Uberish/Verbs
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Uberish verbs are considerably more complex than English or French, or even Latin verbs in that all tenses are expressed in simple forms, as well as the fact that there are six moods and ten tenses.
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[edit] Infinitives
The dictionary entry for a verb will always give the bare form of the infinitive, which has no grammatical correctness in and of itself. This will always end in -ir. To say the present active infinitive, one simply adds the present indicative prefix to the dictionary entry. To change the infinitive to have a passive meaning, the -ir is changed to an -ar. To change the mood or tense of the verb, one can change the the mood or tense prefix of the infinitive.
[edit] Verb Conjugation
Verbs in Uberish are conjugated according to mood and tense, which precede the verb stem, as well as person, number, and voice, which succede the verb stem. Since each form is unique, it is unnecessary to state the subject; it is implied in the form[[.]]
[edit] Mood
The mood indicator of a verb is the first part of a verb. Mood shows the reality of the action of the verb. There are six moods in Uberish: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, emotive, urgent. For a clearer understanding of mood, see the Wikipedia Article on Mood
[edit] Indicative
The indicative is the simplest mood. It is used in making simple statements and questions, as well as subordinate clauses that state a certain outcome. It is marked by a-.
[edit] Subjunctive
The subjunctive mood has several purposes. First, it states what in English would use the auxiliary verb "may", or "let", as in "may the king live". Secondly, it is used in contrary-to-fact statements and wishes, such as "If I were..." or "I wish I were...", often with the word si "if". Additionally, the subjunctive mood is used when stating requests, such as "I demand that he leave", in which case the tense of the second verb is always in the same tense as the tense of the main verb. Also, the subjunctive mood is used in making indirect questions, in which case the subordinate clause would have the appropriate tense relative to the main verb. For indirect statements, the Latin methodology is used (see Indirect Statements) Finally, the subjunctive also can take the place of the auxiliary verb "might". This is most often used with the future tense, since statements like "I might go" indicate that the speaker intends to the action in the future. The prefix for the subjunctive mood is e-o
[edit] Conditional
The conditional mood is used where English would use the auxiliary verb "would". The prefix for the conditional mood is i-.
[edit] Imperative
The imperative mood is the command form of a verb. The prefix for the imperative mood is no-.
[edit] Emotive
The emotive mood is used when the speaker feels strongly about the statement he/she is making. The prefix is o-.
[edit] Urgent
The urgent mood indicates haste, urgency, or necessity, often where the English verb "must" is used. The prefix is u-.
[edit] Tense/Aspect
The next marker is of the tense/aspect combination. Tense shows the temporal relationship between the time of the speaker's utterance and the actual occurrence of the action being mentioned. There are ten tenses in Uberish: present, present continuous, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future, future continuous, future perfect, past perfect continuous, and future perfect continuous.
[edit] Present
The present tense equates to the simple present or present emphatic in English, as in "I play" or "I do play". It is marked by -s-
[edit] Present Continuous
The present continuous is like the construct be + present participle in English, such as "I am playing". It is marked by -n-.
[edit] Imperfect
The imperfect equates to "was/were X-ing" or "used to X". This refers to an action that ocurred for a long time before stopping, with no sense of finality in the stopping itself. The imperfect is marked by -bam-.
[edit] Perfect
The perfect in English to "have/has X-ed" or just "X-ed". It is marked by -haf-.
[edit] Pluperfect
The pluperfect equates in English to the past perfect, or "had X-ed". It is marked by -d-.
[edit] Future
The future corresponds to "will X" or "going to X". It is marked by -l-.
[edit] Future Continuous
The future continuous corresponds to "will be X-ing". It is marked by -ln-.
[edit] Future Perfect
The future perfect corresponds to "will have X-ed". It is marked by -lhaf-.
[edit] Past Perfect Continuous
The past perfect continuous corresponds to "had been X-ing". It is marked by -nd-.
[edit] Future Perfect Continuous
The future perfect continuous corresponds to "will have been X-ing". It is marked by -lnhaf-.
[edit] Voice
Immediately following the stem of the verb is the indicator of voice. If an -i- follows the stem, it is active. If an -a- follows the stem, it is pasive.
[edit] Person and Number
The indicators for person and number follow the indicator for voice, in that order. First person is marked by a null morpheme, second person is marked by -s-, and third person is marked by -t-. Singular number is again marked by an absence and plural by -uns.
There is also an optional set of endings for the subject and objects of the verb. This means that the noun can also agree with the subject of the clause, as well as the subject. The endings succede the mandatory subject endings. The direct object ending precedes the indirect object ending. These endings are -ni, -nis, and -nit for first, second, and third persons, respectively. The plural ending is -uns. If a verb has both an indirect and a direct object, and the direct object must be explicitly stated, then there still must be a third person indicator in the direct object spot. If the verb is passive, then what would be the direct object becomes the agent of the action.
Examples (The direct object marker is bold, and the indirect object marker is in italics)
asaminis: "I love you."
asaminisuns: "I love you (plural)"
ahafdinitnit pekunios: "I gave him/her//it money"
This sentence is one of the fascinating sentences of Uberish . It contains what in English is the equivalent of 11 words in just one word!
elnddinitnis "I might be going to have been giving it to you."
[edit] Active Singular Verb Paradigm
parl (stem)-to speak
The passive forms would be asparla, anparla, et cetera, and the same changes would be made to the rest of the forms to indicate a change in mood, tense, or person.
| Indicative | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Present Continuous | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future | Future Perfect | Future Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous | ||
| First Person | asparli, "I speak" | anparli "I am speaking" | abamparli "I was speaking" | ahafparli "I spoke" | adparli "I had spoken" | alparli "I will speak" | alhafparli "I will have spoken" | alnparli "I will be speaking" | andparli "I had been speaking" | alndparli "I will have been speaking" | |
| Second Person | asparlis, "you speak" | anparlis "you are speaking" | abamparlis "you were speaking" | ahafparlis "you spoke" | adparlis "you had spoken" | alparlis "you will speak" | alhafparlis "you will have spoken" | alnparlis "you will be speaking" | andparlis "you had been speaking" | alndparlis "you will have been speaking" | |
| Third Person | asparlit, "he/she speaks" | anparlit "he/she is speaking" | abamparlit "he/she was speaking" | ahafparlit "he/she spoke" | adparlit "he/she had spoken" | alparlit "he/she will speak" | alhafparlit "he/she will have spoken" | alnparlit "he/she will be speaking" | andparlit "he/she had been speaking" | alndparlit "he/she will have been speaking" | |
| Subjunctive | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Present Continuous | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future | Future Perfect | Future Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous | ||
| First Person | esparli, "I might speak" | enparli "I might be speaking" | ebamparli "I might have been speaking" | ehafparli "I might have spoken" | edparli "I might have had spoken" | elparli "I might be going to speak" | elhafparli "I might be going to have spoken" | elnparli "I might be going to be speaking" | endparli "I might have had been speaking" | elndparli "I might be going to have been speaking" | |
| Second Person | esparlis, "you might speak" | enparlis "you might be speaking" | ebamparlis "you might have been speaking" | ehafparlis "you might have spoken" | edparlis "you might have had spoken" | elparlis "you might be going to speak" | elhafparlis "you might be going to have spoken" | elnparlis "you might be going to be speaking" | endparlis "you might have had been speaking" | elndparlis "you might be going to have been speaking" | |
| Third Person | esparlit, "he/she might speak" | enparlit "he/she might be speaking" | ebamparlit "he/she might have been speaking" | ehafparlit "he/she might have spoken" | edparlit "he/she might have had spoken" | elparlit "he/she might be going to speak" | elhafparlit "he/she might be going to have spoken" | elnparlit "he/she might be going to be speaking" | endparlit "he/she might have had been speaking" | elndparlit "he/she might be going to have been speaking" | |
| Conditional | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Present Continuous | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future | Future Perfect | Future Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous | ||
| First Person | isparli, "I would speak" | inparli "I would be speaking" | ibamparli "I would have been speaking" | ihafparli "I would have spoken" | idparli "I would have had spoken" | ilparli "I would be going to speak" | ilhafparli "I would be going to have spoken" | ilnparli "I would be going to be speaking" | indparli "I would have had been speaking" | ilndparli "I might be going to have been speaking" | |
| Second Person | isparlis, "you would speak" | inparlis "you would be speaking" | ibamparlis "you would have been speaking" | ihafparlis "you would have spoken" | idparlis "you would have had spoken" | ilparlis "you would be going to speak" | ilhafparlis "you would be going to have spoken" | ilnparlis "you would be going to be speaking" | indparlis "you would have had been speaking" | ilndparlis "you might be going to have been speaking" | |
| Third Person | isparlit, "he/she would speak" | inparlit "he/she would be speaking" | ibamparlit "he/she would have been speaking" | ihafparlit "he/she would have spoken" | idparlit "he/she would have had spoken" | ilparlit "he/she would be going to speak" | ilhafparlit "he/she would be going to have spoken" | ilnparlit "he/she would be going to be speaking" | indparlit "he/she would have had been speaking" | ilndparlit "he/she might be going to have been speaking" | |
| Imperative | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Present Continuous | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future | Future Perfect | Future Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous | ||
| Second Person | noparlis “Speak!” | nonparlis “Be Speaking!” | nolparlis “Be going to speak!” | nolhafparlis “Be going to have spoken” | nolnparlis “Be going to be speaking!” | nolndparlis “Be going to have been speaking!” | |||||
| Emotive | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Present Continuous | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future | Future Perfect | Future Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous | ||
| First Person | osparli, "I speak" | onparli "I am speaking" | obamparli "I was speaking" | ohafparli "I spoke" | odparli "I had spoken" | olparli "I will speak" | olhafparli "I will have spoken" | olnparli "I will be speaking" | ondparli "I had been speaking" | olndparli "I will have been speaking" | |
| Second Person | osparlis, "you speak" | onparlis "you are speaking" | obamparlis "you were speaking" | ohafparlis "you spoke" | odparlis "you had spoken" | olparlis "you will speak" | olhafparlis "you will have spoken" | olnparlis "you will be speaking" | ondparlis "you had been speaking" | olndparlis "you will have been speaking" | |
| Third Person | osparlit, "he/she speaks" | onparlit "he/she is speaking" | obamparlit "he/she was speaking" | ohafparlit "he/she spoke" | odparlit "he/she had spoken" | olparlit "he/she will speak" | olhafparlit "he/she will have spoken" | olnparlit "he/she will be speaking" | ondparlit "he/she had been speaking" | olndparlit "he/she will have been speaking" | |
| Urgent | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Present Continuous | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future | Future Perfect | Future Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous | ||
| First Person | usparli, "I must speak" | unparli "I must be speaking" | ubamparli "I must have been speaking" | uhafparli "I must have spoken" | udparli "I must have had spoken" | ulparli "I must be going to speak" | ulhafparli "I must be going to have spoken" | ulnparli "I must be going to be speaking" | undparli "I must have had been speaking" | ulndparli "I must be going to have been speaking" | |
| Second Person | usparlis, "you must speak" | unparlis "you must be speaking" | ubamparlis "you must have been speaking" | uhafparlis "you must have spoken" | udparlis "you must have had spoken" | ulparlis "you must be going to speak" | ulhafparlis "you must be going to have spoken" | ulnparlis "you must be going to be speaking" | undparlis "you must have had been speaking" | ulndparlis "you must be going to have been speaking" | |
| Third Person | usparlit, "he/she must speak" | unparlit "he/she must be speaking" | ubamparlit "he/she must have been speaking" | uhafparlit "he/she must have spoken" | udparlit "he/she must have had spoken" | ulparlit "he/she must be going to speak" | ulhafparlit "he/she must be going to have spoken" | ulnparlit "he/she must be going to be speaking" | undparlit "he/she must have had been speaking" | ulndparlit "he/she must be going to have been speaking" | |
[edit] Verbal Adjectives and Nouns
Participles and gerunds are formed by taking the bare infinitive (the dictionary entry) and adding the noun or adjective endings. Thus, parlir (to speak) becomes parlirat (speaking) and parliras (speaking (noun)). Notice the difference between a noun related to the root, such as parlas (speech) and the gerund. The gerund refers to the actual act, while the verb-related noun is simply similar to the act.
[edit] Test Yourself
- How does one say "He will love her" (the verb must agree with the subject and object, and love is in the Emotive mood)?
See Small Lexicon for the words you do not know.
Go to Answers
