Progress 0% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
General information[]
Sapirini has an object-subject-verb word order. Nouns decline according to case and number. Verbs conjugate according to tense, aspect, mood, person, gender, and clusivity. Modifiers precede the head. Sapirini is a pro-drop language.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal |
m | n | ||||
Plosive | p | t | kʰ g | |||
Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ | |||
Affricate |
[dʒ] |
|||||
Approximant | b | d | ɹ | j | w | |
Lateral app. | l |
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Near-close | |||
Close-mid | e | o | |
Mid | |||
Open-mid | |||
Near-open | |||
Open | ä |
Diphthongs |
---|
ai |
oi |
Alphabet[]
Letters | IPA | Pronunciation |
---|---|---|
a | ä | ä |
e | e | e |
i | i | i |
o | o | o |
u | u | u |
à | ai | ai |
ò | oi | oi |
m | m | mä |
p | p | pä |
f | f | fä |
v | v | vä |
n | n | nä |
t | t | tä |
s | s | sä |
z | z | zä |
r | ɹ | ɹä |
l | l | lä |
x | ʃ | ʃä |
j | [dʒ] | [dʒ]ä |
y | j | jä |
k | kʰ | kʰä |
g | g | gä |
w | w |
wä |
q | wo |
Sapirian has pitch accent. It falls normally on the penultimate syllable. When it does not, it is marked on the vowels with the acute accent: á, é, í, ó, ú and it is marked on the diphthongs by a circumflex: â, ô.
Phonotactics[]
Syllable shape is (C)(C)V(C)(C)
"V" is any vowel, diphthong, or the letters /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w//
/r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, and /w/ act as vowels when preceded by the letter /q/.
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
Nouns decline by number and case. Number marking follows case marking.
Number[]
Nouns have three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. The letter /e/ is used if the noun ends in a consonant.
Number | Suffix | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | tatl | table | |
Dual | -(e)v | tatlv | two tables |
Plural | -(e)n | tatln | tables |
Case[]
Nouns are marked by the dative, lative,locative, superessive, inessive, apudessive, genitive, and instrumental cases.
Case | Suffix | Description | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|
dative | -uk | indicates the indirect object |
manuk |
to the man |
lative | -ok | marks motion to a location i.e. "to" | stolok | to the store |
locative | -ak | marks location e.g. "at", "in" etc. | stolak | at the store |
superessive | -nok | indicates location on top of or on the surface of something i.e. "on" | tatlnok | on the table |
inessive | -nik | indicates location inside of something i.e. "in" | ladnik | in the box |
apudessive | -nak | indicates location next to something | tatlnak | next to the table |
genitive | -te | indicates possession | mante | the man's |
instrumental | -ye | indicates that the noun is an instrument by which the subject achieves something | hutulye | with the hammer |
.
Verbs[]
Verbs conjugate according to person, number, tense, aspect, mood, clusivity, and number. Sapirini is a pro-drop language.
Present Tense[]
Number | |||||
Person | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
1 | -di | Inclusive | -div | -din | |
Exclusive | -dive | -dine | |||
2 | -dò | -dòv | -dòn | ||
3 | Masculine | -du | -dev | -den | |
Feminine | -da | ||||
Neuter | -de | ||||
Inanimate | -do | -dov | -don |
Example sentences:
Nakoldi.( I walk.)
Nakoldu. (He walks.)
Past Tense[]
The past tense suffixes are the same as the present tense suffixes, but the letter /d/ in each suffix changes to the letter /g/.
Example Sentences:
Nakolgi. (I walked.)
Nakolgu. (He walked.)
Future Tense[]
The future tense does the same thing as the past, but the /d/ changes to an /f/.
Example Sentences:
Nakolfi. (I will walk.)
Nakolfu. (He will walk.)
Imperfect Aspect[]
The imperfect aspect is formed the same way as thte tenses, but uses a /w/.
Example Sentences:
Nakolwi. (I used to walk.)
Nakolwu. (He used to walk.)
Pluperfect Aspect[]
The pluperfect is formed the same way as the imperfect, but uses a /b/.
Nakolbi. (I had walked.)
Nakolbu. (He had walked.)
Vocabulary[]
Pronouns[]
Sapirian is a pro-drop language and pronouns are only used for emphasis or clarification.
Number | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
1 | milu | In. | miluv | milun | |
Ex. | miluve | milune | |||
2 | vò | vòv | vòn | ||
3 | M. | ju | jev | jen | |
F. | ja | ||||
N. | je | ||||
I. | jo | jov | jon |
=[]
No. | English | |
---|---|---|
1 | I | — |
2 | you (singular) | — |
3 | he | — |
4 | we | — |
5 | you (plural) | — |
6 | they | — |
7 | this | dis |
8 | that | das |
9 | here | nikut |
10 | there | nikat |
11 | who | misit |
12 | what | tingo |
13 | where | plikà |
14 | when | klokto |
15 | how | wito |
16 | not | — |
17 | all | omnut |
18 | many | — |
19 | some | — |
20 | few | — |
21 | other | — |
22 | one | — |
23 | two | — |
24 | three | — |
25 | four | — |
26 | five | — |
27 | big | — |
28 | long | lutin |
29 | wide | — |
30 | thick | — |
31 | heavy | — |
32 | small | — |
33 | short | — |
34 | narrow | — |
35 | thin | — |
36 | woman | — |
37 | man (adult male) | — |
38 | man (human being) | — |
39 | child | — |
40 | wife | kontal |
41 | husband | kontul |
42 | mother | tamal |
43 | father | tamul |
44 | animal | — |
45 | fish | — |
46 | bird | fluten |
47 | dog | kanin |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | — |
50 | worm | — |
51 | tree | — |
52 | forest | — |
53 | stick | — |
54 | fruit | — |
55 | seed | — |
56 | leaf | — |
57 | root | — |
58 | bark | — |
59 | flower | — |
60 | grass | — |
61 | rope | — |
62 | skin | — |
63 | meat | — |
64 | blood | — |
65 | bone | — |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | — |
68 | horn | — |
69 | tail | — |
70 | feather | — |
71 | hair | — |
72 | head | — |
73 | ear | — |
74 | eye | — |
75 | nose | — |
76 | mouth | — |
77 | tooth | — |
78 | tongue | — |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | — |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | — |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | — |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | — |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | — |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | — |
93 | eat | — |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | — |
99 | breathe | — |
100 | laugh | — |
101 | see | — |
102 | hear | — |
103 | know | — |
104 | think | — |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | — |
107 | sleep | — |
108 | live | — |
109 | die | — |
110 | kill | — |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | — |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | — |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | — |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | — |
122 | come | — |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | — |
128 | give | — |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | — |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | — |
140 | say | — |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | — |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | — |
148 | moon | — |
149 | star | — |
150 | water | — |
151 | rain | — |
152 | river | — |
153 | lake | — |
154 | sea | — |
155 | salt | — |
156 | stone | — |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | — |
160 | cloud | — |
161 | fog | — |
162 | sky | — |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | — |
165 | ice | — |
166 | smoke | — |
167 | fire | — |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | — |
170 | road | — |
171 | mountain | — |
172 | red | — |
173 | green | — |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | — |
176 | black | — |
177 | night | — |
178 | day | — |
179 | year | — |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | — |
182 | full | — |
183 | new | — |
184 | old | — |
185 | good | — |
186 | bad | — |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | — |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | — |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | — |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | — |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | — |
200 | left | — |
201 | at | — |
202 | in | — |
203 | with | — |
204 | and | ant |
205 | if | — |
206 | because | valtu |
207 | name | linot |
Pronouns=== Sapirini is a pro-drop language and pronouns are only used for clarification or emphasis.
Number | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
1 | milu | In. | miluv | milun | |
Ex. | miluve | milune | |||
2 | vò | vòv | vòn | ||
3 | M. | ju | jev | jen | |
F. | ja | ||||
N. | je | ||||
I. | jo | jov | jon |