more detailed explanation of its grammar and usage, please visit http://www.learnlanquanese.webs.com

To access online Lanquanese books, including the ones below, please visit http://www.lanquanesegrammar.webs.com

• Lanquanese-English dictionary
• English-Lanquanese dictionary

• 251 Conjugated Lanquanese Verbs in all tenses

• Fully-explained Lanquanese Grammar

• Lanquanese Vocabulary and Guide Book