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Stage 1 Proto-Kagan (no native name attested exist) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Agglutinative/Polysynthetic | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Final | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
General information
It is with out a doubt the Kagan is inherantly related to Japanese. This proto language examplifies the first round of changes that help turn Kagan into what it is. There is clearly a Sanskrit influence, too. The language must have been spoken by Gauri & his crew before the early Kagans had settled in Bali. For more information on Kagan history, see Catagory:Kagan Languages.
Phonology
Like Japanese imitating Sanskrit, the language contains a large abundance of phonemes quite alien to Japanese, but retains many important features. The destinction between asperated & unasperated, just as it is in Sanskrit, is important.
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Denti-alveolar | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | *m | *n | *ng | |||||
Plosive | *p/*ph/*b/*bh | *t/*th/*d/*dh | *c/*ch/*j/*jh | *k/*kh/*g/*gh | *' | |||
Fricative | *v | *s/*z | *sh/*zh | *h | ||||
Affricate | *ts/*dz | |||||||
Approximant | *w | *y | ||||||
Flap | *r |
The consonant ' can be voiced or unvoiced.
Vowels
Long vowels are prounced twice as long as short vowels are.
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | *i/*ii | *u/*uu | |||
Near-close | |||||
Close-mid | *o | ||||
Mid | *e | ||||
Open-mid | |||||
Near-open | *a | ||||
Open | *aa |
(NOTE: I have fully decieded if these will be the vowels the language uses.)
Phonotactics
Stage 1 Proto-Kagan must have had the following diphthons: ay, aay, aw, aaw, ey, ow. The latter two being less common.
Do to extensive borrowings from Sanskrit, Stage 1 Proto-Kagan is largely filled with consonant clusters when compared to Japanese.
Initial Consonants & Clusters | Central Consonants & Clusters | Final Consonants & Clusters |
---|---|---|
m/n/ng | m/n/ng | m/n/ng |
p/t/c/k | p/t/c/k/' | p/t/c/k |
ph/th/ch/kh | ph/th/ch/kh | ch/kh |
b/d/j/g | b/d/j/g/' | b/d/g |
bh/dh/jh/gh | bh/gh | |
s/sh/h | s/sh/h | s/sh |
z/zh/v | z/zh/v | zh/v |
ts | ts/dz | |
w/y/r | w/y/r | r |
mp/mc/mk/nt/nc/ngt/ngk | ||
mph | ||
mb/nd/nj/ngg | ||
ms/msh/ns/nsh | ||
mz | ||
my | ny/nr | |
st/sk/sht/shk/sg | st/sk/sht/shk/sp/shp/sg | sk/st |
bzh/gv/gzh/gz | gz | |
tw/cw/kw/py/pr/tr/kr | tw/cw/kw/'w/py/pr/tr/kr/rp/rt/rc/rk | rt |
bw/dw/jw/gw/by/gy/br/dr/gr | bw/dw/jw/gw/by/gy/br/dr/gr/rb/rd/rg | |
sw/sr/shw/shr/hw/hy/hr | sw/sr/shw/shy/shr/hw/hy/hr/rs/rsh | rsh |
vr | zhw/vr/zr/rv | rv |
str/skr/shtr/shkr/skw/shkw/spr/sgw/sgr | str/skr/shtr/shkr/skw/shkw/spr/sgr/sgw |
Grammar
(NOTE: I haven't officially if some of these addfixes will be what this language uses.)
Addfixes must mach the consonant cluster rules listed above. The sound 'a' is sometimes inserted between the root form and an addfix to fix this problem.
Example Noun | English translation | Example Verb | English Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Root form | *Mimas | Ear | *Mawaragidata | Turn |
Example | *Mimat | Ears | *Mawaridata | Turned |
Example | *Mim | At (an/the) ear | *Mawaradoto | (Is) frequently turning |
Example | *Mimaha | Ear | *Mawarashwadata | turn (quickly) |
Example | *Mimsu | (Her) Ears | *Mawarazadata | (will) turn |
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Nouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Nouns
Nouns have eight cases (nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, vocative, & locative), two genders (masculine & feminine), & two numbers (singular & plural). Most of the nouns are borrowed from Sanskrit.
Masculine Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Singular | Feminine Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-s | *-t | *-ha | *-sh |
Accusative | *-m | *-han | *-ham | *-has |
Instrumental | *-nya | *-ys | *-yaa | *-habhis |
Dative | *-ya | *-bhiya | *-yay | *-habhiya |
Ablative | *-hat | *-hebhiya | *-y'as | *-bhiiya |
Genitive | *-za | *-nam | *-yas | *-naam |
Vocative | *-y | *-cu | *-yam | *-su |
Locative | (No Addfix) | *-ws | *-ya | *-hus |
Pronouns
The pronouns of Stage One Proto-Kagan where very complex. There where 7 cases(nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genetive, & locative), two genders (masculine & feminine), three numbers (Singular, dual, & plural), & three persons.
First Person Singular | First Person Dual | First Person Plural | Second Person Singular | Second Person Dual | Second Person Plural | Third Person Singular | Third Person Dual | Third Person Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative Masculine | *Watash | *Aavam | *Wariwari | *Anata | *Yuvaam | *Anatagata | *Anogito | *Taw | *Karera |
Nominative Feminine | *Aam | *Vayam | *Aamgata | *Tevam | *YuuYam | *Tevamgata | *Saa | *Taas | *Saakata |
Accusative Masculine | *Maam | *Avaam | *Maamgata | *Tevaam | *Vaam | *Tevaamgata | *Tam | *Taan | *Tamgata |
Accusative Feminine | *Maa | *Asmaan | *Maakata | *Tevaa | *Yushmaan | *Tevaakata | *Taam | *Taas | *Taamgata |
Instrumental Masculine | *Mayaa | *Avaabhiya | *Mayaakata | *Tevayaa | *Samabhis | *Tevayaakata | *Tena | *Tabhiya | *Tenakata |
Instrumental Feminine | *Mayay | *Mayayri | *Mayaykata | *Tevayay | *Tevayayri | *Tevayaykata | *Tayaa | *Tabhiyas | *Tayaakata |
Dative Masculine | *Mayam | *Avabhiyaa | *Mayamgata | *Tubhiya | *Yuvabhiya | *Tubhiyakata | *Tasmay | *Taabhiyaa | *Tasmaikata |
Dative Feminine | *Me | *Samabhiya | *Mekata | *Te | *Yushmabhiya | *Yushmabiyakata | *Tazay | *Taabhiyas | *Tazaykata |
Ablative Masculine | *Mat | *Aavabhiya | *Matgata | *Tevat | *Yuvaabhiya | *Tevatgata | *Tasmaat | *Tabhiyaas | *Tasmaatgata |
Ablative Feminine | *Mati | *Matiri | *Matikata | *Tevati | *Tevatiri | Tevatikata | *Tasmaati | *Tasmaatiri | *Tasmaatikata |
Genitive Masculine | *Mama | *Avayos | *Mamakata | *Tava | *Yuviyos | *Tavakata | *Taza | *Tayos | *Tazakata |
Geninitve Feminine | Mamay | *Mamayri | *Mamaykata | *Tavay | *Tavayri | *Tavaykata | *Tazas | *Taasaam | *Tazaskata |
Locative Masculine | *Mayi | *Aavayos | *Mayikata | *Tevayi | *Yuvayos | *Tevayikata | *Tasmin | *Tecu | *Tasminata |
Locative Feminine | *Mayifi | *Mayifiri | *Mayifikata | *Tevayifi | *Tevayifiri | *Tevayifikata | *Tazaam | *Taasu | *Tazaamgata |
Adding the prefix "*Ka-" turns it into an Interrogative Pronoun. This does not happen with First Person Pronouns.
Demonstratives
Proximal | Mesial | Distal | Interrogative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
-re | *Kore (this one) | *Sore (that one) | *Are (that one over there) | *Kare (which one? |
-no | *Kono (this/of this) | *Sono (that/of that) | *Ano (that over there/of that over there) | *Kano (what?/of what?) |
-ma | *Koma (like this) | *Soma (like that) | *Ama (like that over there) | *Kama (what sort of?) |
-ku | *Koku (here) | *Soku (there) | *Aku (over there) | *Kaku (where?) |
-cir | *Kocir (this way) | *Socir (that way) | *Acir (that way over there) | *Kacir (which way?) |
-'u | *Ko'u (in this manner) | *So'u (in that manner) | *A'u (in that manner/in that other manner) | *Ka'u (how? in what matter?) |
-'ec | *Ko'ec (this person) | *So'ec (that person) | *A'ec (that person/that other person) | *Ka'ec (who?) |
Verbs
Verbs are especially complex. Verbs have 2 aspects (imperfective & perfective), thee voices (passive, causative, & causative passive), four tense (past, present, imperative, & future), a mood (benidictive), a negative, a potential form, & a polite form.
there are also intensives & frequentatives.
Past | Present | Intensive | Frequentative | Imperative | Future | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | *-idata | *-gidata | *-shwadata | *-kasadata | *-kakudata | *-zadata |
Imperfective | *-ito | *-gito | *-shwato | *-kasto | *-kakuto | *-zato |
Passive Perfect | *-ireru | *-gireru | *-shwareru | *-kasreru | *-kakureru | *-zareru |
Causative Perfect | *-iseru | *-giseru | *-shwaseru | *-kasasaro | *-kakuseru | *-zaseru |
Causative Passive Perfect | *-iserureru | *-giserureru | *-shwaserureru | *-kasaserureru | *-kakuserureru | *-zaserureru |
Passive Imperfective | *-irareru | *-girareru | *-shwarareru | *-kasrareru | *-kakurareru | *-zarareru |
Causative Imperfective | *-isaseru | *-gisaseru | *-shwasaseru | *-kasasaseru | *-kakusaseru | *-zasaseru |
Causative Passive Imperfective | *-isaserare | *-gisaserare | *-shwasaserare | *-kasasaserare | *-kakusaserare | *-zasaserare |
Negative | *-ina | *-gina | *-shwana | *-kasna | *-kakuna | *-zana |
Potential | *-iru | *-giru | *-shwaru | *-kasru | *-kakuru | *-zaru |
But these only scratche the surface of the complex prefixing system. In truth, multable prefixes are fitted in from the root form. The order of prefixes is tense-intensive-frequentative-potential-negative-aspect/voice.
Tense | Intensive | Frequentative | Potential | Negative | Aspect/Voice | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | *-i- | Intensive | *-shwa- | Frequentative | *-kas- | Potential | *-ru- | Negative | *-na- | Perfective | *-data |
Present | *-gi- | No Intensive | no addfix | Frequentative | *-kasa- | No Potental | no addfix | No Negative | no addfix | Imperfective | *-to |
Imperative | *-kaku- | No Frequentative | no addfix | Passive | *-s | ||||||
Future | *-za- | Passive Perfect | *-reru | ||||||||
Passive Imperfect | *-rareru | ||||||||||
Causative | *-t | ||||||||||
Causative Perfect | *-seru | ||||||||||
Causative Imperfect | *-saseru | ||||||||||
Passive Causative | *-st | ||||||||||
Passive Causative Perfect | *-serureru | ||||||||||
Passive Causative Imperfect | *-saserare |
The benedictive form uses the prefix "*Se-".
The polite form uses the prefix "*Suma-".
A polite benedictive form also exists, "*Sema-".
Thus, a verb can be very complex.
Sema'abhisamaspercakakushwakasrunaserureru
*sema- | ' | -abhisamasperca- | -kaku- | -shwa- | -kas- | -ru- | -na- | -serureru |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polite/Benidictive | "Wash" | Imperative | Intensive | Frequentative | Potential | Negative | Passive Causative Perfect |
Adjectives
Stage one Proto-Kagan, much like Japanese, does not have real adjectives. Instead, special verbs & nouns are used. These non-adjectives have three tenses (past, present, & future), adverbal forms, negative forms, & polite forms. Adjectival verbs end with the vowel *i.
Past | Past Negative | Present | Present Negative | Future | Future Negative | Adverb Form | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjectival Verbs | *-kata | *-kunakata | (no prefix) | *-kunay | *-kava | *-kunakava | *-ku |
Polite Adjectival Verbs | *-katadesu | *-kunakatadesu | *-desu | *-kunaydesu | *-kavadesu | *-kunakavadesu | (no polite form exists) |
Adjectival Nouns | *-data | *-dewanakata | *-da | *-dewanay | *-dava | *-dewanakava | *-na |
Polite Adjectival Nouns | *-deshita | *-dewarimasedeshita | *-desu | *-dewarimasen | *-deshiva | *-dewarimasedeshiva | (no polite form exists) |
(NOTE: If the past few box charts are unusually big for some reason, than it's just some glitch that out of my control. I have tried to fix this several times before, but it never works out.)
Adverbs
There are 3 main tipes of adverbs, nominal, verbal & adjectival. The adjectival form is mentioned in the Adjectives chart above.
Nominal - *-nu
Verbal - *-ni
Numerals
Stage 1 Proto Kagan had two separate sets of numerals, one inherited from Japanese, the other borrowed from Sanskrit.
Ekas | Hito |
Dwava | Futa |
Trayas | mi |
Catwaras | Yo |
Panca | Itsu |
Shanta | Mu |
Sapta | Nana |
Ashantava | Ya |
Nava | Kokono |
Dasha | To |
Topic
The Topic/Nontopic destinction is made with prefixes. In a discourse one is used to identify if the word iin a sentence is the topic of the sentence. That word, when repeated, will not need the same prefix. During a discourse, the word can have the other prefix to change from topic to nontopic or from nontopic to topic. Again, after that prefix is used, the word will not reuse the prefix untill after it switches topic again.
- Ga- - Topic
- Wa- - Nontopic
(NOTE: For some reason the asterisks whon't stay. They keep being replaced by these square things.)
Syntax
Though while the languages word order is mostly free, Stage 1 Proto-Kagan is a verb final language.
Stage 1 Proto-Kagan uses Postpositions, not Prepositions.
Vocabulary
No. | English | Stage 1 Proto Kagan |
---|---|---|
1 | I | Watash |
2 | you (singular) | Anata |
3 | he | Anogito |
4 | we | Wariwari |
5 | you (plural) | Anatagata |
6 | they | Karera |
7 | this | Kono |
8 | that | Sono |
9 | here | Koku |
10 | there | Soku |
11 | who | Ka'ec |
12 | what | Kano |
13 | where | Kaku |
14 | when | 'itsu |
15 | how | Ka'u |
16 | not | Navi |
17 | all | Sivet |
18 | many | Hok |
19 | some | Igarak |
20 | few | Sukunay |
21 | other | Hoka |
22 | one | Ekas |
23 | two | Trayas |
24 | three | Catwaras |
25 | four | Panca |
26 | five | Shanta |
27 | big | Samverdha |
28 | long | Nagaku |
29 | wide | Bahra |
30 | thick | 'atswi |
31 | heavy | Araghu |
32 | small | Araka |
33 | short | Micike |
34 | narrow | Nirucvasa |
35 | thin | Hosom |
36 | woman | Abara |
37 | man (adult male) | — |
38 | man (human being) | Mansha |
39 | child | Kodmo |
40 | wife | Jita |
41 | husband | Aaryasta |
42 | mother | Abaa |
43 | father | Janajinu |
44 | animal | Sateva |
45 | fish | Sangena |
46 | bird | Tor |
47 | dog | Ino |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | Anandazha |
50 | worm | Ashantapada |
51 | tree | Agacha |
52 | forest | Mor |
53 | stick | Boo |
54 | fruit | Kusuma |
55 | seed | Tane |
56 | leaf | Konoha |
57 | root | Ne |
58 | bark | Juhi |
59 | flower | Aartava |
60 | grass | Akusa |
61 | rope | Tsuna |
62 | skin | Asergdhara |
63 | meat | Jaangara |
64 | blood | Ci |
65 | bone | Aandhika |
66 | fat | Aanjana |
67 | egg | Tamagu |
68 | horn | Kuunta |
69 | tail | Shipu |
70 | feather | Hane |
71 | hair | Key |
72 | head | Cuunda |
73 | ear | Mim |
74 | eye | Cakashu |
75 | nose | Hana |
76 | mouth | Aana |
77 | tooth | Ha |
78 | tongue | Shita |
79 | fingernail | Namazuma |
80 | foot | Anyo |
81 | leg | Kiyakubu |
82 | knee | Hiza |
83 | hand | Te |
84 | wing | Tsubsa |
85 | belly | Kobra |
86 | guts | Kimo |
87 | neck | Kubi |
88 | back | Pershanthaka |
89 | breast | Kronda |
90 | heart | Agramaamsa |
91 | liver | Kaaraka |
92 | drink | Nom |
93 | eat | Taberu |
94 | bite | Kamu |
95 | suck | Suhu |
96 | spit | Tsuba |
97 | vomit | Samudharanda |
98 | blow | Fuku |
99 | breathe | Avaan |
100 | laugh | Kark |
101 | see | — |
102 | hear | Kiku |
103 | know | Shiru |
104 | think | Omou |
105 | smell | Niyow |
106 | fear | Bhayana |
107 | sleep | Aasvapana |
108 | live | — |
109 | die | — |
110 | kill | Koros |
111 | fight | Davermadiya |
112 | hunt | Karsuru |
113 | hit | 'utsu |
114 | cut | Kiru |
115 | split | Waru |
116 | stab | Sasu |
117 | scratch | Kako |
118 | dig | Horo |
119 | swim | Bherana |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | — |
122 | come | — |
123 | lie | Yokotwaru |
124 | sit | Suwaru |
125 | stand | Tatsu |
126 | turn | Mawar |
127 | fall | Ociru |
128 | give | Abhidaa |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | Apindita |
131 | rub | Kosru |
132 | wash | Abhisamasperca |
133 | wipe | Nuguu |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | Osu |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | Anubandha |
138 | sew | No'u |
139 | count | Kazoweru |
140 | say | Nobru |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | Anukrind |
143 | float | Uku |
144 | flow | Nagari |
145 | freeze | Kir |
146 | swell | Hirogaru |
147 | sun | Abhiishumat |
148 | moon | Abhiruupa |
149 | star | Jiyotas |
150 | water | Ahi |
151 | rain | Abhivarsha |
152 | river | Abudhikaamin |
153 | lake | Mizu'um |
154 | sea | Bharu |
155 | salt | Shiyo |
156 | stone | Ishi |
157 | sand | Suna |
158 | dust | Ciri |
159 | earth | Acaraa |
160 | cloud | Kumo |
161 | fog | Kiri |
162 | sky | Abrapatha |
163 | wind | Abramkasha |
164 | snow | Yuki |
165 | ice | Koor |
166 | smoke | Ambhaksu |
167 | fire | Admani |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | Moyas |
170 | road | Ajani |
171 | mountain | Agama |
172 | red | — |
173 | green | Paaraasha |
174 | yellow | Haaridraka |
175 | white | Aniira |
176 | black | Bahura |
177 | night | Aktaa |
178 | day | amsha |
179 | year | Abda |
180 | warm | Ashta |
181 | cold | Samwi |
182 | full | Ipay |
183 | new | Atrashii |
184 | old | Toshitot |
185 | good | Bhariva |
186 | bad | — |
187 | rotten | Kusat |
188 | dirty | Kitanay |
189 | straight | Masugu |
190 | round | Marwi |
191 | sharp | Sruday |
192 | dull | Nibuwi |
193 | smooth | Namraka |
194 | wet | Nureta |
195 | dry | Kawita |
196 | correct | Sekak |
197 | near | Cikaku |
198 | far | Toko |
199 | right | Mig |
200 | left | Hidari |
201 | at | Ni |
202 | in | Ni |
203 | with | da |
204 | and | ta |
205 | if | Mosh |
206 | because | Daker |
207 | name | Seym |
(Note: I could not find a perfect Sanskrit to translate into, so I left some blank. When later stage varieties are completed, some words here will be taken away to give this language a more "unfinished reconstruction" look.
Example text
The Origin of the Kagan Republic. | |
---|---|
It happened many years ago, way back over there, over to our original homeland, a place far, far away. There, a man who knew of great legends & lore, had a vision. In it, he learned of a new, distant, majical world. A land for where he & his fellow Hindus could live in rapture. A land far, far away. With all the motivation in the world, he & is crew saught out to sea to find this land. He had found many strange & unique lands along the way, but it wasn't untill his third and final voyage he found the land he had invisioned. There, deep into the forest, he founded the city Nagarkaga. His name is known to us all. He is Gauri Badarda. |
(Note: This primarilly exists as a template for stage 2 to evolve from. When stage 2 is created, several words will be dileted here along with the example above.)