Oran

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	Stats Nouns 0% Verbs 0% Adjectives 0% Syntax 0% Words of 1500

Name: Oran Type: agglutinating; incorporating Alignment: ergative-active Head Direction: final Number of genders: 2 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Numbers	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Setting

• • • Island Laan (IL)

Phonology

Consonants

IPA:

Syllable initial:

		Labio-dental			Bilab.	Dental			Alv.	Alveo-palatal			Velar			Glottal
Plosives		pʰ	b	p'		tʰ	d	t'					kʰ	g	k'
Affricates						tsʰ	dz	ts'		tɕʰ	dʒ	tɕ'
Fricatives						θ			s	ɕ						h
Approx.					w				l̥	j
Nasals					m	n
Flap									ɾ

Syllable final:

		Labio-dental	Dental	Alv.	Alveo-palatal	Velar
Plosives		p	t			k
Affricates					tɕ
Fricatives			θ	s
Approx.				l̥
Nasals			n
Flap				r

Practical romanization:

		Labio-dental			Bilab.	Dental			Alv.	Alveo-palatal			Velar			Glottal
Plosives		p	b	bb		t	d	dd					k	g	gg
Affricates						ts	z	zz		ch	j	j
Fricatives						th			s	sh						h
Approx.					w				l	y
Nasals					m	n
Flap									r

Vowels

Vowel	IPA	Romanized	Compatible
Front close	/i/, /i:/	i, ii	all
Front close compressed	/y/, /y:/	ü/y, üü/yy	i, e, ö, ä
Front middle	/ε/, /ε:/	e/ä, ee/ei/ää	all
Front middle rounded	/œ/, /œ:/	ö, öö/öy	i, e, ü, ä
Back close compressed	/ɯ̥/, /ɯ̥:/	u, uu	i, e, o, a, ê
Back close-mid rounded	/o/, /o:/	o, oo/ou	i, e, u, a
Back middle unrounded	/ʌ/, /ʌ:/	ê, êê/êo	i, e, ä, a
Center open	/a/, /a:/	a, aa	i, e, u, o, ê

Basic Grammar

Noun

.PHONY

Noun morphology

Oran nouns can have up to four components which normally appear in the following order:

Slots	stem	possessor marker	plural marker	case marker
Sample	ggela-	-zi-	-nara-	-ni
Translation	house	my	many	to

ggelazinarani 'To my houses'

• When plurality is unmarked, the noun may denote both singular and plural objects, depending on context.
• When case is unmarked, the noun is in absoluitve case and may be a subject of intransitive inacative verb or an object of transitive active verb.
• Possessor marker, in general, has same meaning as corresponding personal pronoun in genetive case.

Noun case suffixes

N Neutral P Polite C Casual

Noun cases

Suffix	Reference name	Roles	Samples
			ki	sep	an
Core
unmarked	Absolutive	Patient agent Nominative verb adjunct (C) Nominative verb agent	ki	sep	an
-ga	Ergative	Active agent (C) Possessor	kiga	sepka	anga
-k		(C) Active agent (C) Possessor	kik		ank
-i	Dative	Receiving agent Indirect agent (C) Active agent (C) Possessor	kii	sepi	ani
-na	Nominative	Nominative verb agent Thematic marker	kina	semma	anna
-nen			kinen	sepnen	annen
-sa	Genetive	(N, P) Possessor	kisa	sepsa	ansa
Relation
-te, -tte	Partitive		kitte	septe	ande
-wa, -u	Adessive		kiwa	sepu	anu
	Comitative
-suta	Abessive		kisuta	sepsuta	ansuta
-sta			kista	sepusta	anusta
Location
-de	Locative		kide	sende	ande
-ni	Allative		kini	semmi	anni
-so, -sso	Ablative		kisso	sepso	anso
	Inessive
	Illative
	Elative
	Superessive
-la	Superlative		kila	sepla	alla
	Delative

Noun case samples

Case			Sample	Translation
Core cases
Absolutive	kii 'tree'	kii	Kii hogikai.	The tree is thick.
Ergative	anonara 'we'	anonaraga	Anonaraga kii kelanta.	We're looking at the tree.
Nominative	kotu 'he'	kotunen	Notu kotunen abisa da.	That person is my father.
Dative	kotu 'he'	kotui	Kotui yaka ita.	He has a fish.
Genetive	anonara 'we'	anonarasa	Anonarasa kkela shekai.	Our house is big.
Abessive	itsari 'star'	itsarisuta	Asa yeomiku itsarisuta da.	This night is starless.

Noun Plural Affixes

.PHONY

Personal Affixes

Personal Affixes

Person	Male	Female	Polite	Polite+
First singular	-sa-	-shi-
Second singular	-ta-	-chi-	-datta-	-jira-, -tajira-
Third singular	-ka-	-ji-	-gakka-	-geso-, -kageso-
First plural exclusive	-ma-	-suya-
First plural inclusive	-wata-	-yata-
Second plural	-tu-	-chiya-	-jira-	-wajira-
Third plural	-ka-	-ji-	-ge-	-wageso-

Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Pronoun	Person	Gender	Speech Level
ano	first sg	both	plain, polite
au	first sg	mostly male	informal
ai	first sg	female	informal
anosa	first sg	male	plain
anoshi	first sg	female	plain
asshi	first, second sg	female	very informal
wanari	second	both	plain, polite
wanarinara	second pl	both	plain, polite
ta	second	both	informal
wanta	second	both	informal
wanna	second	both	very informal
wannara	second pl	both	very informal
acchi	second	female	informal
ka	third	both	plain
katu	third	male	polite
katunara	third pl	male	polite
kaji	third	female	plain
kajinara	third pl	female	plain

Verb

Verb morphology

Final form of present series template:

• verb root
• [passive voice marker]
• [applicative voice marker]
• [causative voice marker]
• [transitive versb: ergative agrument]
• absolutive agrument
• [present series marker]
• [applicative postfix]
• tense/aspect suffix group
• [dative argument]

Verb classes

Verb classes summary

Type	Direct Arguments			Oblique argument	English sample
	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
Transitive	Ergative	Absolutive	Dative
Indirect	Absolutive	Dative			It looks good for me
Passive	Absolutive

Dictionary

No.	English	Oran
1	I	ano
2	you (singular)	wanari
3	he	katu
4	we	anonara
5	you (plural)	wanarinara
6	they	katunara
7	this	atu
8	that	notu
9	here	akami
10	there	nokami
11	who	setu
12	what	aje
13	where	sekami
14	when	mat
15	how	—
16	not	êku (verb), eru (verb)
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	shi
23	two	ju
24	three	mek
25	four	tal
26	five	wan
27	big	sheku
28	long	norowu
29	wide	abaku
30	thick	hogiku
31	heavy	washu
32	small	chêwu
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	—
37	man (adult male)	an
38	man (human being)	an
39	child	yksi
40	wife	—
41	husband	—
42	mother	ati
43	father	abi
44	animal	—
45	fish	yaka
46	bird	niji
47	dog	—
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	kii
52	forest	shira
53	stick	—
54	fruit	—
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	shiin
60	grass	—
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	—
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	kkagi
72	head	heke
73	ear	—
74	eye	ki
75	nose	une
76	mouth	man
77	tooth	öchü
78	tongue	koshi
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	nei
81	leg	yan
82	knee	ikki
83	hand	sep
84	wing	hase
85	belly	kawaa
86	guts	—
87	neck	meshi
88	back	katta
89	breast	wotzi
90	heart	öjö
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	itsari
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	yêmu
178	day	nola
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	hizen

Example text

No.	English
1	I	—
2	you (singular)	—
3	he	—
4	we	—
5	you (plural)	—
6	they	—
7	this	—
8	that	—
9	here	—
10	there	—
11	who	—
12	what	—
13	where	—
14	when	—
15	how	—
16	not	—
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	—
23	two	—
24	three	—
25	four	—
26	five	—
27	big	—
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	—
37	man (adult male)	—
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	—
40	wife	—
41	husband	—
42	mother	—
43	father	—
44	animal	—
45	fish	—
46	bird	—
47	dog	—
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	—
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	—
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	—
60	grass	—
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	—
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	—
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	—