Tesnafek Kuna-lia

Tesnafek Kuna-lia (Singing Hollow) [tɛs͡nafɛk kuna.lia]

Name: Tesnafek Kuna-lia Type: Agglutinative/Fusional Alignment: Free or SVO Head Direction: Mixture Number of genders: 4 (Male, Female, Neuter, Other) Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

Classification and Dialects (Kulas-bik Ane Es-kos-fif - 類픽 아네 엣低語)

Short Manner TekK-l

Full Manner TesnafekKuna-lia (哥엑洞穴) [tɛs͡nafɛk kuna.lia]

The name of the Language derives from the notion of the speakers that language was given from the hollow cavity of the Sound Organ(Tsa-lat - 体音) also known as the vocal cords hence Singing (Tesnafek - 哥엑) Hollow (Kuna-lia - 洞穴).

It was developed by the Tauale (Tawale - 더워레), a small tribal nation that inhabited the ancient Northern Sea (Aka-nolete Nale - 아가北海) and Pyrenees (Fileneus - 비레네웃) and moved into modern day Indonesia in the Papua and Sumatra regions (Fafua Ane Sunatsa - 바부아 아네 수낟사) throughout the age of colonization with the Portuguese and English.

With a population of about 5000 speakers, it is a declining language but with many new native language speakers around the world. This language has no known dialects as of yet.

The first alphabet of this language was actually a set of symbols that were in total 51 for all vowel and vowel diphthongs and consonant and consonant clusters as well as some symbols for the - and other marks, the language passed then through a usage of Chinese-Japanese characters and Korean Hangul. This language now is written in Latin reduced alphabet or in a special Han-Hangul script and the Capital letters are used as a separator between words so actually the name of the language is Tesnafek Kuna-lia but for foreigners a space is added for less confusion while maintaining that Capital letters in the beginning of each word.

Some of the words in the language have been influenced by other languages like: Japanese, English, Portuguese, Latin, Italian, Danish and Mandarin.

The Official morphological type of this language is influenced by these languages, as such this language is a Fusional like in Portuguese, Italian, English and Latin but also Polysynthectic/Agglutinative like Japanese and Mandarin.

There are some loan words that have not been translated into Tesnafek Kuna-lia like the word Bear that comes from Danish(bjørn) > Biotün that can also be written as Biotun (熊) for translation into Tesnafek Kuna-lia or the verb Notalo (see) from Italian/Portuguese/Latin from these are not treated as foreign words but as normal words.

Words that have an already defined meaning in TekK-l like Nola (Yes) or loan words that have more than 400 years of usage are normal words while other are foreign words.

At the moment the language has at least 60 words from these languages that were incorporated during the millennia.

Curiosities

Words like Dinosaur (Fial-sae - 大怪 - big monster) or Monster(Saesal - 怪) actually have a back story to why they are this way.

The Empires of Cartage and Rome were building their power during the time the language was developing, first when the tribe was in the Northern sea going towards the Navarre region of the Pyrenees, the word for monster is originated from the name Ceasar of the Roman Empire while the Dinosaur refers also to Elephants that the Cartage empire had when they started going south to the Spanish region of Gibraltar that was controlled by Cartage during the Punic Wars and later by the Romans, the bones that were first found by these tribes were of the Mammoths and Big Elephants so they received the name big monsters, to differentiate normally the natives use the now common word Fial-saekka 大怪別( Big monster + kka suffix) that means Elephant to differentiate the two.

Phonology(Lat-nat - 音字)

Consonants(Es-ask-nat - 엣硬字)

There are only 7 consonants, these are:

• F,K,L,T,N,S,B;
• There is also a semi-vowel [w] and a foreign [h] sounds;

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Velar		Labial-Velar	Glotal
Nasal			n ㄴ
Plosive	b ㅍ		t ㄷ			k ㄱ	gㄲ
Fricative	f ㅂ		s ㅅ		ʃ ㅆ				hㅎ
Lat. Approx			l ㄹ
Approximant								w ㅜ

Vowels(Es-osk-nat - 엣柔字)

There are 5 vowels that are always said in their total length: A,E,I,O,U and a short Ü that is only found in foreign language conversion. Example: Alfa -> Alüfa [alŭfa]- 아루바

	Front	Back
Close	i ㅣ	u,ŭ ㅜ
Close-Mid
Open-Mid	ɛ ㅔ	ɔ ㅗ
Open	a ㅏ

Phonotactics(Nat-nia - 語操)

Phonotactics is a singular word in TekK-l, therefore it doesn't need the radical Es before it.

Words can be form trough simple rules:

• (C)C - Only two consonants can be directly together;
• (V)V(V*) Vowels can be directly together; *repeat
• (C)(C)V(V/C) - A word needs at least a vowel;
• The rules for Consonant clusters and vowels clusters don't apply to Radical formed words; Nossa-nuk-bi, (to follow an animal verb);
• When two consonants are together they are read as follows: Tesnafek: Te(sna)fek instead of Tes(na)fek;

Tesnafek Kuna-lia has a very restricted cluster for consonants:

Consonant Clusters	F	K	L	T	N	S	B
-	F	K	L	T	N	S	B
F			FL		FN
K		KK	KL		KN
L
T						TS
N
S	SF	SK	SL	ST	SN	SS	SB
B			BL

All vowel clusters are possible, the U letter when in clusters of vowels becomes a /w/ sound, special case Uu /wu/.

Writing System/Alphabet(Fif-nat - 語字)

Letter	Aa ㅏ	Ee ㅔ	Ii ㅣ	Oo ㅗ	Uu ㅜ	Hh/Üü ㅎ/ㅜ	Ff ㅂ	Kk ㄱ	Ll ㄹ	Tt ㄷ	Nn ㄴ	Ss ㅅ
Sound	[a]	[ɛ]	[i]	[ɔ]	[w~u]	[h~ŭ]	[f]	[k]	[l]	[t]	[n]	[s]
Letter	Bb ㅍ	Ss/ss ㅆ	Kk/kk ㄲ
Sound	[b]	[ ʃ ]	[g]

Numbers(Es-kaila - 엣数)

Numbers	TekK-l
0	Tekon	零
1	Un	一
2	Bo	二
3	Sat	三
4	Se	四
5	Kut	五
6	Kekka	六
7	Flan	七
8	Okete	八
9	Nobet	九
10	Si	十
11	Si Un	十一
25	Bo-si Kut	二十一
50	Kut-si	五十
100	Biak	百
1.000	Uono	千
10.000	Si-Uono	万
1.000.000	Lakka	百万

The ordinal version of the numbers is just adding the radical "-kau" (가우) after the word. Example: 1st -> Un-kau (一가우)

The decimal numbers are made by adding the radical "Keua-" (게우아) to the beginning of that number's decimal part 10,45 -> Si Keua-se-si Kut 十게우아四十五

The numeral system used now in TekK-l is the Arabic number system that most of the world uses, but the Han-Hangul version is still used in local transactions and day to day life.

Grammar(Fif-nia - 語操)

The Tesnafek Kuna-lia grammar divides itself in 8 categories, each having some special restrictions and Class, they are disposed in hierarchy:

• Open Class:
  • Verb;
  • Noun
  • Verbal Form;
• Closed Class:
  • Sentence Identifier;
• Open Class(cont.):
  • Adjective;
  • Linker;
  • Radical;
  • Suffix;

Verbs(Es-taik-ak - 엣다익악)

Verbs are a very special type of word that are only used as verbs inside of the Taik sentence part, outside of it they may have different meanings.

Each verb can be formed by two ways:

• -bi (피) extension verb: An action verb that is formed by one or more radicals;
• Natural verbs: verbs that are formed only by a word and nothing else, they normally represent a notion or a basic speech verb;

Examples:

• Lat-bi (音피): to sound/ sound + bi;
• Etana-inake-bi (複鏡피): to mirror/ replicate + image + bi;
• Ta-ki-bi (工木피): to chop/ Axe + bi;(could also be written as Ta-ki-ki-bi (工木木피): Axe + tree + bi but the word becomes very hard to say)
• Notalo (見): to see;
• Lokna (吃): to eat;
• Kako (欲): to want;
• Nossa (歩): to walk;
• Na (是): to be;

There are 6 forms for each verb depending on the tense and function of the word, theses forms change in the presence of different vowels at the end.

Rules:

• A verb must end in either A,I or O and it is called the Root of the verb;
• Non-declined verbs are in the infinitive;
• A verb is a word that can differ in meaning when used outside of the verb sentence part;
• The Substantive or Participle can be used as an adjective of the verb;

Table of declensions: (+ or - are used to identify adding letters and erasing letters)

////////////////	Root			Examples
Tenses	A	I	O	NA(to be)	FI(to use)	NATO(to mark)
Present	+L	+EL	-O +IL	Nal	Fil	Natil
Present Continuous	+KE			Nake	Fike	Natoke
Past Simple	+LE			Nale	File	Natole
Past Continuous	+NA			Nana	Fina	Natona
Future	+NEA			Nanea	Finea	Natonea
Substantive/Participle	-A +EK	+K	-O +EK	Nek	Fik	Natek

Passive Voice(Bitu-tel-ak - 피두델악)

Bitu-tel-ak: by + Subject marker noun

The passive voice in TekK-l is actually very easy to do as it follows the English way of forming it, the key word Keik is substituted by Bitu-(Object):

• English: The ice cream was eaten by the kid.
• English: The kid ate the ice cream.
• TekK-l: Tel Saef Ise Külin Sal Taik Loknana( to eat + past continuous) Bitu-Kitout(by the kid)
• TekK-l: Tel Kitout Taik Loknale Keik Saef Ise Külin Sal

Nouns(Es-tetak - 엣名)

Nouns are normally formed by two or more radicals, they sometimes form from Verbal forms that aren't inside the Verb sentence part, the default type of all words is the Noun, this includes numbers, prepositions, adverbs and others.

Examples:

• Tsa-anata(Nose: Body part + to breathe);
• Ska-tsa-ukie(Minute: Time + heart);
• Tsa-ukie(Heart: Body part + blood);
• Flan(7);
• Ki-fan(Saturn: Tree + planet);
• Nat: Both Letter(as in an alphabet) and Letter(Mail);

Pronouns(Es-subet-tetak - 엣交名)

Pronouns are a subclass of the Noun in this language, there are 6 main types but also some complex types.

If in the Subject sentence part the word is a subject pronoun(example:I ) if in the Object part it is an object pronoun(example: me).

The We pronoun is special, it is combined with Tut (This: close to the receiver) / Teo (That: close to the speaker) for the inclusion or exclusion of the receiver of the message, as well as having the gender change, totaling in 7 different forms for the We pronoun, the stem has no default gender nor inclusion this can and will generate trouble if not used correctly.

TekK-l		English Explanation
私 (수아)	Sua	I
君 (팟나)	Basna	singular you
他 (나라리낟)	Nala-linat	he
她 (우다에리낟)	Utae-linat	she
它 (리낟)	Linat	it(stem genderless)
其 (우네우리낟)	Uneu-linat	it(other gender)
私们 (위다)	Uita	we(stem genderless)
私们둗 (위다둗)	Uita-tut	we(inclusion of receiver stem)
私们데오 (위다데오)	Uita-teo	we(exclusion of receiver stem)
君们 (팟나엗)	Basnatet	plural you
它们 (리낟엗)	Linatet	they(stem genderless)
他们 (나라리낟엗)	Nala-linatet	they(males)
她们 (우다에리낟엗)	Utae-linatet	they(females)
其们 (우네우리낟엗)	Uneu-linatet	they(others)

In total there are 18 forms for the pronouns to take depending on the gender and inclusion, these are the same in Subject and Object.

Verbal Forms(Taik-ak Es-aota - 다익악 엣形)

This class normally is formed by Conjugated Verbs that serve other purposes in a sentence like a noun or an adjective.

• Fina -> Fina(verb to use in Past continuous) Fina(User noun);

Sentence Identifiers(Es-telau-nato - 엣文印)

This type is the only Closed Class, it contains all reserved words that mark certain parts of a sentence or alter the meaning of words.

Sentence part: a part of a sentence like Subject, Verb, Object

The position in sentence part is divided in three parts, Begin, Middle and End, these are relative to the words that compose that sentence part.

There is also a linkage part that is to see if the reserved word gains a "-" when it is used.

TekK-l	English Explanation	Position in the Sentence part
		Begin	Linkage	Middle	Linkage	End
Aka - 아가	Normal Adjective Marker	Aka	Yes	Adjective	-----	----
Kno - 不	Not marker	---------	---------	All	Yes	Kno
Tel - 델	Subject Marker	Tel	No	All except Verbs	-----	----
Taik - 다익	Verb Marker	Taik	No	Only Verbs	-----	----
Keik - 게익	Object Marker	Keik	No	All except Verbs	-----	----
Uka - 우가	Canceller of Markers	Uka	Yes	Sentence Identifier	-----	----
Fieb - 비엪	Real Possession Marker (of)	Posesser	No	Fieb	No	Posession
Saef ( ) Sal/Sale	Foreign Word Encloser	Saef	No	Foreign Word	No	Sal/Sale

Adjectives(Es-aka-kak - 엣아가각)

An adjective must be followed by the Sentence Identifier Aka-(adjective) except when the Adjective is the Participle of the Verb, Example: Aka-lia (Empty), Tesnafek (Participle equivalent to Singing).

Comparative and Superlative(Akatsa-kak Ane Akasla-kak - 아가較각 아네 아가最각)

The comparative and superlative are very rare occurrences in this language but the syntax that they have is very simple:

• English: The ox is bigger than the cow.
• TekK-l: Tel Nala-bos Taik Nal Keik Akatsa-fial Utae-bos.
• English The ox is the biggest.
• TekK-l: Tel Nala-bos Taik Nal Keik Akasla-fial.

The comparative is formed by adding the tsa (較) suffix(not to be confused by tsa [part of body] (体) radical) while the superlative is formed by adding the sla (最) suffix.

Linkers(Es-linuka - 엣鎖)

As the name suggests this type of word links and relates the various words, Fieb (비엪) is both a Sentence Identifier and a Linker of Possession.

They normally end with a "E" with some exceptions:

• Fieb (of) - 비엪;
• Titia (part of) - 디디아;
• Nasfe-kno(Without);
• Fiti (Equivalent to Can/ to be able to);

They have various sub-types like Possession, Condition, Ability.

Radicals(Es-labika - 엣幹)

The most basic building block of this language, it can have various forms depending on where it is on the composite word.

The most basic examples are:

• Tsa (体): Part of Body;
• Sa (外): Foreign; Saef and Sal/Sale use this word and a suffix;
• Fan (惑): Planet;
• Nuk/Nu (物): Animal;
• [number]-kin (祖): grand radical, for family use only; Example: great-grandparent -> Bo-kin-kesul (二祖親) (two grand parent);
• Fial (大): Grand/Big;

Affixes(Es-afik - 엣缀)

Simple Affixes

Alone it doesn't have any meaning so it has to join a word/radical in order to gain a complete meaning.

Example: Nuknat (物) (Animal); "nat" here doesn't have a meaning to share to the word so it is considered to be a affix;

This is what is called a completion type affix, it has no meaning it only transforms a radical into a noun/other types, declension affixes are less common but they convey a special meaning that changes the gender/plural or even the meaning of the word itself.

Example: Page Fakke (頁) -> Book(page plural suffix tet) Fakketet (頁덷)

Curiosity: Nuknat and Nuk-nat exist but they all have different meanings: Nuknat (物) -> Animal, Nuk-nat (物字) -> Animal Mail Service( also written like Nu-nat for less ambiguity).

Complex Affixes

Example:

• Ni[]l/Ni[] (니*ㄹ / 니* / 麦*): Wheat Complex Affix
  • Wheat: Nissul (麦農): Ni[]l + Ssu(Agriculture suffix);

• L[]tusa (ㄹ*戦): Fight Complex Suffix
  • Latusa (라戦): to fight with others
  • Letusa (레戦): to fight the Devil
  • Litusa (리戦): to fight God
  • Lotusa (로戦): to fight with oneself
  • Lutusa (루戦): to fight with emotions
  • Laotusa (라오戦): to fight

The verb to fight is formed by a complex affix and a completer vowel cluster, in this case the complex suffix is the carrier of the meaning while the vowel is a completer of the meaning.

Genders(Es-benia - 엣性)

Gender in Tesnafek Kuna-lia is composed of four types with distinct uses:

• Male: used when a male gender is present;
• Female: used when a female gender is present;
• Neuter/Absence of Gender: the default gender of the word only used in singular;
• Other/Neutral gender: used in the singular and plural when the gender is or isn't present but is questionable;

By adding a Radical to the beginning of the word the type of gender differs and may change the meaning of the sentence.

Gender	Radical
Male	Nala
Female	Utae
Other	Uneu
Neuter	Neut

Examples:

• Pronoun for the third person singular(stem Linat):
  • It(Neuter): Linat / Neut-linat(redundant);
  • He(Male):Nala-linat;
  • She(Female):Utae-linat;
  • It(Other):Uneu-linat;

• Cow(stem Bos):
  • Ox(Neuter): Bos / Neut-bos(redundant);
  • Bull(Male):Nala-bos;
  • Cow(Female): Utae-bos;
  • Cattle(Other + Plural): Uneus-bos;

Plurals(Es-fural - 엣複)

The plural of a word is mainly adding a small affix after the gender word if specified or before the word if the word doesn't need a gender.

Genders	Singular	Plural	Example
Male	Nala (나라)	Nalas (나랏)	Nalas-bos (bulls)
Female	Utae (우다에)	Utaes (우다엣)	Utaes-bos (cows)
Other	Uneu (우네우)	Uneus (우네웃)	Uneus-bos (Cattles)
No gender	Neut (네욷)	Es/S (엣/ㅅ)	S-ki/Es-ki (Trees)
Plural Pronouns/ rare words	--------	et/tet (엗/덷)	Linatet (they)

The Es radical only occurs when the S alone is difficult to pronounce when the anterior word has an S in the final letter or if the Speaker isn't comfortable in saying it.

The pronouns are some of the rare exceptions that have different suffixes added after for plural forms like Linat(you) -> Linatet(you), Basna(it) -> Basnatet(they), et and tet are added.

Syntax(Telau-nia - 文操)

The sentence identifiers give this language a mostly free syntax but the normal is SVO.

The negative is formed by the Sentence identifier Kno meaning not/no after the verb in any tense.

The interrogative is formed in two ways:

• V not V formation for Yes/No questions, the response is either No(Kno) or Yes(Nola);
• Special question words like Where, How What that are put alone without a sentence marker, the Subject marker is substituted by the question marker in the function of the sentence;

Sentence(Telau) Examples:

• Negative(Telau-kno):
  • Pluto isn't a Planet in the English language.
  • Tel Abat-fan Taik Nal-kno Keik Fan Kuate Saef Enükülis Sal Fif
  • Tel(Subject) Abat-fan(Pluto) Taik(Verb) Nal-kno( to be + present tense + negative) Keik(Object) Fan(Planet) Kuate(in/inside) Saef Enükülis Sal(Foreign word English) Fif(Language)
• Affirmative(Telau-nola):
  • Pluto is a Planet in this Language.
  • Tel Abat-fan Taik Nal Keik Fan Kuate Tato-obe Fif
  • Tel(Subject) Abat-fan(Pluto) Taik(Verb) Nal( to be + present tense) Keik(Object) Fan(Planet) Kuate(in/inside) Tato-obe(this close to no one) Fif(Language)
• Question(Laota):
  • 1st Interrogative(Telau-laota-nola-kno):
    • Do you want this car?
    • Tel Basna Taik Kakil-kno Kakil Keik Teo-obe Saef Cal Sal
    • Tel(Subject) Basna(You singular) Taik(Verb) Kakil-kno Kakil(to want + Present tense question) Keik(Object) Teo-obe(This close to the speaker) Saef Cal Sal(Foreign word Car)
  • 2nd Interrogative(Tealu-laota):
    • What are you?
    • Uena Basna Taik Nal
    • Uena(What + Subject) Basna(You singular) Taik(Verb) Nal( to be + present tense)

Lexicon/Dictionary(Funetik - 字典)

Link here.

Example sentences (Ekanuf Es-Telau - 例 엣文)

Tongue-twister:

• 델 아가木工木 工木 다익 工木피엘 게익 木. 델 木工木 다익 使나 組立 게익 更 엣工木.
• Tel Aka-ki-ta-ki Ta-ki Taik Ta-ki-biel Keik Ki. Tel Ki-ta-ki Taik Fina Kita Keik Kane Es-ta-ki.
• [  tɛl  aka.ki.ta.ki  ta.ki  tajk  ta.ki.bjɛl  kɛjk  ki ][ tɛl  ki.ta.ki  tajk  fina  kita  kɛjk  kanɛ  ɛs.ta.ki ]
• The wooden axe chops the tree. The wood is used to make more axes.

Poem exert:

• 델 私  다익 育레 中ㅅ花 비엪 部, 게익 一知人 아네 一花複鏡人
• I Raised From In Between The Flowers, The One Wise And The One Beautiful,
• Tel Sua Taik Uoso-Le  Tubla S-Asi Fieb Kao, Keik Un-Biten-Ti Ane Un-Asi -Etana-Inake -Ti
• LIT: I Sustented Between The Flowers’ Part, One With Knowledge And One That Mirrors The Flower