| Proto-Southern-Horn | |
|---|---|
| Morphological Type: | Agglutinative |
| Morphosyntactic Alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
| Linguistic Head: | Head Initial |
| Word Order: | SOV |
| Made by: | Maxseptillion77 |
General Information[]
The proto-language for all language spoken on the continent of Qorbnaclim on the conworld of Qorbna.
Phonology and Orthography[]
Written forms in bold
Consonant[]
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m | nː n¹ n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | |
| Plosive | p b bʱ p b ph | t d dʱ t d th | c ɟ tj dj | k g k g | |
| Fricative | f v f v | s z s z | ʃ ʒ sj zj | ʁ gh | |
| Liquid | r ɻʷ r wr | j y | |||
| Lat. Fricative | ɬ ɮ łh ł | ʎ̝̊ ʎ̝ łjh łj | |||
| Lat. Liquid | l l | ʎ lj |
¹ [n] can function as a vowel (hence the long "vowel" [nː] and short [n]); it's [ŋ] before velars and uvulars and [ɲ] before palatals
Other Digraphs[]
tł - [tɬ]
Vowel[]
Note that diphthongs count as one full vowel in addition of the pure vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | iː ɪ í i | uː ʊ ú u | ||
| Mid | ɛː e é e | œː ø ǿ ø | ə ə | ɔː o ó o |
| Low | aː ɐ á a | |||
Diphthongs: [oɪ̯], [ɪ̯œː], [aːʊ̯], [ʊɪ̯], [ɪ̯ɔː], [ɪ̯ɛː], [eɪ̯], [oʊ̯] Written: oe eo áu ui eó ié ei ou
Tone[]
All long/stressed vowels and syllabic [n] (short and long) must have tone, but short vowels cannot. They can be (with example letter, a): sharp rising, á ([˩˥]); slow rising ā ([˩˦˥]); sharp falling, à ([˥˩]); and slow peaking, â ([˩˦˥˩]). Note that these are the same for n: ń, n̄, ǹ, n̂, and n for [nː˩˥, nː˩˦˥, nː˥˩, nː˩˦˥˩, n].
Stress[]
Only long vowels and geminate syllabic [n] can be stressed. Stress is ultimate or penultimate if the last vowel is lax. In morphological forms, the long vowel in the stem or the closest one thereafter is stressed. [ə] can never be stressed
Phonotactics[]
Below is the largest possible word pattern
V̇CCV̂CCV̄CCV̆C
Where V̆ = lax vowel, V̂ = lax or stressed vowel, V̄ = stressed vowel, and V̇ = [ə] or a liquid
Restrictions:
- If there is a syllabic [n], it can only be surrounded by single consonants
- Finals can only be: [m, n, j, r, ʁ, ʎ, k, p]
- Consonant clusters cannot begin with a plosive (except [tɬ] and breathy voice) or liquid (except [r])
- Laterals cannot be in consonant clusters (except [tɬ])
- Breathy voice plosives can only begin a cluster
- [j] cannot preceed [e], [iː], [ø], or [ɪ]
- Liquids must preceed a consonant except finally
- [ɻʷ] cannot preceed [uː], [ʊ], [o], or [ø]
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
ətsjòrum
Class I[]
Class I nouns are those which end with -um, -om, -øm.
| gônøm - tree | Null | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countable | Uncountable | ||||
| Nominative | gônøk | gôn(ə)¹ | gônøn | gônør | |
| Vocative | gônøm | gônør | |||
| Accusative | gônøsek | gônøste | gônøsen | gônøser | |
| Dative | gônøze | gônøzem | gônøzer | ||
| Ablative | gônøzer | gônøzeren | |||
| Genitive | Personal | gônøl | gônøn | gônør | |
| Impersonal | gônøli | gônølin | gônølir | ||
¹ – when the stem consonant before the ending isn't a permissable final consonant
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