Tyrlian

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Tyrlian Vallum de Tur
Type
Agglutinating
Alignment
Nominative–accusative
Head direction
Final
Tonal
Yes
Declensions
No
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Yes
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			(ŋ)
Stop	p b		t d	tʃ dʒ		k g
Fricative	f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ	ç	x	h
Approximant			ɹ		j	w
Lateral			l

[ŋ] is an allophone of [n] occurring before [k] and [g].

[v, ð, z] are allophones of /f, θ, s/ respectively, occurring between vowels or voiced consonants.

[ç] is an allophone of [h] before a back vowel

[ɫ] is an allophone of [l] occurring before another consonant

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i iː	u uː
Close-mid	e eː	o oː
Open-mid	ɛ ɛː
Near-open	æ æː
Open		ɑ ɑː

Alphabet

Letter	Normal Pronunciation	Alternate Pronunciation
A	[ɑ] or [ɑː]
Æ	[æ] or [æː]
B	[b]
C	[tʃ]	[dʒ] between vowels
Ch	[x]
D	[d]
E	[ə]	[e] or [eː] in a long syllable [ɛ] or [ɛː] in a short syllable
F	[f]	[v] between vowels
G	[g]
H	[h]	[ç] before a back vowel
I	[i] or [iː]	[i] before another vowel
J	[j]
K	[k]
L	[l]	[ɫ] before another consonant
M	[m]
N	[n]	[ŋ] before [k] or [g]
O	[o] or [oː]	[w] before another vowel
P	[p]
Qu	[k]
R	[ɹ]
S	[s]	[z] between vowels
Ss	[s]
Sc	[ʃ]
T	[t]
Th	[θ]	[ð] between vowels
U	[u] or [uː]	[w] before another vowel
Z	[ts]	[dz] between vowels

Grammar

Classification of Words

Tyrlian grammarians have been classifying words of speech for centuries, but the modern standard is the one taught in public schools, chosen by the Tyrlian Board of Education in the year 3E31 (equivalent to the human year 1962). This is the 9Asc system, which divides words into nine categories called Asc.

The Asc themselves grouped together according to the following chart.

• Content words
  • Substantives
    • Nouns
    • Pronouns
    • Number words
  • Verbs (broadly speaking)
    • Action verbs
    • Description verbs
  • Modifiers
    • Determiners, prenouns or indeclinable adjectives
    • Adverbs
  • Other content words
    • Interjections or exclamations
• Function words
  • Particles or postpositions

Both cardinal and ordinal numbers are grouped into their own part of speech. Descriptive verbs and action verbs are classified separately despite sharing essentially the same conjugation. Verb endings constitute a large and rich class of morphemes, indicating such things in a sentence as tense, mood, aspect, speech level, and honorifics. Prefixes and suffixes are numerous, partly because Tyrlian is an agglutinative language.

There are also various other important classes of words and morphemes that are not generally classified among the Asc. 5 other major classes of words or morphemes are:

• Verb endings
• Demonstratives
• Conjunctions
• Prefixes
• Suffixes

Postpositions

Tyrlian postpositions are also known as case markers. Examples include é, the topic marker, and sa, the direct object marker. Postpositions come after substantives and are used to indicate the role of a noun in a sentence or clause.

Case Clitics

Both nouns and pronouns take case clitics. Pronouns are somewhat irregular. As with many clitics and suffixes in Korean, for many case clitics different forms are used with nouns ending in consonants and nouns ending in vowels. The most extreme example of this is in the nominative (subject), where the historical clitic on is now restricted to appearing after consonants, and a completely unrelated (suppletive) form -ne appears after vowels.

Case	After V	After C
Nominative	-ne	-on
Accusative	-sa	-a
Genitive	-oi*
Dative (also destination)	-ell (inanimate) -erra (animate)
Locative (place of event)	-ellso (inanimate) -erraso (animate)
Instrumental	-rum*	-arum
Comitative	-buna
	-ia	-nia
	-sem	-esem

1. The stem -oi is a morphophonemic spelling, which is pronounced the same as oa or ua.

2. The stem -rum is also used when the attached noun ends with an r.

Informational clitics

Type	After V	After C
Topic*	-ié	-é
Additive*	-mo
And (and so on)	-na	-ina

Nouns

Tyrlian nouns do not have grammatical gender and though they can be made plural by adding the suffix -an to the end of a word, in general the suffix is not used when the plurality of the noun is clear from context. For example, while the English sentence "there are three apples" would use the plural "apples" instead of the singular "apple", the Tyrlian sentence "Unbane kom sín hueo" (apple[subject] three things exists) keeps the word unba in its unmarked form, as the numeral makes the plural marker redundant.

Pronouns

Tyrlian pronouns are highly influenced by the honorifics in the language. Pronouns change forms depending on the social status of the person or persons spoken to, e.g. the pronoun for "I" there is both the informal Kum and the honorific/humble born. In general second person singular pronouns are avoided, especially when using honorific forms.

Numerals

Tyrlian numerals include two regularly used sets: a native Tyrlian set and a Guaro-Tyrlian set. The Guaro-Tyrlian system is nearly entirely based on the Guarian numerals. The distinction between the two numeral systems is very important. Everything that can be counted will use one of the two systems, but seldom both. The grouping of large numbers in Tyrlian follow the Guarian tradition of myriads (10,000) rather than thousands.

Verbs

Action Verbs

Tyrlian "action verbs", which include assem (to write) and gom (to go), are usually called, simply, "verbs." However, they can also be called "action verbs" or "dynamic verbs," because they describe an action, process, or movement. This distinguishes them from descriptive verbs.

Korean verb conjugation depends upon the tense, aspect, mood, and the social relation between the speaker, the subject(s), and the listener(s). Different endings are used depending on the speaker's relation with their subject or audience. Politeness is a critical part of Tyrlian language and Tyrlian culture; the correct verb ending must be chosen to indicate the proper degree of respect or familiarity for the situation.

Descriptive Verbs

Descriptive verbs sometimes translated as "adjectives" but also known as "descriptive verbs" or "stative verbs," are verbs such as akkaom (to be pretty) or thestrom (to be red), English does not have an identical grammatical category, and the English translation of a Tyrlian descriptive verb is usually a linking verb + an English adjective. However, some Tyrlian words which do not match that formula, such as bekkum, a transitive verb which means to "to lack" or "to want for", are still considered descriptive verbs in Tyrlian because they don't involve an action.

Copulative and existential verbs

The copula clitic -onem may be historically related to the nominative case clitic -on. Regardless, nouns do not take the case clitic -ne when followed by the copula. The copula inflects like any verb, except that it has a special honorific form.

The copula takes the negative prefix -ser, but the result is written as if it were a single morpheme: seron. Nouns do take the nominative clitic -on/-ne before the negative copula.

The copula is only for "to be" in the sense of "A is B". For existence, Tyrlian uses the existential verbs huem "to be, to exist" and bollem "to not be, to not exist." The honorific existential verb for huem is guesom.

Modifiers

Determiners

Tyrlian determiners are known in English as "determiners," "determinatives," "pre-nouns," "adnouns," "attributives," "unconjugated adjectives," and "indeclinable adjectives." Determiners come before and modify or specify nouns, much like attributive adjectives or articles in English. Examples include bak (each).

Adverbs

Tyrlian adverbs include scom (also, again) and bié (fully). Like in English, adverbs modify verbs.

Verb Conjugation

Tyrlian verb conjugation can be shocking for first time learners, but it actually follows a strict system. Most verbs have regular conjugations and once you learn the rules for these conjugations, you can conjugate most verbs. There are still a few verbs that remain irregular. 

For this example we will use the following verb: huem.

Sentence-final forms

	FNP	INP	IP	FP
Indicative	huem	hueo	hué	huemin
Interrogative	huesa m	huesa	huesé	huesanio
Hortative	huenom	hueno	huené	hueninka
Imeperative	huefam	huefa	huefé	huefor
Assertive	huege m	huege	huegé	hueginor

Connective Forms

	FNP	INP	IP	FP
Cause	huekko		huenia	huenir
Contrast	huende
Conjuction	huemí
Condition	huesc
Motive	huenga

Noun and determiner forms

Verbal nouns	huema		hueó
Past tense verbal nouns	huesama		huesaó
Determiners	huen	hueko	huella

Vocabulary

No.	English	Tyrlian
1	I	ín
2	you (singular)	ge
3	he	æ
4	we	asa
5	you (plural)	geth
6	they	thai
7	this	te
8	that	uo
9	here	scin
10	there	bascin
11	who	hen
12	what	mo
13	where	—
14	when	—
15	how	—
16	not	—
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	—
23	two	—
24	three	—
25	four	—
26	five	—
27	big	—
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	—
37	man (adult male)	—
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	—
40	wife	—
41	husband	—
42	mother	—
43	father	—
44	animal	—
45	fish	—
46	bird	—
47	dog	—
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	—
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	—
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	—
60	grass	—
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	—
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	—
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	—