These tables show the sound changes from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) to Proto-Germanic (PGmc) to Old Shondran (OShnd).
Consonants[]
| Proto-Indo-European to Modern Marterian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIE | PGmc | OShnd | ||
| *p | > | *f [ɸ] | > | f [f] |
| *t | *þ [θ] | þ [θ] | ||
| *k | *h [x] | h [χ] | ||
| *kʷ | *hw [xʷ] | hw [χʷ]; h [χ]1 | ||
| *b | > | *p [p] | > | p [p] |
| *d | *t [t] | t [t] | ||
| *g | *k [k] | c [k] | ||
| *gʷ | kw [kʷ] | cw [kʷ]; c [k]1 | ||
| *bʰ | > | *b [b]/[β] | > | b [b]; v [β]3 |
| *dʰ | *d [d]/[ð] | d [d]; đ [ð]3 | ||
| *gʰ | *g [ɡ]/[ɣ] | g [g]; ğ [ɣ]3 | ||
| *gʷʰ | *gw [ɡʷ] | gw [ɡʷ]; g [g]1 | ||
| *u̯ | > | *w [w] | > | w [w]; Ø1 |
| *i̯ | *j [j] | j [j]; Ø2 | ||
| *s | > | *s [s] | > | s [s] |
| *z [z] | s [s]; z [z]4 | |||
| *n | > | *n [n] | > | n |
| *l | *l [l] | l | ||
| *r | *r [r] | r | ||
Notes:
- 1 At the beginning of the word, if followed by rounded vowels ([u], [o]): and at the end of the word.
- 2 At the beginning of the word, if followed by front vowels ([i], [e])
- 3 Between original vowels
- 4 Before original vowels or after /d/ at the end of syllables.
Vowels[]
| Proto-Germanic | Old Shondran | |
|---|---|---|
| Monophthongs | ||
| i | > | i |
| iː | > | ei |
| u | > | o |
| uː | > | uː |
| e | > | a |
| eː | > | eː |
| εː | > | ε |
| εːː | > | εː |
| ɔː | > | ɔ |
| ɔːː | > | ɔː |
| ɑ | > | a |
| ɑː | > | aː |
| Diphthongs | ||
| ɑu̯ | > | au̯ |
| ɑi̯ | > | ai̯ |
| eu̯ | > | eo̯ |