Poweinean

Template:Poweinean

Poweinean Tryndamerio
Type	Synetic
Alignment	Nominative-Accusative
Head direction	Head-Initial
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	80%
Statistics Nouns 25% Verbs 83% Adjectives 100% Syntax 97% Words 1000 of 1500
Creator	Powei Kao

Classification

The Poweinean language is a Northern Novorsian language spoken by around 200 million people. Along with the other Northern Novorsian languages, Poweinean is a descendant of Old Norvorsian. However, base on the fact that the home of Poweinean, Kingdom of Tryndameria is far away from the rest Norvorsian languages from the Norvorsian languages, experts have suggested that Poweinean should belong to its own language sub-family, the Coastal Novorsian. However, the majority of the researchers are still categorize Poweinean as a Northern Novorsian language.

Compare to other languages are spoken in the nearby region, Poweinean is considered the youngest language. It is believed that the Poweinean is formed when the first Norvosian, or Freljordians, conquered Tryndameria in the late 4th century A.E. However, the milestone that set Poweinean apart from the other Freljordian language is the adoption of the Latin Alphabets in 7th century, by the legendary king Carlos II from the House of Trynomecial.

Follow by the adoption of writing system, the Poweinean experienced the Great Shift in the late 7th century. The language introduced many foreign loan words from the nearby Estarians, Celts and Bigtopians. The pronunciation of many words are also changed .

Followed by the colonization of Casini Islands and Schetswenschen, many new words and grammatical rules were added in during the late 9th century. The most notable was the introduce of Possessive Preposition Descending Rule from the native Casinian language.

Status of Poweinean

Region		Percentage		Regonition
		First Language	Non-Native Speakers
Empire of Tryndameria	Tryndameria	92%	7%	Official And Major Language
	Casini Islands	87%	9%
	Schetswenschen	53%	36%	Official but not the Major Language
	Terrenovo and St. Herreignen	39%	43%
	Orrande-Mivourvire	13%	18%
	Leserdong	8%	13%
Republic of Bigtopia	Schenleswick Province	16%	25%	Regonized Minor Language
	Bigtopia City	1.3%	7%
Republic of Smalltopia	Carssone-Upper Province	3.2%	5%
	Carssone-Lower Province	1.0%	11%

Orthography

Alphabet System

Nowadays, Poweinean is written in Estariyy Alphabet System (also called Latin alphabet on the Earth).

Letter	Aa	Bb	Cc	Oo	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll
Name	[ɑ]	[bi]	[se]	[o]	[de]	[ə]	[ɛf]	[ʒe]	[aʃ]	[ji]	[tʃi]	[ka]	[ɛl]
Letter	Mm	Nn	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Name	[ɛm]	[ɛn]	[paj]	[ky]	[ɛʀ]	[ɛs]	[taj]	[y]	[vaj]	[wɒl]	[iks]	[igʀɛk]	[zɛd]

There are so some diaritics in order to mark a specific tone.

	Name
◌	Flèa
◌́	Apes
◌̀	Grave
◌̌	Wedge
◌̈	Thes
Ññ	Año

Diacritics are often omitted on capital letters, mainly for technical reasons. It is widely believed that they are not required; however the Uprisläsium Tryndamerio reject this usage and confirm that "in Poweinean, the accent has full orthographic value", except for acronyms but not for abbreviations nor name initials. Nevertheless, diacritics are often ignored in word games.

When sorting the letters, the Flèa/Apes/Grave/Wedge and Thes diacritic-letters are treated as same as their un-diaritic root alphabets. The only exception is the año Ñ, which have its own pronunciation rules and are sorted after Z in both Dixiónaire Uprisläsium Tryndamerio el 1036 and other major dictionaries.

Sound to spelling correspondences

Consonants and combinations of consonant letters

Spelling		Value (IPA)	Example
b, bb	non-finally	/b/
	finally	Ø
bh		/b/
c	before e, i, y	/s/
	initially/medially elsewhere	/k/
	finally	Ø
ch		/k/
d, dd	non-finally	/d/
	finally	/t/
dg		/dʒ/
f, ff		/f/
g, gg		/g/
gn		/ɲ/
h		/h/
j		/tʃ/
l, ll	before an accuted é or diaeresised ë	/ɾ/
	elsewhere	/l/
m, mm		/m/
n, nn		/n/
-ng		/ŋ/
p, pp		/p/
ph		/f/
r		/ɹ/
rr		/ɾ/
t		/t/
th	before e, i, y	/θ/
	before a, o, u	/t/
	after a vowel	/s/
ts		/tsʰ/
s	initially medially next to a consonant or after a nasal vowel	/s/
	elsewhere	/z/
sc	before e, i, y	/s/
	elsewhere	/sk/
sch		/ʃ/
schr	before o	/ʃr/
	elsewhere	/ʃ/
ss		/s/
st		/st/
v		/v/
x	next to a voiceless consonant	/ks/
	next to a voiced consonant	/gz/
	next to a vowel	/ɕ/
	finally	/s/
xc	before e, i, y	/ks/
	elsewhere	/sk/
z	non-finally	/z/
	finally	/s/
zh	before e, o	/tʂ/
	elsewhere	/z/
ñ		/ɲ/

Vowels and combinations of vowel letters

Spelling		Value (IPA)	Example
a, à		/a/
â		/ɑ/
ai, aî, aï		/aɪ/
aie		/ɛ/
aou		/u/
au		/o/
ay	finally	/ɛj/
	elsewhere	/aɪ/
aye		/ɛi/
o	phonologically finally	/o/
	elsewhere	/ɔ/
ô		/o/
ö	after a phonologically single consonant	/ɒ/
	elsewhere	/o/
oe		/oe/
oê		/wa/
oë		/ɔɛ/
oi, oie, oï		/wa/
ou	before an vowel	/w/
	elsewhere	/u/
oû		/u/
-oue		/u/
-oux		/us/
e	after an unvoiced consonant	/ɛ/
	after a voiced consonant	/e/
	in the suffix -eum/-eas	Ø
	finally, after a velar consonant	Ø
é, é		/e/
è, ê		/ɛ/
eau	finally	/o/
	elsewhere	/ju/
ei, eî		/ɛ/
eu	phonologically first/finally	/ju/
	elsewhere	/œ/
i	before a vowel, except u	/j/
	elsewhere	/i/
î		/j/
ï		/i/
ie	after an bilabial consonant	/aɪ/
	elsewhere	/i/
u	before vowel	/ɥ/
	after vowel	/ə/
û		/yə/
ue	phonologically finally	/uː/
	elsewhere	/y/
y	initially before vowel	/j/
	elsewhere	/i/

Combinations of vowels and consonant letters

Spelling	Value (IPA)	Example
er	/ər/
ere	/ɛr/
uille	/ɒl/

Phonotactics

A Poweinean syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in swröv /swrɔv/, and end with up to three, as in schrölst /ʃrolst/. This gives an Poweinean syllable the following structure, (CCC)V(CCC) where C represents a consonant and V a vowel. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear.

Furthermore, several consonants have limited distributions: /h/ can only occur in syllable initial position, and /ŋ/ only in syllable final position.

Syntax

Modern Poweinean syntax language is moderately analytic. It has developed features such as modal verbs and word order as resources for conveying meaning. Auxiliary verbs mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the passive voice and progressive aspect.

Word Classes

Like most languages, Poweinean classifies most of its lexicon into four word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. These are "open" classes, in the sense that they readily accept new members, by coinage, borrowing, or compounding. Interjections form a smaller open class.

There are also several small closed classes, such as pronouns, prepositions, articles, demonstratives, numerals, and conjunctions.

Spacing

Generally, a space is inserted after a punctuation mark (include but not limited to , . ; : ! % ? ). The commas and periods should go into the brackets and the quotation marks; however, in some cases where inserts an comma or period into brackets or quotation marks could cause confusions (as the example showed above in the first row of the article), punctuation marks can go after them.

Capitalisation

The letters in Poweinean have capital and lower cases. Here are some situations where only the first letter of the word should be capitalised in the sentence.

1. The first word of a sentence.
2. Proper Nouns.
3. Pronoun that refers to a person.
4. Single letter that refer to a grade, sorting number or name abbreviation.

Here are some situations that every first letter of every words should be capitalised.

1. Title of a article, report, news.
2. When referring the name of a book, movie, law in the sentence.

Verb After Noun

Subject After Verb

1. Interrogative Sentence: where the verb is moved to the first of the sentence and the subject follows it, as Are they in English. Use a hyphen between verb and subject. V-S. Notices the hyphen between the verb and the subject.

Object After Verb

1. When there is a transitive verb and the target is a pronoun, use a hyphen between verb and the pronoun. V-O
2. To mark passive action. V O. Notices that there is a space between the verb and the subject.
3. Indicating the source or provenance of someone or something, as the preposition from in English. V O

Verb Before Noun

The sentences which are not identified into the categories in the previous paragraph follow SVO structure in Poweinean.

Position of Adjectives

All adjectives are after the noun they modified.

When there is more than one adjectives to describe a object, the adjectives are placed in order as shown below.

Object	Size	Beauty	Age	Color	Good/Bad	Sound	Taste	Religion/ Nationality	Social Class	Mood

Position of Adverbs

The depends to some extent upon the type of adverb and the word that it is modifying.

1. Adverbs that modify a verb are placed after the verb.
2. Adverbs which modify adjectives or other adverbs are placed in front of the word they modify.
3. Adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb.
4. Adverbs of time which refer to specific days (today, yesterday) can only be placed at the beginning (with a comma behind it) or end of the sentence.

Grammar

Article

Traditionally in Poweinean, an article is usually considered to be a type of adjective. It is also possible for articles to be part of another part of speech category such as a determiner, an Poweinean part of speech category that combines articles and demonstratives such as dis (this) and tu (that).

In Poweinean, every common noun, with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain definiteness (e.g. definite or indefinite) and number (singular or plural). Every noun must be accompanied by the article, if any, corresponding to its definiteness, and the lack of an article (considered a zero article) itself specifies a certain definiteness.

	Singular	Plural
Definite	la / l'
Indefinite	sao / s'	sao / sa'
Partitive	du / d'
Negative	none / ne

Nouns

Number

Poweinean nouns conjugate according to its ending type and number.

There are 4 kinds of numbers, they are: singular, plural, unclear ,and infinite. Use singular when there is only one object; otherwise uses plural. When in the interrogative sentence, use unclear if the amount of object is unknown; use infinite to referring things that are infinite large, also can be used for exaggeration.

The conjugation is according to the noun's ending.

There are 4 types of noun ending that has special suffixes for multiple number objects.

	-ium*	-or	-ier	-io	Others
					End in Consonant	End in Vowel
Singular	-ium	-or	-ier	-io
Plural	-ias	-ar	-iers	-ioe	-a	-x
Unclear	-ilis	-orlis	-erlis	-ilis	-a	-x
infinitie	-ius	-ur	-urs	-ioe	-as	-x

*When there is a vowel in the end of the root word, the i is dismissed. i.e. ëxènsé ⇒ ëxènséum. When the root word is end in a; the ending of plural form becomes simply -as

Possessive Constructions

Possession can be expressed either by the possessive enclitic hen , or by the preposition el, which has to follow the Possessive Preposition Descending Rule. Historically the hen possessive has been used for animate nouns, whereas the el possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use hen also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive hen is separated from the noun root with an space, possessive hen should not be treated as a separate word from the root.

Possessive Preposition Descending Rule

The Possessive Preposition descends by its position in a sentence.

Level of Possesive	Spelling	Usage
First Level Possesive	de	When there is more than one level of possessive relationships, the First Level Possessive should conjugate into de.
	el	When there is only one level of possesive relationships
Higher Level Possesive		For the higher level of possessive relationships
Second Higher Level Possesive	die	For the higher level of possessive relationships
Third Higher Level Possesive	das	For the higher level of possessive relationships
Forth Higher Level Possesive and higher	du	For the higher level of possessive relationships

For Example:

• A el B: B owns A.
• A de B el C: B owns A; C owns B and its lower possessions (A in this case).
• A de B el C die D: B owns A; C owns B and its lower possessions (A in this case). ; D owns C and its lower possessions (A and B in this case).

Demonyms

Poweinean uses prefixes and suffixes to identify demonyms. Note that when expressing local resident(s) from a certain region, the first letter in root word must be capitalized (e.g. citiFrancais), even if the word itself is in the first of the sentence (e.g. CitiFrancais). Here is some examples of demonyms:

Root Word		Local Object	Adjective	Influenced
English	Poweinean			Noun/Adj(plural)	V.
Britian	Angloe	citiAngloe(x)	Angloeska	Angloesphon(ie)	Angloeser
Sydney	Scheuley	citiScheuley(x)	Scheuleyska	Scheuleysphon(ie)	Scheuleyser
China	Houa	citiHoua(x)	Houaska	Houasphon(ie)	Houaser
West Virginia	Útere Virginia	citiVirginiaÚteriyy(a)	VirginiaÚteriska	VirginiaÚterisphon(ie)	VirginiaÚteriser
		citi-	-ska	-sphonie	-ser

• Local object: express something in the region, e.g. a car in Japan: tuirie citiNippon
• Adjective: express something from the region, e.g. a Japan-made car in Canada: tuirie Nipponska en Canadien
• Influenced: express something that is/are inspired by the region, e.g. Japanese food in America: Nipponsphon alimentoum. Note that the object is considered "influenced" by the region if it is not come from nor in the region; the Japanese food in America is not made in Japan, nor in Japan.

Verb

Poweinean verbs conjugate according to its tense and person.

There are three persons (first, second, third and omniscient).

The six fused tense-aspects are:

• present simple- actions according at the time of speech.
• present continuing - actions continuing in the present.
• present perfect - actions completed rightly when the time of speech.
• past simple - actions according at the time of speech was in the past.
• past continuing- actions continuing in the past.
• past perfect - actions completed by the past.
• future simple - events occurring in the future .
• future continuing- actions continuing in the future.
• future perfect - actions completed by a point in the future.

View of Person	First Person View	Second Person View	Third Person View
Present Simple	-d	-d	-d
Present Continuing	le / l'- *	le / l'- *	le / l'- *
Present Perfect	les	les	les
Past Simple	-au	-eu	-ou
Past Continuing	le -au / l'- -au*	le -eu / l'- -au*	le -ou / l'- -au*
Past Perfect	les -au	les -eu	les -ou
Future Simple	la / las **	la / las **	la / las **
Future Continuing	le la'- / le las'- **	le la'- / le las'- **	le la'- / le las'- **
Future Perfect	les la'- / les las'- **	les la'- / les las'- **	les la'- / les las'- **

* Stand alone if the verb starts with a consonant. e.g. le spise = is eating .If the following verb start with a vowel, use prefix d'-. e.g. l'ëdreich = is looking.

** Stand alone if the verb starts with a consonant. e.g. la spise = will eat .If the following verb start with a vowel, use las'-. e.g. las'ëdreich = will look.

Auxiliary Verbs

In Poweinean grammar, certain verb forms are classified as auxiliary verbs. Exact definitions of this term vary; an auxiliary verb is generally conceived as one with little semantic meaning of its own, which modifies the meaning of another verb with which it co-occurs. In Poweinean verbs are often classed as auxiliaries on the basis of certain grammatical properties, particularly as regards their syntax – primarily whether they participate in subject–auxiliary inversion.

An auxiliary verb is most generally understood as a verb that "helps" another verb by adding grammatical information to it. They are excluded from the verb conjugation tenses rules.

Root Word
Usage	Word
questions, negation, emphasis (do)	net
perfect tenses in question (have)	les
expressive passive voice (be)	avea
passive voice in question	ré

The following are examples of sentences containing the above types of auxiliary verbs:

Net you want tea?

Les he given his all?

It avea destroyed.

Ré it destroyed?

However the above understanding of auxiliary verbs is not always strictly adhered to in the literature, particularly in the case of forms of the verb be, which may be called auxiliaries even when they do not accompany another verb. Other approaches to defining auxiliary verbs are described in the following sections.

Adjuncts

Basic of Adjective and Adverbs

In Poweinean, adjective and adverbs are interchangeable.

Common English Suffixes for Descriptive words

English Suffixes	Poweinean Suffixes	Example in English	Translated into Poweinean
-able	-nein	eatable	spisenein
-ly	-iyy	shortly	laroiyy
-like	-hoph	childlike	untizerhoph
-ful	-daeu	colorful	chromidaeu
-al	-iyy	national	citiyy
-ar	-iyy	lunar	luniyy

Degree of Comparison

The Poweinean language has 2 degree of comparison. Uses comparative to comparing two or more similar objects; uses superlative to express the one which has the greatest value in comparison. Note for the ease of pronunciation adjuncts more than 3 syllables have special words before them indicating the comparisons instead of adding prefix/suffixes

Degree of Comparisons in Poweinean

	2 Syllables or less	3 Syllables or more
Comparative	peri-	peria adj/adv
Superlative	-sta	sonzer adj/adv

Pronouns

Person Pronouns

Person View		Case	Subject	Object	Possessive		Reflexive
		Numbers			N.	Adj.
First Person		Singular	Je	Me	Men	Mes	Menhen
		Plural	Wer	Nous	Zour	Zours	Zourhen
		Plural (Inclusive)	Szer	Uas			Uanshen
Second Person		Singular	Vire	Vires	Dun	Duns	Vireshen
		Plural	Dye	Dye	Dyen	Dyen	Dynhen
Third Person	Masculine	Singular	Vou	Voun	Voun	Vous	Vouhen
	Feminine	Singular	Ver	Vern	Vern	Vers	Verhen
	Neuter/Mixed	Singular	Et	At	Ets	Ets	Etshen
		Plural	Sey	Seyn	Ses	Ses	Seshen

Question Words

	Usage	Corresponding English Word	Position in an Independent Clause
aerne	asking the manner of things occured	how	Begining
quoi	choosing an object without a fixed answer pool	what	Begining
ouay	asking the time	when	Begining
houre	asking the place	where	Begining
örn	asking a true-or-false question	do one	Before Verb
ouye	choosing an object within limited choices	which	Begining
oué	asking about a person	who	Begining
résson	asking the reason	why	Begining

Prepositions and Postpositions

Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions, are a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (as in, under, towards, before in English) or marking various semantic roles (as of, for in English).

A preposition or postposition typically combines with a noun or pronoun, or more generally a noun phrase, this being called its object. A preposition comes before its object; a postposition comes after its object. Poweinean generally has prepositions rather than postpositions – words such as a(n), falie, eco and of precede their objects, as in an Angloe, falie desco-officio, eco ols scentsña, el Romursary.

Vocabulary

Poweinean forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in Poweinean is conversion: using a word with a different grammatical role; for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive word-formation process is nominal compounding, producing compound words such as alimentischröster or reigenaufenbrausier. A process more common in Parasquilay than in Novosquilay, but still productive in Novosquilay, is the use of derivational suffixes and suffixes(özzer-, -tie , -timi) to derive new words from existing words or stems. Another active word-formation process in Poweinean is acronyms, words formed by pronouncing as a single word abbreviations of longer phrases (e.g. CDSLP, uprinediyy). Borrowing words from other language is also a common ways of adding new ideas into the language.

Numerals

In the word forms of numbers above 10, the units are stated before the tens, so 21 is rendered ols-deca scent, literally "one and two tens". The word twenty ols-deca is the sufffix deca, which means ten, combine with the the word ols 2. Ordinal numeral in general are added -tine at the last digit of the numeral.

Military numerals are usually uses in military or hospital, where expressing numbers quickly and without-confusion is necessary. Military numerals are not formal and it is not suggested to spell out in a piece of writing.

Number	Cardinal Numeral	Ordinal Numeral	Military Numeral
0	zéro		no
1	scent	premier	pre
2	ols	deuxième	duse
3	quat	troisième	qua
4	sire	siretine	si
5	kobe	kobetine	ko
6	taipe	taipetine	tay
7	pow	powtine	pow
8	octo	octine	to
9	rom	romtine	ro
10	des	scent-destine	pre no
20	ols-deca	ols-destine	duse no
100	hecto	scent-hetine	pre no no
200	ols-heta	ols-hetine	duse no no
1000	kelo	scent-kiltine	pre no no no
2000	ols-kilo	ols-kiltine	duse no no no

Example Text

THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Al-Traytié el Stoire de Renas

1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Ren el morael les borne paréil en diginitus und stoire. Seen les endow y medèl und moralis und devreit avea a ren en paréil el thanks de soyuz.