Name: Qafesona Type: Fusional Alignment: Nominative-accusative Head Direction: Initial Number of genders: 1 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

Contents 1 General information 2 Phonology and orthography 2.1 Alphabet 2.2 Diphthongs 2.3 Digraphs 3 Basic grammar 3.1 Overview 3.2 Cases 3.3 Nota bene 3.4 Nouns 3.4.1 First declension 3.4.2 Second declension 3.4.3 Third declension 3.4.4 Fourth declension 3.4.5 Fifth declension 3.4.6 Sixth declension 3.4.7 Seventh declension 3.4.8 Diminutives 3.4.9 Augmentatives 3.5 Adjectives 3.5.1 Hard declension 3.5.2 Soft declension 3.5.3 "А" declension 3.6 Personal pronouns 3.6.1 Singular 3.6.2 Plural 3.7 Verbs 3.7.1 Aspect 3.7.2 Present tense 3.7.2.1 First conjugation 3.7.2.2 Second conjugation 3.7.2.3 Third conjugation 3.7.2.4 Fourth conjugation 3.7.3 Past tense 3.7.4 To be 3.7.4.1 Present 3.7.4.2 Past 3.7.4.3 Future 3.7.5 Future tense 3.8 Numerals

General informationEdit

The Qafesona language (Qafesona: Cyrillic: Ӄафесона льешк, Latin: Qafesona lǐešk, IPA: [ˈqafɪso̝nǝ ˈlʲɛ̝ʂk]) is a small language isolate within the Slavic language family which spoken on both sides of Georgia's borders with Armenian, Azerbaijan and Russia (more specifically Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania).

Phonology and orthographyEdit

AlphabetEdit

The Qafesona Cyrillic alphabet (Ӄафесона кирильичи алвабит, Qafesona kirilǐiči alvabit, [ˈqafɪso̝nǝ kɪˈrilʲɪ̝ʈ͡ʂɪ ɑ̟ɫvɐˈbit]) is shown in the table below:

Cyrillic	Latin	IPA
А а	A a	[a], [æ], [ɑ], [ɐ], [ǝ]
Б б	B b	[b]
В в	V v	[v]
Г г	G g	[g]
Д д	D d	[d]
Е е	E e	[e], [ɛ], [ɪ], [ɨ], [ǝ]
Ж ж	Ž ž	[ʐ]
З з	Z z	[z]
Ѕ ѕ	DZ dz	[d͡z]
И и	I i	[i], [ɪ], [ɨ]
Й й	J j	[j], [ɪ]
К к	K k	[k]
Ӄ ӄ	Q q	[q]
Л л	L l	[l], [ɫ]
Љ љ	Ľ ľ	[ʎ]
М м	M m	[m]
Н н	N n	[n]
Њ њ	Ň ň	[ɲ]
О о	O o	[ɔ], [o], [ɵ], [ɒ], [ǝ]
П п	P p	[p]
Р р	R r	[r]
С с	S s	[s]
Т т	T t	[t]
У у	U u	[u], [ʉ], [ʊ]
Ў ў	W w	[w]
Ф ф	F f	[f]
Х х	Ȟ ȟ	[x]
Ӽ ӽ	H h	[h], [ɦ]
Ц ц	C c	[t͡s]
Ч ч	Č č	[ʈ͡ʂ]
Џ џ	DŽ dž	[ɖ͡͡ʐ]
Ш ш	Š š	[ʂ]
Ы ы	Y y	[ɨ]
Ь ь	Ǐ ǐ	[ʲ]

DiphthongsEdit

Qafesona has seven diphthongs. They are shown in the table below:

Cyrillic	Latin	IPA
АЙ ай	AJ aj	[aɪ̯]
АУ ау	AU au	[aʊ̯]
ЕЙ ей	EJ ej	[eɪ̯]
ЕУ еу	EU eu	[eʊ̯]
ОЙ ой	OJ oj	[ɔɪ̯]
ОУ оу	OU ou	[oʊ̯]
УЙ уй	UJ uj	[uɪ̯]

DigraphsEdit

Cyrillic	Latin	IPA
ЖЖ жж	ŽŽ žž	[ʑː]
ЖЬ жь	ŽǏ žǐ	[ʑ]
ЧЬ чь	ČǏ čǐ	[t͡ɕ]
ЏЬ џь	DŽǏ džǐ	[d͡ʑ]
ШШ шш	ŠŠ šš	[ɕː]
ШЬ шь	ŠǏ šǐ	[ɕ]

Basic grammarEdit

OverviewEdit

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Nouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No

There are no articles or genders in Qafesona, there are three numbers; singular, paucal and plural. The paucal number is used to mean "a few".

CasesEdit

Qafesona language has seven cases; nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative and vocative.

Nota beneEdit

• Qafesona has a spelling rule which states that ы may not be preceded by г, ж, ѕ, к, ӄ, љ, њ, х, ц, ч, џ or ш, instead the letter и is used.
• There is also a spelling rule stating that ь may not precede ы, the letter и is used here instead too.
• Nor may ь precede й, the letter й is simply used here (rather than ьй).
• In Qafesona animacy is relevant for declensions of nouns and adjectives. The accusative form of adjectives has two possible forms depending on the animacy of the noun. For animate nouns (i.e. people and animals), the accusative is identical to the genitive form. For inanimate nouns, the accusative is identical to the nominative.
• Native nouns do not end in и, у or ы (in the nominative singular).

NounsEdit

First declensionEdit

First declension nouns end in a consonant (but not ь, й, ў or ӽ) and decline as below:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	лес (forest)	леса	лесы
Accusative	лес	леса	лесы
Genitive	леса	лесу	лесах
Dative	лесу	лесома	лесам
Instrumental	лесом	лесомы	лесамы
Locative	лесье	лесьу	лесьех
Vocative	лесь	лесы	лесых

Second declensionEdit

Second declension nouns end in а and decline as below:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	чава (grass)	чаве	чавы
Accusative	чаву	чаво	чавы
Genitive	чавы	чаву	чав
Dative	чаве	чавама	чавам
Instrumental	чавой	чавамы	чавамы
Locative	чавье	чавьу	чавьех
Vocative	чавы	чави	чавих

Third declensionEdit

Third declension nouns end in е or о and decline as below:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	мазо (meat)	мазое	маза
Accusative	мазо	мазое	маза
Genitive	маза	мазу	маз
Dative	мазу	мазема	мазом
Instrumental	маз	маземы	мазомы
Locative	мазье	мазьу	мазьех
Vocative	мазь	мазы	мазых

Fourth declensionEdit

Fourth declension nouns end in ь and decline as below:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	гонь (leg)	гоньа	гони
Accusative	гонь	гоньа	гони
Genitive	гоньа	гоньу	гоньах
Dative	гоньу	гоньома	гоньам
Instrumental	гоньом	гоньомы	гоньамы
Locative	гонйе	гонйу	гонйех
Vocative	гоны	гони	гоних

Fifth declensionEdit

Fifth declension nouns end in й, ў or ӽ and decline as below:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	чай (tea)	чайи	чайи
Accusative	чай	чайи	чайи
Genitive	чайа	чайих	чайих
Dative	чайу	чайем	чайам
Instrumental	чай	чайемы	чайамы
Locative	чайе	чайу	чайех
Vocative	чайи	чайих	чайих

Sixth declensionEdit

Sixth declension nouns end in мьа and decline as below:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	йемьа (name)	йемье	йемьени
Accusative	йемьа	йемье	йемьени
Genitive	йемьень	йемьени	йемь
Dative	йемье	йемьом	йемьам
Instrumental	йемьей	йемьомы	йемьамы
Locative	йемйе	йемйу	йемйех
Vocative	йеми	йемйи	йемйих

Seventh declensionEdit

Seventh declension nouns end in и, у or ы, are foreign and decline as below:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	такси (taxi)	такси	таксих
Accusative	такси	такси	таксих
Genitive	таксийа	таксийа	таксийах
Dative	таксийу	таксийу	таксийух
Instrumental	таксийой	таксийо	таксийох
Locative	таксийе	таксийе	таксийех
Vocative	такси	такси	таксих

DiminutivesEdit

Diminutives

AugmentativesEdit

Augmentatives

AdjectivesEdit

Hard declensionEdit

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	новы (new)	нова	нове
Accusative	новы, новов	нова, новой	нове, новых
Genitive	новов	новой	новых
Dative	новом	нову	новым
Instrumental	новым	новом	новымы
Locative	новье	новьо	новьах
Vocative	нов	новы	новых

Soft declensionEdit

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	сини (dark blue)	синьа	синье
Accusative	сини, синьов	синьа, синьой	синье, синих
Genitive	синьов	синьой	синих
Dative	синьом	синьу	синим
Instrumental	синим	синьом	синимы
Locative	синйе	синйо	синйах
Vocative	синь	сини	синих

"А" declensionEdit

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative	ӄафесона (Qafesona)	ӄафесоны	ӄафесоне
Accusative	ӄафесона, ӄафесонов	ӄафесоны, ӄафесоной	ӄафесоне, ӄафесоных
Genitive	ӄафесонов	ӄафесоной	ӄафесоных
Dative	ӄафесоном	ӄафесону	ӄафесоным
Instrumental	ӄафесоным	ӄафесоном	ӄафесонымы
Locative	ӄафесонье	ӄафесоньо	ӄафесоньах
Vocative	ӄафесонь	ӄафесоны	ӄафесоных

Personal pronounsEdit

SingularEdit

	1st person	2nd person	3rd p (m)	3rd p (f)	3rd p (n)
Nominative	йа	ты	он	она	оно
Accusative	мньа	тебьа	йеӽо	йой	йеӽо
Genitive	мньа	тебьа	йеӽо	йой	йеӽо
Instrumental	мньа	тебьа	йеӽым	йойу	йеӽым
Dative	мнье	тебье	йему	йей	йему
Locative	мнйе	тебйе	йем	йей	йем
Vocative	ми	теби	йемь	йейи	йемь

PluralEdit

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Nominative	мы	вы	оны
Accusative	наз	ваз	ых
Genitive	наз	ваз	ых
Dative	нам	вам	ым
Instrumental	намы	вамы	ымы
Locative	назье	вазье	ымье
Vocative	нйи	вйи	еми

VerbsEdit

• There are two aspects, the simple and the perfect.
• Conjugations are governed by three persons in two numbers and two simple tenses, present and past.
• There are present and past participles that are used as adjectives and adverbs.
• There are also periphrastic forms for the future tense and the subjunctive mood.
• There are two voices, the active and the passive.

AspectEdit

Qafesona has two aspects, the simple and the perfect. Verbs come in aspectual pairs, the perfect usually being the same as the simple just with an added prefix.

The simple aspect is not progressive and not perfect, whereas the the perfect aspect is perfect. For example, the English simple present "I play", simple past "I played" and simple future "I will play" and the perfect present "I have eaten", perfect past "I had eaten" and perfect future "I will have eaten", which all correspond to Qafesona verb tense and aspect.

Aspect in Qafesona differs from the usual Slavonic aspects of imperfective and perfective pairs. However many of the perfect verbs have similar prefixes to the corresponding perfective verb.

Present tenseEdit

First conjugationEdit

First conjugation verbs have the ending -ать or -еть.

	Simple	Perfect
Infinitive	читать (to read)	прочитать
йа (1ps)	читайу	прочитайу
ты (2ps)	читайеш	прочитайеш
он, она, оно (3ps)	читайет	прочитайет
мы (1pp)	читайем	прочитайем
вы (2pp)	читайете	прочитайете
оны (3pp)	читайут	прочитайут

Second conjugationEdit

Second conjugation verbs have the ending -ить.

	Simple	Perfect
Infinitive	говорить (to read)	поговорить
йа (1ps)	говорьу	поговорьу
ты (2ps)	говорьеш	поговорьеш
он, она, оно (3ps)	говорьет	поговорьет
мы (1pp)	говорьем	поговорьем
вы (2pp)	говорьете	поговорьете
оны (3pp)	говорьут	поговорьут

Third conjugationEdit

Third conjugation verbs have the ending -ачь or -ечь.

	Simple	Perfect
Infinitive	давачь (to give)	дачь
йа (1ps)	давам	дам
ты (2ps)	даваш	даш
он, она, оно (3ps)	дават	даст
мы (1pp)	давйем	дайем
вы (2pp)	давйете	дайете
оны (3pp)	давйут	дайут

Fourth conjugationEdit

Fourth conjugation verbs have the ending -ичь.

	Simple	Perfect
Infinitive	итичь (to go (on foot))	пойтичь
йа (1ps)	итьу	пойтьу
ты (2ps)	итьош	пойтьош
он, она, оно (3ps)	итьот	пойтьот
мы (1pp)	итьом	пойтьом
вы (2pp)	итьоте	пойтьоте
оны (3pp)	итьут	пойтьут

Past tenseEdit

The past tense in Qafesona is formed very simply. The verb infinitive is taken and the final -ть or -чь is removed and replaced with -в. For example:

Simple infinitive	Simple past	Perfect infinitive	Perfect past
читать	читав	прочитать	прочитав
говорить	говорив	поговорить	поговорив
могечь (to be able to)	могев	смогечь	смогев
йешть (to eat)*	йев	сешть	сешв

^*When an infinitive ends in a consonant + -ть or -чь then both the consonant and the infinitive ending are dropped and -в added.

To beEdit

The conjugation of the verb "to be", быть, is shown below.

PresentEdit

	Simple	Perfect
Infinitive	быть	сбыть
йа (1ps)	йесем	сесем
ты (2ps)	йесы	сесы
он, она, оно (3ps)	йесет	сесет
мы (1pp)	йесмы	сесмы
вы (2pp)	йесты	сесты
оны (3pp)	йесут	сесут

PastEdit

	Simple	Perfect
Past	быв	сбыв

FutureEdit

	Simple	Perfect
йа (1ps)	бадьу	сбадьу
ты (2ps)	бадьеш	сбадьеш
он, она, оно (3ps)	бадьет	сбадьет
мы (1pp)	бадьем	сбадьем
вы (2pp)	бадьете	сбадьете
оны (3pp)	бадьут	сбадьут

Future tenseEdit

The past tense is also formed very simply. It is formed by preceding the verb's infinitive with the correct conjugation of the future tense of быть/сбыть ("to be"), быть/сбыть are the only exceptions. For example:

• "They will be": Оны бадьут. (Ony badǐut.)
• "I will say": Йа бадьу говорить. (Ja badǐu govoritǐ.)
• "We will have read": Мы бадьем прочитать (My badǐem pročitatǐ., emphasis on the fact that it will have been read)
• "We will have read": Мы cбадьем читать (My sbadǐem čitatǐ., emphasis on the fact that it will have been done)

NumeralsEdit

	Cardinal	Ordinal
One, 1	йедь	йедми
Two, 2	два	втори
Three, 3	три	трети
Four, 4	четрь	четери
Five, 5	пьать	пьати
Six, 6	шесть	шести
Seven, 7	седь	седми
Eight, 8	вось	восми
Nine, 9	девть	девети
Ten, 10	цать	цати
Zero, 0	ноль	ноли