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Senan ' | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional/Analytic | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative - Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
General information[]
Senan is spoken in the Republic Of Sena, which is located in the north-eastern part of Ireland. It is a Celtic language closely related to Irish, though a good chunk of the vocabulary is taken from English & has a simpler grammar.
Phonology[]
The standard orthography of Senan makes the language look less similar to Irish than it really is.
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Palatalized Nasal | mj | nj | ||||
Plosive | p | t | c | x | ||
Voiced Plosive | b | d | g | |||
Palatalized Plosive | pj | tj | cj | |||
Fricative | f | s | sh | h | ||
Voiced Fricative | v | z | zh | q | ||
Palatalized Fricative | fj | sj | jh | |||
Labialized Fricative | wh | |||||
Approximant | j | w | ||||
Flap or tap | r | |||||
Lateral flap | l |
Vowels[]
Far-front | Front | Near-front | Mid | Near-back | Back | Far-back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Far-close | i: | u: | |||||
Close | i | u | |||||
Near-close | |||||||
Close-mid | |||||||
Mid | e: | y | o: | ||||
Open-mid | e | o | |||||
Near-open | |||||||
Open | |||||||
Far-open | a | a: |
Alphabet[]
Senan uses the Latin Alphabet.
A - a/a:
B - b
C - c
Cj - cj
D - d
E - e/e:
F - f
Fj - fj
G - g
H - h
Jh - jh
I - i/i:
J - j
L - l
M - m
Mj - mj
N - n
Nj - nj
O - o/o:
P - p
Pj - pj
Q - q
R - r
S - s/sh - S is pronounced sh before back vowels.
Sj - sj
T - t
Tj - tj
U - u/u:
V - v
W - w
Wh - wh
X - x
Y - y
Z - z/zh - Z is pronounced zh before back vowels.
The spelling can be compared to Iresh.
Iresh Forms | Pronunciation | Senan Equivalent | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
B | bgh | B | (1) Loss of velarization. |
B | by | Bi | (2) See Senan Palatal Phenominon. |
Bh | w | W | (3) Difference in spelling. |
Bh | vy | Vi | (2) |
Bhf | w | W | (3) |
Bhf | vy | Vi | (2) |
Bp | bgh | B | (1) |
Bp | by | Bi | (2) |
C | k | C | |
C | c | Cj | (2) |
Ch | x | H | (3) |
Ch | ch | H | (4) Palatals become velars. |
D | dgh | D | (1) |
D | dy | Di | (2) |
Dh | gh | Q | (3) |
Dh | y | J | (3) |
Dt | dgh | D | (1) |
Dt | dy | Di | (2) |
F | fgh | F | (1) |
F | fy | Fj | (2, 3) |
Fh | silent | none | (3) |
G | g | G | |
G | j | Gi | (2, 4) |
Gc | g | G | (3) |
Gc | j |
Gi |
(2, 4) |
Gh | gh | Q | (3) |
Gh | y | J | (3) |
H | h | Q | (5) Unvoiced glottals become voiced velars. |
L | lgh | L | (1) |
L | ly | Li | (2) |
Ll | lgh | L | (1) |
Ll | ly | Li | (2) |
M | mgh | M | (1) |
M | my | Mj | (3) |
Mb | mgh | M | (1) |
Mb | my | Mj | (3) |
Mh | w | W | (3) |
Mh | Vy | Vi | (2) |
N | ngh | N | (1) |
N | ny | Nj | (3) |
NN | ngh | N | (1) |
NN | ny | Nj | (3) |
Nc | ngk | Nc | (6) Absent use of ng & ny sound leeds to usage of n as a substitute. |
Nc | nyc | Nc | (4, 6) |
Nd | ngh | N | (1) |
Nd | ny | Nj | (3) |
Ng | ng | N | (6) |
Ng | ngg | Ng | (6) |
Ng | ny | Nj | (3) |
Ng | nyc | Nc | (4, 6) |
P | pgh | P | (1) |
P |
py | Pj | (3) |
R | rgh | R | (1) |
R | ry | S | (2) |
Rr |
rgh | R | (1) |
S | sgh | S | (1) |
S | sh | Sj | (3) |
Sh | h | Q | (5) |
Sh | ch | H | (4) |
T | tgh | T | (1) |
T | ty | Tj | (3) |
Th | h | Q | (5) |
Th | ch | H | (4) |
Th | silent | none | (3) |
Ts | tgh | T | (1) |
Ts | ty | Tj | (3) |
V | w | W | (3) |
V | vy | Vi | (2) |
The Palatal Phenominon[]
There is an odd system of what happened to the palatalized consonants.
1, For all voiced stops, voiced fricatives, & phonemes r &l, palatalized consonants loose their palatalization & add a short close front vowel.
2, unvoiced palatal stops become an unvoiced palatalized velar stops.
3, voiced palatal stops become a voiced velar stops with a short close front vowel.
Additional Rules Of Pronunciation[]
Standard Senan pronounces ixi as i:, while many regional dialects pronounce it as ixi.
Grammar[]
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Nouns | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Article | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Genders?[]
The Senan language has no gender distinction, a rarety among Indo-European languages. That is, there is no real way to modify a word to alter gender. In the Senan language, Gender only needs to be addressed by two specific nouns that, more or less, translates to male & female.
Mael - Male
Femali - Female
Nouns[]
Senan nouns have two numbers (singular & plural) & four cases (common, vocative, genitive, & dative). The common case is both nominative & accusative. While Irish has 5 Declensions, Senan has three.
First Declension | for words that end with a non-palatalized consonant |
---|---|
Second Declension | For words that end with a vowel |
Third Declension | For words that ends with a palatalized consonant |
First Declension dor = Door |
Common | Vocative | Genitive | Dative |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | dor | ador | dori | dor |
Plural | dore | adora | doria | dorie |
Second Declension tri = Tree |
Common | Vocative | Genetive | Dative |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | tri | atri | trini | tri |
Plural | tria | atria | trina | tria |
Third Declension jascj = Fish |
Common | Vocative | Genetive | Dative |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | jascja | ajascja | jascjea | jascja |
Plural | jascjan | ajascjan | jascjen | jascjan |
Verbs Senan verbs have two numbers, tree tenses (past, present, future), & three moods (subjunctive, conditional, imperative). The language has two conjugation classes.
1st Conjugation | Present | Past | Future |
---|---|---|---|
x | -em | -es | -fir |
Conditional | -en | -enes | -enfir |
Imperative | -ic | -ices | -icfir |
Subjunctive | -emam | -am | -firam |
2nd conjugation | Present | Past | Future |
---|---|---|---|
x | -em | -ites | -emit |
Conditional | -un | -unites | -unemit |
Imperative | -enja | -enjites | -enjemit |
Subjunctive | -umem | -um | -emitum |
Prepositions[]
Senan prepositions have three persons (first, second, & third) & two numbers (singular & plural).
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Frist Person | -am | -aen |
Second Person | -at | -eu |
Third Person | -i | -u |
Ag = at
An = on
Aw = from/since
As = from/out of
Dej = from/of
Duw = to/for
Eder = between
Faj = under/about
Hog = to/towards
In = in
La = with
Qar = beyond/over
Rawn = around
Riw = before/in front of
Truw = through
Articles[]
Senan articles have four cases (common, vocative, genitive, & dative).
Common | Vocative | Genitive | Dative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | an | axan | ani | den |
Indefinite | wan | awan | wani | wan |
Adjectives[]
Senan Adjectives have two numbers (singular & plural), four cases (common, vocative, genitive, & dative), & three comparisons (positive, comparative, & superlative).
Common | Vocative | Genitive | Dative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | (none) | a- | -i | (none) |
Plural | -a | a-(root)-a | (none) | -e |
Comperative = -r/-er
Pronouns[]
Senan personal pronouns have three persons (first, second, third) & two numbers (singular & plual).
First Person | Second Person | Third Person | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | -m | -t | -si |
Plural | -d | -sp | -st |
These are combined with the following: Personal - he-
Possessive - a-
Interogative - ca-
Together, they create the following words:
hem (i, me), het (you), hesi (him, she, he, her, it), hed (we, us), hesp (you), hest (they, them, those, these), am (my, mine), at (your, yours), asi (his, hers, its), ad (our, ours), asp (your, yours), ast (their, theirs, its) cam (what, who) cat (what, who) casi (who, which, what, whom) cad (who, whom, what) casp (who, whom, what) cast (who, whom, what)
Numbers[]
Qaun |
Du |
Tri |
Ceaqer |
Cuec |
Sei |
Seat |
Qot |
Nar |
Dei |
Syntax[]
Senan generally follows a V-S-O word order.
Vocabulary[]
No. | English | |
---|---|---|
1 | I | — |
2 | you (singular) | — |
3 | he | — |
4 | we | — |
5 | you (plural) | — |
6 | they | — |
7 | this | — |
8 | that | — |
9 | here | — |
10 | there | — |
11 | who | — |
12 | what | — |
13 | where | — |
14 | when | — |
15 | how | — |
16 | not | — |
17 | all | — |
18 | many | — |
19 | some | — |
20 | few | — |
21 | other | — |
22 | one | — |
23 | two | — |
24 | three | — |
25 | four | — |
26 | five | — |
27 | big | — |
28 | long | — |
29 | wide | — |
30 | thick | — |
31 | heavy | — |
32 | small | — |
33 | short | — |
34 | narrow | — |
35 | thin | — |
36 | woman | — |
37 | man (adult male) | — |
38 | man (human being) | — |
39 | child | — |
40 | wife | — |
41 | husband | — |
42 | mother | — |
43 | father | — |
44 | animal | — |
45 | fish | — |
46 | bird | — |
47 | dog | — |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | — |
50 | worm | — |
51 | tree | — |
52 | forest | — |
53 | stick | — |
54 | fruit | — |
55 | seed | — |
56 | leaf | — |
57 | root | — |
58 | bark | — |
59 | flower | — |
60 | grass | — |
61 | rope | — |
62 | skin | — |
63 | meat | — |
64 | blood | — |
65 | bone | — |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | — |
68 | horn | — |
69 | tail | — |
70 | feather | — |
71 | hair | — |
72 | head | — |
73 | ear | — |
74 | eye | — |
75 | nose | — |
76 | mouth | — |
77 | tooth | — |
78 | tongue | — |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | — |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | — |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | — |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | — |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | — |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | — |
93 | eat | — |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | — |
99 | breathe | — |
100 | laugh | — |
101 | see | — |
102 | hear | — |
103 | know | — |
104 | think | — |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | — |
107 | sleep | — |
108 | live | — |
109 | die | — |
110 | kill | — |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | — |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | — |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | — |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | — |
122 | come | — |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | — |
128 | give | — |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | — |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | — |
140 | say | — |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | — |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | — |
148 | moon | — |
149 | star | — |
150 | water | — |
151 | rain | — |
152 | river | — |
153 | lake | — |
154 | sea | — |
155 | salt | — |
156 | stone | — |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | — |
160 | cloud | — |
161 | fog | — |
162 | sky | — |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | — |
165 | ice | — |
166 | smoke | — |
167 | fire | — |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | — |
170 | road | — |
171 | mountain | — |
172 | red | — |
173 | green | — |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | — |
176 | black | — |
177 | night | — |
178 | day | — |
179 | year | — |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | — |
182 | full | — |
183 | new | — |
184 | old | — |
185 | good | — |
186 | bad | — |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | — |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | — |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | — |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | — |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | — |
200 | left | — |
201 | at | — |
202 | in | — |
203 | with | — |
204 | and | — |
205 | if | — |
206 | because | — |
207 | name | — |