Voices[]
Voices are modified through cases
| Name | Position | Usage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agent | Patient | Postposition | ||
| Active | Ergative | Accusative | Dative | Standard |
| Anti-Passive | Intransitive | - | - | Focus on the Agent Deletes patient |
| Passive | - | Intransitive | - | Focus on Patient Deletes Agent |
| Applicative Voice | - | - | Ergative + Postposition root | Focus on postposition |
| Middle Voice | Reflexive |
| ||
Verb Agreement[]
Magical[]
| Magical | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -aşmegj | -aşeg | -avjegj | -amiig | -aşmme | -asseg | -ateeg | ||
| Negative | -aşmëgj | -annëg | -avvëë | -amëzg | -aşmë | -aşjëgj | -assëgj | |||
| Present | Positive | -aşm | -aşŋ | -avl | -amis | -aşmm | -assji | -aşi | ||
| Negative | -amö | -annö | -avvö | -amöz | -aşmö | -aşjö | -asös | |||
| Future | Positive | -aşmis | -asjni | -avvis | -amiiz | -aşmiz | -atii | atiis | ||
| Negative | -amës | -annës | -avvlës | -amëz | -aşmëz | -assjë | -asësj | |||
| Passive Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -ameǧ | -aneg | -aveeǧ | -ameesj | -ameeşj | -azjeǧ | -adzeeg | ||
| Negative | -amëǧ | -anëgj | -avvëǧ | -ammësj | -ammësǧ | -adzëgj | -asözee | |||
| Present | Positive | -ame | -anle | -ave | -ames | -ameş | -azjëë | -adzee | ||
| Negative | -amë | -anlë | -avvë | -amës | -ammëş | -adzë | -asöze | |||
| Future | Positive | -ammis | -anlesj | -avis | -amis | -ameşi | -adjëës | -adzis | ||
| Negative | -amiis | -anlëss | -avvës | -amësj | -amëşi | -adzës | -azzis | |||
| Anti-Passive Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -aşmuk | -asnedd | -avukt | -amugd | -muşegj | -assetj | -adzug | ||
| Negative | -amagj | -asnag | -avadgg | -ustög | -muşjög | -asjet | -döttk | |||
| Present | Positive | -aşmut | -asnud | -avut | -amust | -muş | -assjutj | -adzu | ||
| Negative | -amat | -asna | -avatt | -ustö | -muşjö | -asöt | -dött | |||
| Future | Positive | -aşmuş | -asnudz | -avuş | -amusti | -muss | -assjuşj | -adzus | ||
| Negative | -amaş | -asnas | -avaş | -uzdöz | -muşjöz | -asöş | -döstt | |||
| Applicative Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -aşmŋyg | aşŋŋygj | -avŋjyt | -amiŋyp | -amŋyk | -assŋyk | -aşŋyt | ||
| Negative | -aşmŋögj | -aŋŋög | -avŋit | -amöfŋ | -amŋyg | -asŋigj | -aşŋjift | |||
| Present | Positive | -aşmŋy | -aşŋŋy | -avŋjy | -ammiŋy | -amŋy | -assŋy | -aşŋy | ||
| Negative | -aşmŋö | -aŋŋö | -avŋi | -amöŋy | -amŋŋy | -assŋi | -aşŋjif | |||
| Future | Positive | -aşmŋyz | -aşŋŋys | -avŋyz | -amöŋyf | -amŋyss | -assŋyzd | -aşŋys | ||
| Negative | -aşmŋözj | -aŋŋöz | -avŋidz | -amöŋyff | -amŋŋys | -assŋist | -aşŋjifss | |||
| Imperative | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Polite | Positive | -aft | ||||||||
| Negative | -aftö | |||||||||
| Order | Positive | |||||||||
| Negative | ||||||||||
| Demand | Positive | |||||||||
| Negative | ||||||||||
Living[]
| Living | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -öşmegj | -öşeg | -övjegj | -ömiig | -öşmme | -össeg | -öteeg | ||
| Negative | -öşmëgj | -önnëg | -övvëë | -ömëzg | -öşmë | -öşjëgj | -össëgj | |||
| Present | Positive | -öşm | -öşŋ | -övl | -ömis | -öşmm | -össji | -öşi | ||
| Negative | -ömö | -önnö | -övvö | -ömöz | -öşmö | -öşjö | -ösös | |||
| Future | Positive | -öşmis | -ösjni | -övvis | -ömiiz | -öşmiz | -ötii | -ötiis | ||
| Negative | -ömës | -önnës | -övvlës | -ömëz | -öşmëz | -össjë | -ösësj | |||
| Passive Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -ömeǧ | -öneg | -öveeǧ | -ömeesj | -ömeeşj | -özjeǧ | -ödzeeg | ||
| Negative | -ömëǧ | -önëgj | -övvëǧ | -ömmësj | -ömmësǧ | -ödzëgj | -ösözee | |||
| Present | Positive | -öme | -önle | -öve | -ömes | -ömeş | -özjëë | -ödzee | ||
| Negative | -ömë | -önlë | -övvë | -ömës | -ömmëş | -ödzë | -ösöze | |||
| Future | Positive | -ömmis | -önlesj | -övis | -ömis | -ömeşi | -ödjëës | -ödzis | ||
| Negative | -ömiis | -önlëss | -övvës | -ömësj | -ömëşi | -ödzës | -özzis | |||
| Anti-Passive Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -öşmuk | -ösnedd | -övukt | -ömugd | -muşegj | -össetj | -ödzug | ||
| Negative | -ömagj | -ösnag | -övadgg | -ustög | -muşjög | -ösjet | -döttk | |||
| Present | Positive | -öşmut | -ösnud | -övut | -ömust | -muş | -össjutj | -ödzu | ||
| Negative | -ömat | -ösna | -övatt | -ustö | -muşjö | -ösöt | -dött | |||
| Future | Positive | -öşmuş | -ösnudz | -övuş | -ömusti | -muss | -össjuşj | -ödzus | ||
| Negative | -ömaş | -ösnas | -övaş | -uzdöz | -muşjöz | -ösöş | -döstt | |||
| Applicative Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -öşmŋyg | aşŋŋygj | -övŋjyt | -ömiŋyp | -ömŋyk | -össŋyk | -öşŋyt | ||
| Negative | -öşmŋögj | -öŋŋög | -övŋit | -ömöfŋ | -ömŋyg | -ösŋigj | -öşŋjift | |||
| Present | Positive | -öşmŋy | -öşŋŋy | -övŋjy | -ömmiŋy | -ömŋy | -össŋy | -öşŋy | ||
| Negative | -öşmŋö | -öŋŋö | -övŋi | -ömöŋy | -ömŋŋy | -össŋi | -öşŋjif | |||
| Future | Positive | -öşmŋyz | -öşŋŋys | -övŋyz | -ömöŋyf | -ömŋyss | -össŋyzd | -öşŋys | ||
| Negative | -öşmŋözj | -öŋŋöz | -övŋidz | -ömöŋyff | -ömŋŋys | -össŋist | -öşŋjifss | |||
| Imperative | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Polite | Positive | -öft | ||||||||
| Negative | -öftö | |||||||||
| Order | Positive | |||||||||
| Negative | ||||||||||
| Demand | Positive | |||||||||
| Negative | ||||||||||
Artificial[]
| Artificial | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -eşmegj | -eşeg | -evjegj | -emiig | -eşmme | -esseg | -eteeg | ||
| Negative | -eşmëgj | -ennëg | -evvëë | -emëzg | -eşmë | -eşjëgj | -essëgj | |||
| Present | Positive | -eşm | -eşŋ | -evl | -emis | -eşmm | -essji | -eşi | ||
| Negative | -emö | -ennö | -evvö | -emöz | -eşmö | -eşjö | -esös | |||
| Future | Positive | -eşmis | -esjni | -evvis | -emiiz | -eşmiz | -etii | -etiis | ||
| Negative | -emës | -ennës | -evvlës | -emëz | -eşmëz | -essjë | -esësj | |||
| Passive Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -emeǧ | -eneg | -eveeǧ | -emeesj | -emeeşj | -ezjeǧ | -edzeeg | ||
| Negative | -emëǧ | -enëgj | -evvëǧ | -emmësj | -emmësǧ | -edzëgj | -esözee | |||
| Present | Positive | -eme | -enle | -eve | -emes | -emeş | -ezjëë | -edzee | ||
| Negative | -emë | -enlë | -evvë | -emës | -emmëş | -edzë | -esöze | |||
| Future | Positive | -emmis | -enlesj | -evis | -emis | -emeşi | -edjëës | -edzis | ||
| Negative | -emiis | -enlëss | -evvës | -emësj | -emëşi | -edzës | -ezzis | |||
| Anti-Passive Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -eşmuk | -esnedd | -evukt | -emugd | -muşegj | -essetj | -edzug | ||
| Negative | -emagj | -esnag | -evadgg | -ustög | -muşjög | -esjet | -döttk | |||
| Present | Positive | -eşmut | -esnud | -evut | -emust | -muş | -essjutj | -edzu | ||
| Negative | -emat | -esna | -evatt | -ustö | -muşjö | -esöt | -dött | |||
| Future | Positive | -eşmuş | -esnudz | -evuş | -emusti | -muss | -essjuşj | -edzus | ||
| Negative | -emaş | -esnas | -evaş | -uzdöz | -muşjöz | -esöş | -döstt | |||
| Applicative Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -eşmŋyg | aşŋŋygj | -evŋjyt | -emiŋyp | -emŋyk | -essŋyk | -eşŋyt | ||
| Negative | -eşmŋögj | -eŋŋög | -evŋit | -emöfŋ | -emŋyg | -esŋigj | -eşŋjift | |||
| Present | Positive | -eşmŋy | -eşŋŋy | -evŋjy | -emmiŋy | -emŋy | -essŋy | -eşŋy | ||
| Negative | -eşmŋö | -eŋŋö | -evŋi | -emöŋy | -emŋŋy | -essŋi | -eşŋjif | |||
| Future | Positive | -eşmŋyz | -eşŋŋys | -evŋyz | -emöŋyf | -emŋyss | -essŋyzd | -eşŋys | ||
| Negative | -eşmŋözj | -eŋŋöz | -evŋidz | -emöŋyff | -emŋŋys | -essŋist | -eşŋjifss | |||
| Imperative | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Polite | Positive | -eft | ||||||||
| Negative | -eftö | |||||||||
| Order | Positive | |||||||||
| Negative | ||||||||||
| Demand | Positive | |||||||||
| Negative | ||||||||||
Non-Moving[]
| Non-Moving | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -oşmegj | -oşeg | -ovjegj | -omiig | -oşmme | -osseg | -oteeg | ||
| Negative | -oşmëgj | -onnëg | -ovvëë | -omëzg | -oşmë | -oşjëgj | -ossëgj | |||
| Present | Positive | -oşm | -oşŋ | -ovl | -omis | -oşmm | -ossji | -oşi | ||
| Negative | -omö | -onnö | -ovvö | -omöz | -oşmö | -oşjö | -osös | |||
| Future | Positive | -oşmis | -osjni | -ovvis | -omiiz | -oşmiz | -otii | -otiis | ||
| Negative | -omës | -onnës | -ovvlës | -omëz | -oşmëz | -ossjë | -osësj | |||
| Passive Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -omeǧ | -oneg | -oveeǧ | -omeesj | -omeeşj | -ozjeǧ | -odzeeg | ||
| Negative | -omëǧ | -onëgj | -ovvëǧ | -ommësj | -ommësǧ | -odzëgj | -osözee | |||
| Present | Positive | -ome | -onle | -ove | -omes | -omeş | -ozjëë | -odzee | ||
| Negative | -omë | -onlë | -ovvë | -omës | -ommëş | -odzë | -osöze | |||
| Future | Positive | -ommis | -onlesj | -ovis | -omis | -omeşi | -odjëës | -odzis | ||
| Negative | -omiis | -onlëss | -ovvës | -omësj | -omëşi | -odzës | -ozzis | |||
| Anti-Passive Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -oşmuk | -osnedd | -ovukt | -omugd | -muşegj | -ossetj | -odzug | ||
| Negative | -omagj | -osnag | -ovadgg | -ustög | -muşjög | -osjet | -döttk | |||
| Present | Positive | -oşmut | -osnud | -ovut | -omust | -muş | -ossjutj | -odzu | ||
| Negative | -omat | -osna | -ovatt | -ustö | -muşjö | -osöt | -dött | |||
| Future | Positive | -oşmuş | -osnudz | -ovuş | -omusti | -muss | -ossjuşj | -odzus | ||
| Negative | -omaş | -osnas | -ovaş | -uzdöz | -muşjöz | -osöş | -döstt | |||
| Applicative Voice | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Past | Positive | -oşmŋyg | aşŋŋygj | -ovŋjyt | -omiŋyp | -omŋyk | -ossŋyk | -oşŋyt | ||
| Negative | -oşmŋögj | -oŋŋög | -ovŋit | -omöfŋ | -omŋyg | -osŋigj | -oşŋjift | |||
| Present | Positive | -oşmŋy | -oşŋŋy | -ovŋjy | -ommiŋy | -omŋy | -ossŋy | -oşŋy | ||
| Negative | -oşmŋö | -oŋŋö | -ovŋi | -omöŋy | -omŋŋy | -ossŋi | -oşŋjif | |||
| Future | Positive | -oşmŋyz | -oşŋŋys | -ovŋyz | -omöŋyf | -omŋyss | -ossŋyzd | -oşŋys | ||
| Negative | -oşmŋözj | -oŋŋöz | -ovŋidz | -omöŋyff | -omŋŋys | -ossŋist | -oşŋjifss | |||
| Imperative | ||||||||||
| Perfective | Retrospective | Pausative | Inceptive | Continuative | Terminative | Genericative | ||||
| Polite | Positive | -oft | ||||||||
| Negative | -oftö | |||||||||
| Order | Positive | |||||||||
| Negative | ||||||||||
| Demand | Positive | |||||||||
| Negative | ||||||||||
Infinitive[]
Denotes the action as a noun.
| Gender | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magical | Living | Artificial | Non-moving | ||
| Undefined | Erg | -aǧ | -uz | -y | -üv |
| Acc | -adzm | -ösm | -myy | -om | |
| Int | -nni | -özn | -ne | -nü | |
| Dat | -aak | -ŋii | -ŋek | -oŋ | |
| Ref | -aps | -öks | -ëfp | -öffs | |
| Defined | Erg | -akǧ | -uzd | -yppj | -üvb |
| Acc | -adz | -össmi | -myyt | -osm | |
| Int | -niis | -özni | -net | -nüǧ | |
| Dat | -aakt | -ŋiit | -ŋekt | -oŋj | |
| Ref | -apssj | -ööks | -ëft | -öfft | |
Gerund[]
Gerund form of a verb is used to form noun phrases and changes according to tense
| Magical | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voice | |||||||||||||||||
| Passive | Anti- Passive |
Applicative | |||||||||||||||
| Erg | Acc | Int | Dat | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Dat | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Dat | Ref | |||
| Pos | Past | Perfective | -imasǧ | -imaaǧm | -iimëǧ | -imaǧne | -imaǧnepj | -işmǧaş | -işmǧaşm | -işmaǧdë | -işmǧaşm | -işmǧatp | -işmŋasǧ | -işmŋaǧm | -işmŋaǧë | -işmŋaǧn | -işmŋaǧp |
| Retrospective | -inlaǧs | -inaǧm | -innleǧ | -inlaǧn | -inlaǧpj | -isnǧadz | -işmǧaşm | -isnaǧddë | -isnǧadzm | -isnǧadv | -işŋŋasǧ | -işŋŋaǧm | -işŋŋaǧë | -işŋŋaǧn | -işŋŋapǧ | ||
| Pausative | -ivaǧsj | -ivaǧm | -iivaǧë | -ivaǧn | -ivabǧ | -ivǧaş | -ivǧaşm | -ivattǧë | -ivǧaşm | -ivǧatf | -ivŋjaǧs | -ivŋjaǧm | -ivŋjaǧë | -ivŋjaǧn | -ivŋjablǧ | ||
| Inceptive | -imasǧ | -imsaǧm | -imasǧë | -imaǧn | -imaǧb | -imusǧaş | -imusǧaşm | -imǧuzdë | -imusǧaşm | -imusǧaf | -immiŋaǧs | -immiŋaǧm | -immiŋaǧë | -immiŋaǧn | -immiŋaǧb | ||
| Continuative | -imşaǧsj | -imşaǧm | -imşaǧë | -imşaǧn | -imşaǧpj | -mǧaşj | -mǧaşjm | -mǧaşë | -mǧaşjm | -mǧasp | -imŋasǧ | -imŋaǧm | -imŋaëǧ | -imŋaǧn | -imŋapjǧ | ||
| Terminative | -izjaaǧs | -izaaǧm | -izaaǧmë | -izaaǧn | -izǧaavm | -issǧaşj | -issǧaşjm | -issǧatjë | -issǧaşjm | -issǧatp | -issŋasǧ | -issŋaǧm | -issŋaëǧ | -issŋaǧn | -issŋaǧpp | ||
| Genericative | -idzaǧs | -idzaǧm | -idzaǧë | -idzaǧn | -idzabblǧ | -idzǧas | -idzǧasm | -idzǧaë | -idzǧasn | -idzǧap | -işŋasǧ | -işŋaǧm | -işŋaëǧ | -işŋaǧn | -işŋǧapt | ||
| Present | Perfective | -imass | -imaam | -iimaë | -imane | -imanepj | -işmaş | -işmaşm | -işmadë | -işmaşm | -işmatp | -işmŋas | -işmŋam | -işmŋaë | -işmŋan | -işmŋap | |
| Retrospective | -inlazj | -inam | -innle | -inlan | -inlap | -isnadz | -isnadzm | -isnaddë | -isnadzm | -isnadv | -işŋŋas | -işŋŋam | -işŋŋaë | -işŋŋan | -işŋŋap | ||
| Pausative | -ivasj | -ivam | -ivaë | -ivan | -ivapj | -ivaş | -ivaşm | -ivattë | -ivaşm | -ivatf | -ivŋjas | -ivŋjam | -ivŋjaë | -ivŋjan | -ivŋjabl | ||
| Inceptive | -imasj | -imasm | -imasë | -imasn | -imasp | -imusaş | -imusaşm | -imuzdë | -imusaşm | -imusaf | -immiŋas | -immiŋam | -immiŋaë | -immiŋan | -immiŋab | ||
| Continuative | -imaşj | -imaşm | -imadzë | -imaşm | -imaspj | -maşj | -maşjm | -maşë | -maşjm | -masp | -imŋas | -imŋam | -imŋaë | -imŋan | -imŋapj | ||
| Terminative | -izjaas | -izaam | -izaamë | -izaamn | -izaavm | -issjaşj | -issjaşjm | -issjatjë | -issjaşjm | -issjatp | -issŋas | -issŋam | -issŋaë | -issŋan | -issŋapp | ||
| Genericative | -idzas | -idzam | -idzaë | -idzan | -idzabl | -idzas | -idzasm | -idzaë | -idzasn | -idzap | -işŋas | -işŋam | -işŋaë | -işŋan | -işŋapt | ||
| Future | Perfective | -imiss | -imaasm | -iimasë | -imansi | -imanespj | -işmas | -işmasm | -işmadzë | -işmsaşm | -işmsatp | -işmŋsas | -işmŋasm | -işmŋasë | -işmŋasn | -işmŋaps | |
| Retrospective | -inlass | -inasm | -innles | -inlasn | -inlasp | -isnsadz | -isnazm | -isnadzë | -isnsadzm | -isnsadv | -işŋŋass | -işŋŋasm | -işŋŋazë | -işŋŋasn | -işŋŋaps | ||
| Pausative | -iivass | -ivasm | -ivasë | -ivasn | -ivapj | -ivzaş | -ivzaşm | -ivaşë | -ivzaşm | -ivzatf | -ivŋass | -ivŋjasm | -ivŋjazë | -ivŋjasn | -ivŋjablz | ||
| Inceptive | -imass | -imassm | -imassë | -imassn | -imazb | -imusas | -imussasm | -imuzzdzë | -imussaşm | -imsussaf | -immiŋassj | -immiŋasm | -immiŋasë | -immiŋasn | -immiŋazb | ||
| Continuative | -imsaşj | -imsaşm | -imsaşë | -imsaşjm | -imsadz | -msaşj | -msaşjm | -maşës | -msaşjm | -msassp | -imŋsas | -imŋam | -imŋazës | -imŋasn | -imŋaspj | ||
| Terminative | -izjass | -izaasm | -izaamsë | -izaasjn | -izaazv | -issjasj | -issjazjm | -issjaşjës | -issasn | -izatp | -issŋassj | -issŋasm | -issŋaës | -issŋasn | -issŋapps | ||
| Genericative | -idzass | -idzasm | -idzasë | -idzasn | -idzazzb | -idzassj | -izasm | -idzasë | -idzassjn | -idzaps | -işŋassj | -işŋasm | -işŋazës | -işŋans | -işŋsapt | ||
| Neg | Past | Perfective | -imasǧö | -imaaǧmö | -iimëǧö | -imaǧnë | -imaǧnepjö | -işmǧaşö | -işmǧaşmö | -işmaǧdö | -işmǧaşmö | -işmǧatpö | -işmŋasǧö | -işmŋaǧmö | -işmŋaǧö | -işmŋaǧnö | -işmŋaǧpö |
| Retrospective | -inlaǧsö | -inaǧmö | -innleǧö | -inlaǧnö | -inlaǧpjö | -isnǧadzö | -işmǧaşmö | -isnaǧddö | -isnǧadzmö | -isnǧadvö | -işŋŋasǧö | -işŋŋaǧmö | -işŋŋaǧö | -işŋŋaǧnö | -işŋŋapǧö | ||
| Pausative | -ivaǧsjö | -ivaǧmö | -iivaǧö | -ivaǧnö | -ivabǧö | -ivǧaşö | -ivǧaşmö | -ivattǧö | -ivǧaşmö | -ivǧatfö | -ivŋjaǧsö | -ivŋjaǧmö | -ivŋjaǧö | -ivŋjaǧnö | -ivŋjablǧö | ||
| Inceptive | -imasǧö | -imsaǧmö | -imasǧö | -imaǧnö | -imaǧbö | -imusǧaşö | -imusǧaşmö | -imǧuzdö | -imusǧaşmö | -imusǧafö | -immiŋaǧsö | -immiŋaǧmö | -immiŋaǧö | -immiŋaǧnö | -immiŋaǧbö | ||
| Continuative | -imşaǧsjö | -imşaǧmö | -imşaǧö | -imşaǧnö | -imşaǧpjö | -mǧaşjö | -mǧaşjmö | -mǧaşö | -mǧaşjmö | -mǧaspö | -imŋasǧö | -imŋaǧmö | -imŋaëǧö | -imŋaǧnö | -imŋapjǧö | ||
| Terminative | -izjaaǧsö | -izaaǧmö | -izaaǧmö | -izaaǧnö | -izǧaavmö | -issǧaşjö | -issǧaşjmö | -issǧatjö | -issǧaşjmö | -issǧatpö | -issŋasǧö | -issŋaǧmö | -issŋaëǧö | -issŋaǧnö | -issŋaǧppö | ||
| Genericative | -idzaǧsö | -idzaǧmö | -idzaǧö | -idzaǧnö | -idzabblǧö | -idzǧasö | -idzǧasmö | -idzǧaö | -idzǧasnö | -idzǧapö | -işŋasǧö | -işŋaǧmö | -işŋaëǧö | -işŋaǧnö | -işŋǧaptö | ||
| Present | Perfective | -imassö | -imaamö | -iimaö | -imanë | -imanepjö | -işmaşö | -işmaşmö | -işmadö | -işmaşmö | -işmatpö | -işmŋasö | -işmŋamö | -işmŋaö | -işmŋanö | -işmŋapö | |
| Retrospective | -inlazjö | -inamö | -innleö | -inlanö | -inlapö | -isnadzö | -isnadzmö | -isnaddö | -isnadzmö | -isnadvö | -işŋŋasö | -işŋŋamö | -işŋŋaö | -işŋŋanö | -işŋŋapö | ||
| Pausative | -ivasjö | -ivamö | -ivaö | -ivanö | -ivapjö | -ivaşö | -ivaşmö | -ivattö | -ivaşmö | -ivatfö | -ivŋjasö | -ivŋjamö | -ivŋjaö | -ivŋjanö | -ivŋjablö | ||
| Inceptive | -imasjö | -imasmö | -imasö | -imasnö | -imaspö | -imusaşö | -imusaşmö | -imuzdö | -imusaşmö | -imusafö | -immiŋasö | -immiŋamö | -immiŋaö | -immiŋanö | -immiŋabö | ||
| Continuative | -imaşjö | -imaşmö | -imadzö | -imaşmö | -imaspjö | -maşjö | -maşjmö | -maşö | -maşjmö | -maspö | -imŋasö | -imŋamö | -imŋaö | -imŋanö | -imŋapjö | ||
| Terminative | -izjaasö | -izaamö | -izaamö | -izaamnö | -izaavmö | -issjaşjö | -issjaşjmö | -issjatjö | -issjaşjmö | -issjatpö | -issŋasö | -issŋamö | -issŋaö | -issŋanö | -issŋappö | ||
| Genericative | -idzasö | -idzamö | -idzaö | -idzanö | -idzablö | -idzasö | -idzasmö | -idzaö | -idzasnö | -idzapö | -işŋasö | -işŋamö | -işŋaö | -işŋanö | -işŋaptö | ||
| Future | Perfective | -imissö | -imaasmö | -iimasö | -imansë | -imanespjö | -işmasö | -işmasmö | -işmadzö | -işmsaşmö | -işmsatpö | -işmŋsasö | -işmŋasmö | -işmŋasö | -işmŋasnö | -işmŋapsö | |
| Retrospective | -inlassö | -inasmö | -innlesö | -inlasnö | -inlaspö | -isnsadzö | -isnazmö | -isnadzö | -isnsadzmö | -isnsadvö | -işŋŋassö | -işŋŋasmö | -işŋŋazö | -işŋŋasnö | -işŋŋapsö | ||
| Pausative | -iivassö | -ivasmö | -ivasö | -ivasnö | -ivapjö | -ivzaşö | -ivzaşmö | -ivaşö | -ivzaşmö | -ivzatfö | -ivŋassö | -ivŋjasmö | -ivŋjazö | -ivŋjasnö | -ivŋjablzö | ||
| Inceptive | -imassö | -imassmö | -imassö | -imassnö | -imazbö | -imusasö | -imussasmö | -imuzzdzö | -imussaşmö | -imsussafö | -immiŋassjö | -immiŋasmö | -immiŋasö | -immiŋasnö | -immiŋazbö | ||
| Continuative | -imsaşjö | -imsaşmö | -imsaşö | -imsaşjmö | -imsadzö | -msaşjö | -msaşjmö | -maşësö | -msaşjmö | -msasspö | -imŋsasö | -imŋamö | -imŋazësö | -imŋasnö | -imŋaspjö | ||
| Terminative | -izjassö | -izaasmö | -izaamsö | -izaasjnö | -izaazvö | -issjasjö | -issjazjmö | -issjaşjësö | -issasnö | -izatpö | -issŋassjö | -issŋasmö | -issŋaësö | -issŋasnö | -issŋappsö | ||
| Genericative | -idzassö | -idzasmö | -idzasö | -idzasnö | -idzazzbö | -idzassjö | -izasmö | -idzasö | -idzassjnö | -idzapsö | -işŋassjö | -işŋasmö | -işŋazësö | -işŋansö | -işŋsaptö | ||
| Artificial | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voice | |||||||||||||||||
| Passive | Anti- Passive |
Applicative | |||||||||||||||
| Erg | Acc | Int | Det | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Det | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Det | Ref | |||
| Pos | Pest | Perfective | -imesǧ | -imeeǧm | -iimëǧ | -imeǧne | -imeǧnepj | -işmǧeş | -işmǧeşm | -işmeǧdë | -işmǧeşm | -işmǧetp | -işmŋesǧ | -işmŋeǧm | -işmŋeǧë | -işmŋeǧn | -işmŋeǧp |
| Retrospective | -inleǧs | -ineǧm | -innleǧ | -inleǧn | -inleǧpj | -isnǧedz | -işmǧeşm | -isneǧddë | -isnǧedzm | -isnǧedv | -işŋŋesǧ | -işŋŋeǧm | -işŋŋeǧë | -işŋŋeǧn | -işŋŋepǧ | ||
| Pausative | -iveǧsj | -iveǧm | -iiveǧë | -iveǧn | -ivebǧ | -ivǧeş | -ivǧeşm | -ivettǧë | -ivǧeşm | -ivǧetf | -ivŋjeǧs | -ivŋjeǧm | -ivŋjeǧë | -ivŋjeǧn | -ivŋjeblǧ | ||
| Inceptive | -imesǧ | -imseǧm | -imesǧë | -imeǧn | -imeǧb | -imusǧeş | -imusǧeşm | -imǧuzdë | -imusǧeşm | -imusǧef | -immiŋeǧs | -immiŋeǧm | -immiŋeǧë | -immiŋeǧn | -immiŋeǧb | ||
| Continuative | -imşeǧsj | -imşeǧm | -imşeǧë | -imşeǧn | -imşeǧpj | -mǧeşj | -mǧeşjm | -mǧeşë | -mǧeşjm | -mǧesp | -imŋesǧ | -imŋeǧm | -imŋaëǧ | -imŋeǧn | -imŋepjǧ | ||
| Terminative | -izjeeǧs | -izeeǧm | -izeeǧmë | -izeeǧn | -izǧeevm | -issǧeşj | -issǧeşjm | -issǧetjë | -issǧeşjm | -issǧetp | -issŋesǧ | -issŋeǧm | -issŋaëǧ | -issŋeǧn | -issŋeǧpp | ||
| Genericative | -idzeǧs | -idzeǧm | -idzeǧë | -idzeǧn | -idzebblǧ | -idzǧes | -idzǧesm | -idzǧaë | -idzǧesn | -idzǧep | -işŋesǧ | -işŋeǧm | -işŋaëǧ | -işŋeǧn | -işŋǧept | ||
| Present | Perfective | -imess | -imeem | -iimaë | -imene | -imenepj | -işmeş | -işmeşm | -işmedë | -işmeşm | -işmetp | -işmŋes | -işmŋem | -işmŋaë | -işmŋen | -işmŋep | |
| Retrospective | -inlezj | -inem | -innle | -inlen | -inlep | -isnedz | -isnedzm | -isneddë | -isnedzm | -isnedv | -işŋŋes | -işŋŋem | -işŋŋaë | -işŋŋen | -işŋŋep | ||
| Pausative | -ivesj | -ivem | -ivaë | -iven | -ivepj | -iveş | -iveşm | -ivettë | -iveşm | -ivetf | -ivŋjes | -ivŋjem | -ivŋjaë | -ivŋjen | -ivŋjebl | ||
| Inceptive | -imesj | -imesm | -imesë | -imesn | -imesp | -imuseş | -imuseşm | -imuzdë | -imuseşm | -imusef | -immiŋes | -immiŋem | -immiŋaë | -immiŋen | -immiŋeb | ||
| Continuative | -imeşj | -imeşm | -imedzë | -imeşm | -imespj | -meşj | -meşjm | -meşë | -meşjm | -mesp | -imŋes | -imŋem | -imŋaë | -imŋen | -imŋepj | ||
| Terminative | -izjees | -izeem | -izeemë | -izeemn | -izeevm | -issjeşj | -issjeşjm | -issjetjë | -issjeşjm | -issjetp | -issŋes | -issŋem | -issŋaë | -issŋen | -issŋepp | ||
| Genericative | -idzes | -idzem | -idzaë | -idzen | -idzebl | -idzes | -idzesm | -idzaë | -idzesn | -idzep | -işŋes | -işŋem | -işŋaë | -işŋen | -işŋept | ||
| Future | Perfective | -imiss | -imeesm | -iimesë | -imensi | -imenespj | -işmes | -işmesm | -işmedzë | -işmseşm | -işmsetp | -işmŋses | -işmŋesm | -işmŋesë | -işmŋesn | -işmŋeps | |
| Retrospective | -inless | -inesm | -innles | -inlesn | -inlesp | -isnsedz | -isnezm | -isnedzë | -isnsedzm | -isnsedv | -işŋŋess | -işŋŋesm | -işŋŋezë | -işŋŋesn | -işŋŋeps | ||
| Pausative | -iivess | -ivesm | -ivesë | -ivesn | -ivepj | -ivzeş | -ivzeşm | -iveşë | -ivzeşm | -ivzetf | -ivŋess | -ivŋjesm | -ivŋjezë | -ivŋjesn | -ivŋjeblz | ||
| Inceptive | -imess | -imessm | -imessë | -imessn | -imezb | -imuses | -imussesm | -imuzzdzë | -imusseşm | -imsussef | -immiŋessj | -immiŋesm | -immiŋesë | -immiŋesn | -immiŋezb | ||
| Continuative | -imseşj | -imseşm | -imseşë | -imseşjm | -imsedz | -mseşj | -mseşjm | -meşës | -mseşjm | -msessp | -imŋses | -imŋem | -imŋezës | -imŋesn | -imŋespj | ||
| Terminative | -izjess | -izeesm | -izeemsë | -izeesjn | -izeezv | -issjesj | -issjezjm | -issjeşjës | -issesn | -izetp | -issŋessj | -issŋesm | -issŋaës | -issŋesn | -issŋepps | ||
| Genericative | -idzess | -idzesm | -idzesë | -idzesn | -idzezzb | -idzessj | -izesm | -idzesë | -idzessjn | -idzeps | -işŋessj | -işŋesm | -işŋezës | -işŋens | -işŋsept | ||
| Neg | Pest | Perfective | -imesǧö | -imeeǧmö | -iimëǧö | -imeǧnë | -imeǧnepjö | -işmǧeşö | -işmǧeşmö | -işmeǧdö | -işmǧeşmö | -işmǧetpö | -işmŋesǧö | -işmŋeǧmö | -işmŋeǧö | -işmŋeǧnö | -işmŋeǧpö |
| Retrospective | -inleǧsö | -ineǧmö | -innleǧö | -inleǧnö | -inleǧpjö | -isnǧedzö | -işmǧeşmö | -isneǧddö | -isnǧedzmö | -isnǧedvö | -işŋŋesǧö | -işŋŋeǧmö | -işŋŋeǧö | -işŋŋeǧnö | -işŋŋepǧö | ||
| Pausative | -iveǧsjö | -iveǧmö | -iiveǧö | -iveǧnö | -ivebǧö | -ivǧeşö | -ivǧeşmö | -ivettǧö | -ivǧeşmö | -ivǧetfö | -ivŋjeǧsö | -ivŋjeǧmö | -ivŋjeǧö | -ivŋjeǧnö | -ivŋjeblǧö | ||
| Inceptive | -imesǧö | -imseǧmö | -imesǧö | -imeǧnö | -imeǧbö | -imusǧeşö | -imusǧeşmö | -imǧuzdö | -imusǧeşmö | -imusǧefö | -immiŋeǧsö | -immiŋeǧmö | -immiŋeǧö | -immiŋeǧnö | -immiŋeǧbö | ||
| Continuative | -imşeǧsjö | -imşeǧmö | -imşeǧö | -imşeǧnö | -imşeǧpjö | -mǧeşjö | -mǧeşjmö | -mǧeşö | -mǧeşjmö | -mǧespö | -imŋesǧö | -imŋeǧmö | -imŋaëǧö | -imŋeǧnö | -imŋepjǧö | ||
| Terminative | -izjeeǧsö | -izeeǧmö | -izeeǧmö | -izeeǧnö | -izǧeevmö | -issǧeşjö | -issǧeşjmö | -issǧetjö | -issǧeşjmö | -issǧetpö | -issŋesǧö | -issŋeǧmö | -issŋaëǧö | -issŋeǧnö | -issŋeǧppö | ||
| Genericative | -idzeǧsö | -idzeǧmö | -idzeǧö | -idzeǧnö | -idzebblǧö | -idzǧesö | -idzǧesmö | -idzǧeö | -idzǧesnö | -idzǧepö | -işŋesǧö | -işŋeǧmö | -işŋaëǧö | -işŋeǧnö | -işŋǧeptö | ||
| Present | Perfective | -imessö | -imeemö | -iimeö | -imenë | -imenepjö | -işmeşö | -işmeşmö | -işmedö | -işmeşmö | -işmetpö | -işmŋesö | -işmŋemö | -işmŋeö | -işmŋenö | -işmŋepö | |
| Retrospective | -inlezjö | -inemö | -innleö | -inlenö | -inlepö | -isnedzö | -isnedzmö | -isneddö | -isnedmnö | -isnedvö | -işŋŋesö | -işŋŋemö | -işŋŋeö | -işŋŋenö | -işŋŋepö | ||
| Pausative | -ivesjö | -ivemö | -iveö | -ivenö | -ivepjö | -iveşö | -iveşmö | -ivettö | -iveşmö | -ivetfö | -ivŋjesö | -ivŋjemö | -ivŋjeö | -ivŋjenö | -ivŋjeblö | ||
| Inceptive | -imesjö | -imesmö | -imesö | -imesnö | -imespö | -imuseşö | -imuseşmö | -imuzdö | -imuseşmö | -imusefö | -immiŋesö | -immiŋemö | -immiŋeö | -immiŋenö | -immiŋebö | ||
| Continuative | -imeşjö | -imeşmö | -imedzö | -imeşmö | -imespjö | -meşjö | -meşjmö | -meşö | -meşjmö | -mespö | -imŋesö | -imŋemö | -imŋeö | -imŋenö | -imŋepjö | ||
| Terminative | -izjeesö | -izeemö | -izeemö | -izeemnö | -izeevmö | -issjeşjö | -issjeşjmö | -issjetjö | -issjeşjmö | -issjetpö | -issŋesö | -issŋemö | -issŋeö | -issŋenö | -issŋeppö | ||
| Genericative | -idzesö | -idzemö | -idzeö | -idzenö | -idzeblö | -idzesö | -idzesmö | -idzeö | -idzesnö | -idzepö | -işŋesö | -işŋemö | -işŋeö | -işŋenö | -işŋeptö | ||
| Future | Perfective | -imissö | -imeesmö | -iimesö | -imensë | -imenespjö | -işmesö | -işmesmö | -işmedzö | -işmseşmö | -işmsetpö | -işmŋsesö | -işmŋesmö | -işmŋesö | -işmŋesnö | -işmŋepsö | |
| Retrospective | -inlessö | -inesmö | -innlesö | -inlesnö | -inlespö | -isnsedzö | -isnezmö | -isnedzö | -isnsedzmö | -isnsedvö | -işŋŋessö | -işŋŋesmö | -işŋŋezö | -işŋŋesnö | -işŋŋepsö | ||
| Pausative | -iivessö | -ivesmö | -ivesö | -ivesnö | -ivepjö | -ivzeşö | -ivzeşmö | -iveşö | -ivzeşmö | -ivzetfö | -ivŋessö | -ivŋjesmö | -ivŋjezö | -ivŋjesnö | -ivŋjeblzö | ||
| Inceptive | -imessö | -imessmö | -imessö | -imessnö | -imezbö | -imusesö | -imussesmö | -imuzzdzö | -imusseşmö | -imsussefö | -immiŋessjö | -immiŋesmö | -immiŋesö | -immiŋesnö | -immiŋezbö | ||
| Continuative | -imseşjö | -imseşmö | -imseşö | -imseşjmö | -imsedzö | -mseşjö | -mseşjmö | -meşësö | -mseşjmö | -msesspö | -imŋsesö | -imŋemö | -imŋezësö | -imŋesnö | -imŋespjö | ||
| Terminative | -izjessö | -izeesmö | -izeemsö | -izeesjnö | -izeezvö | -issjesjö | -issjezjmö | -issjeşjësö | -issesnö | -izetpö | -issŋessjö | -issŋesmö | -issŋaësö | -issŋesnö | -issŋeppsö | ||
| Genericative | -idzessö | -idzesmö | -idzesö | -idzesnö | -idzezzbö | -idzessjö | -izesmö | -idzesö | -idzessjnö | -idzepsö | -işŋessjö | -işŋesmö | -işŋezësö | -işŋensö | -işŋseptö | ||
| Living | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voice | |||||||||||||||||
| Passive | Anti- Passive |
Applicative | |||||||||||||||
| Erg | Acc | Int | Dut | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Dut | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Dut | Ref | |||
| Pos | Pust | Perfective | -imusǧ | -imuuǧm | -iimëǧ | -imuǧne | -imuǧnepj | -işmǧuş | -işmǧuşm | -işmuǧdë | -işmǧuşm | -işmǧutp | -işmŋusǧ | -işmŋuǧm | -işmŋuǧë | -işmŋuǧn | -işmŋuǧp |
| Retrospective | -inluǧs | -inuǧm | -innleǧ | -inluǧn | -inluǧpj | -isnǧudz | -işmǧuşm | -isnuǧddë | -isnǧudzm | -isnǧudv | -işŋŋusǧ | -işŋŋuǧm | -işŋŋuǧë | -işŋŋuǧn | -işŋŋupǧ | ||
| Pausative | -ivuǧsj | -ivuǧm | -iivuǧë | -ivuǧn | -ivubǧ | -ivǧuş | -ivǧuşm | -ivuttǧë | -ivǧuşm | -ivǧutf | -ivŋjuǧs | -ivŋjuǧm | -ivŋjuǧë | -ivŋjuǧn | -ivŋjublǧ | ||
| Inceptive | -imusǧ | -imsuǧm | -imusǧë | -imuǧn | -imuǧb | -imusǧuş | -imusǧuşm | -imǧuzdë | -imusǧuşm | -imusǧuf | -immiŋuǧs | -immiŋuǧm | -immiŋuǧë | -immiŋuǧn | -immiŋuǧb | ||
| Continuative | -imşuǧsj | -imşuǧm | -imşuǧë | -imşuǧn | -imşuǧpj | -mǧuşj | -mǧuşjm | -mǧuşë | -mǧuşjm | -mǧusp | -imŋusǧ | -imŋuǧm | -imŋöëǧ | -imŋuǧn | -imŋupjǧ | ||
| Terminative | -izjuuǧs | -izuuǧm | -izuuǧmë | -izuuǧn | -izǧuuvm | -issǧuşj | -issǧuşjm | -issǧutjë | -issǧuşjm | -issǧutp | -issŋusǧ | -issŋuǧm | -issŋöëǧ | -issŋuǧn | -issŋuǧpp | ||
| Genericative | -idzuǧs | -idzuǧm | -idzuǧë | -idzuǧn | -idzubblǧ | -idzǧus | -idzǧusm | -idzǧöë | -idzǧusn | -idzǧup | -işŋusǧ | -işŋuǧm | -işŋöëǧ | -işŋuǧn | -işŋǧupt | ||
| Present | Perfective | -imuss | -imuum | -iimöë | -imune | -imunepj | -işmuş | -işmuşm | -işmudë | -işmuşm | -işmutp | -işmŋus | -işmŋum | -işmŋöë | -işmŋun | -işmŋup | |
| Retrospective | -inluzj | -inum | -innle | -inlun | -inlup | -isnudz | -isnudzm | -isnuddë | -isnudzm | -isnudv | -işŋŋus | -işŋŋum | -işŋŋöë | -işŋŋun | -işŋŋup | ||
| Pausative | -ivusj | -ivum | -ivöë | -ivun | -ivupj | -ivuş | -ivuşm | -ivuttë | -ivuşm | -ivutf | -ivŋjus | -ivŋjum | -ivŋjöë | -ivŋjun | -ivŋjubl | ||
| Inceptive | -imusj | -imusm | -imusë | -imusn | -imusp | -imusuş | -imusuşm | -imuzdë | -imusuşm | -imusuf | -immiŋus | -immiŋum | -immiŋöë | -immiŋun | -immiŋub | ||
| Continuative | -imuşj | -imuşm | -imudzë | -imuşm | -imuspj | -muşj | -muşjm | -muşë | -muşjm | -musp | -imŋus | -imŋum | -imŋöë | -imŋun | -imŋupj | ||
| Terminative | -izjuus | -izuum | -izuumë | -izuumn | -izuuvm | -issjuşj | -issjuşjm | -issjutjë | -issjuşjm | -issjutp | -issŋus | -issŋum | -issŋöë | -issŋun | -issŋupp | ||
| Genericative | -idzus | -idzum | -idzöë | -idzun | -idzubl | -idzus | -idzusm | -idzöë | -idzusn | -idzup | -işŋus | -işŋum | -işŋöë | -işŋun | -işŋupt | ||
| Future | Perfective | -imiss | -imuusm | -iimusë | -imunsi | -imunespj | -işmus | -işmusm | -işmudzë | -işmsuşm | -işmsutp | -işmŋsus | -işmŋusm | -işmŋusë | -işmŋusn | -işmŋups | |
| Retrospective | -inluss | -inusm | -innles | -inlusn | -inlusp | -isnsudz | -isnuzm | -isnudzë | -isnsudzm | -isnsudv | -işŋŋuss | -işŋŋusm | -işŋŋuzë | -işŋŋusn | -işŋŋups | ||
| Pausative | -iivuss | -ivusm | -ivusë | -ivusn | -ivupj | -ivzuş | -ivzuşm | -ivuşë | -ivzuşm | -ivzutf | -ivŋuss | -ivŋjusm | -ivŋjuzë | -ivŋjusn | -ivŋjublz | ||
| Inceptive | -imuss | -imussm | -imussë | -imussn | -imuzb | -imusus | -imussusm | -imuzzdzë | -imussuşm | -imsussuf | -immiŋussj | -immiŋusm | -immiŋusë | -immiŋusn | -immiŋuzb | ||
| Continuative | -imsuşj | -imsuşm | -imsuşë | -imsuşjm | -imsudz | -msuşj | -msuşjm | -muşës | -msuşjm | -msussp | -imŋsus | -imŋum | -imŋuzës | -imŋusn | -imŋuspj | ||
| Terminative | -izjuss | -izuusm | -izuumsë | -izuusjn | -izuuzv | -issjusj | -issjuzjm | -issjuşjës | -issusn | -izutp | -issŋussj | -issŋusm | -issŋöës | -issŋusn | -issŋupps | ||
| Genericative | -idzuss | -idzusm | -idzusë | -idzusn | -idzuzzb | -idzussj | -izusm | -idzusë | -idzussjn | -idzups | -işŋussj | -işŋusm | -işŋuzës | -işŋuns | -işŋsupt | ||
| Neg | Pust | Perfective | -imusǧö | -imuuǧmö | -iimëǧö | -imuǧnë | -imuǧnepjö | -işmǧuşö | -işmǧuşmö | -işmuǧdö | -işmǧuşmö | -işmǧutpö | -işmŋusǧö | -işmŋuǧmö | -işmŋuǧö | -işmŋuǧnö | -işmŋuǧpö |
| Retrospective | -inluǧsö | -inuǧmö | -innleǧö | -inluǧnö | -inluǧpjö | -isnǧudzö | -işmǧuşmö | -isnuǧddö | -isnǧudzmö | -isnǧudvö | -işŋŋusǧö | -işŋŋuǧmö | -işŋŋuǧö | -işŋŋuǧnö | -işŋŋupǧö | ||
| Pausative | -ivuǧsjö | -ivuǧmö | -iivuǧö | -ivuǧnö | -ivubǧö | -ivǧuşö | -ivǧuşmö | -ivuttǧö | -ivǧuşmö | -ivǧutfö | -ivŋjuǧsö | -ivŋjuǧmö | -ivŋjuǧö | -ivŋjuǧnö | -ivŋjublǧö | ||
| Inceptive | -imusǧö | -imsuǧmö | -imusǧö | -imuǧnö | -imuǧbö | -imusǧuşö | -imusǧuşmö | -imǧuzdö | -imusǧuşmö | -imusǧufö | -immiŋuǧsö | -immiŋuǧmö | -immiŋuǧö | -immiŋuǧnö | -immiŋuǧbö | ||
| Continuative | -imşuǧsjö | -imşuǧmö | -imşuǧö | -imşuǧnö | -imşuǧpjö | -mǧuşjö | -mǧuşjmö | -mǧuşö | -mǧuşjmö | -mǧuspö | -imŋusǧö | -imŋuǧmö | -imŋöëǧö | -imŋuǧnö | -imŋupjǧö | ||
| Terminative | -izjuuǧsö | -izuuǧmö | -izuuǧmö | -izuuǧnö | -izǧuuvmö | -issǧuşjö | -issǧuşjmö | -issǧutjö | -issǧuşjmö | -issǧutpö | -issŋusǧö | -issŋuǧmö | -issŋöëǧö | -issŋuǧnö | -issŋuǧppö | ||
| Genericative | -idzuǧsö | -idzuǧmö | -idzuǧö | -idzuǧnö | -idzubblǧö | -idzǧusö | -idzǧusmö | -idzǧuö | -idzǧusnö | -idzǧupö | -işŋusǧö | -işŋuǧmö | -işŋöëǧö | -işŋuǧnö | -işŋǧuptö | ||
| Present | Perfective | -imussö | -imuumö | -iimuö | -imunë | -imunepjö | -işmuşö | -işmuşmö | -işmudö | -işmuşmö | -işmutpö | -işmŋusö | -işmŋumö | -işmŋuö | -işmŋunö | -işmŋupö | |
| Retrospective | -inluzjö | -inumö | -innleö | -inlunö | -inlupö | -isnudzö | -isnudzmö | -isnuddö | -isnudzmö | -isnudvö | -işŋŋusö | -işŋŋumö | -işŋŋuö | -işŋŋunö | -işŋŋupö | ||
| Pausative | -ivusjö | -ivumö | -ivuö | -ivunö | -ivupjö | -ivuşö | -ivuşmö | -ivuttö | -ivuşmö | -ivutfö | -ivŋjusö | -ivŋjumö | -ivŋjuö | -ivŋjunö | -ivŋjublö | ||
| Inceptive | -imusjö | -imusmö | -imusö | -imusnö | -imuspö | -imusuşö | -imusuşmö | -imuzdö | -imusuşmö | -imusufö | -immiŋusö | -immiŋumö | -immiŋuö | -immiŋunö | -immiŋubö | ||
| Continuative | -imuşjö | -imuşmö | -imudzö | -imuşmö | -imuspjö | -muşjö | -muşjmö | -muşö | -muşjmö | -muspö | -imŋusö | -imŋumö | -imŋuö | -imŋunö | -imŋupjö | ||
| Terminative | -izjuusö | -izuumö | -izuumö | -izuumnö | -izuuvmö | -issjuşjö | -issjuşjmö | -issjutjö | -issjuşjmö | -issjutpö | -issŋusö | -issŋumö | -issŋuö | -issŋunö | -issŋuppö | ||
| Genericative | -idzusö | -idzumö | -idzuö | -idzunö | -idzublö | -idzusö | -idzusmö | -idzuö | -idzusnö | -idzupö | -işŋusö | -işŋumö | -işŋuö | -işŋunö | -işŋuptö | ||
| Future | Perfective | -imissö | -imuusmö | -iimusö | -imunsë | -imunespjö | -işmusö | -işmusmö | -işmudzö | -işmsuşmö | -işmsutpö | -işmŋsusö | -işmŋusmö | -işmŋusö | -işmŋusnö | -işmŋupsö | |
| Retrospective | -inlussö | -inusmö | -innlesö | -inlusnö | -inluspö | -isnsudzö | -isnuzmö | -isnudzö | -isnsudzmö | -isnsudvö | -işŋŋussö | -işŋŋusmö | -işŋŋuzö | -işŋŋusnö | -işŋŋupsö | ||
| Pausative | -iivussö | -ivusmö | -ivusö | -ivusnö | -ivupjö | -ivzuşö | -ivzuşmö | -ivuşö | -ivzuşmö | -ivzutfö | -ivŋussö | -ivŋjusmö | -ivŋjuzö | -ivŋjusnö | -ivŋjublzö | ||
| Inceptive | -imussö | -imussmö | -imussö | -imussnö | -imuzbö | -imususö | -imussusmö | -imuzzdzö | -imussuşmö | -imsussufö | -immiŋussjö | -immiŋusmö | -immiŋusö | -immiŋusnö | -immiŋuzbö | ||
| Continuative | -imsuşjö | -imsuşmö | -imsuşö | -imsuşjmö | -imsudzö | -msuşjö | -msuşjmö | -muşësö | -msuşjmö | -msusspö | -imŋsusö | -imŋumö | -imŋuzësö | -imŋusnö | -imŋuspjö | ||
| Terminative | -izjussö | -izuusmö | -izuumsö | -izuusjnö | -izuuzvö | -issjusjö | -issjuzjmö | -issjuşjësö | -issusnö | -izutpö | -issŋussjö | -issŋusmö | -issŋöësö | -issŋusnö | -issŋuppsö | ||
| Genericative | -idzussö | -idzusmö | -idzusö | -idzusnö | -idzuzzbö | -idzussjö | -izusmö | -idzusö | -idzussjnö | -idzupsö | -işŋussjö | -işŋusmö | -işŋuzësö | -işŋunsö | -işŋsuptö | ||
| Non-Moving | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voice | |||||||||||||||||
| Passive | Anti- Passive |
Applicative | |||||||||||||||
| Erg | Acc | Int | Dot | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Dot | Ref | Erg | Acc | Int | Dot | Ref | |||
| Pos | Post | Perfective | -imosǧ | -imooǧm | -iimëǧ | -imoǧne | -imoǧnepj | -işmǧoş | -işmǧoşm | -işmoǧdë | -işmǧoşm | -işmǧotp | -işmŋosǧ | -işmŋoǧm | -işmŋoǧë | -işmŋoǧn | -işmŋoǧp |
| Retrospective | -inloǧs | -inoǧm | -innleǧ | -inloǧn | -inloǧpj | -isnǧodz | -işmǧoşm | -isnoǧddë | -isnǧodzm | -isnǧodv | -işŋŋosǧ | -işŋŋoǧm | -işŋŋoǧë | -işŋŋoǧn | -işŋŋopǧ | ||
| Pausative | -ivoǧsj | -ivoǧm | -iivoǧë | -ivoǧn | -ivobǧ | -ivǧoş | -ivǧoşm | -ivottǧë | -ivǧoşm | -ivǧotf | -ivŋjoǧs | -ivŋjoǧm | -ivŋjoǧë | -ivŋjoǧn | -ivŋjoblǧ | ||
| Inceptive | -imosǧ | -imsoǧm | -imosǧë | -imoǧn | -imoǧb | -imusǧoş | -imusǧoşm | -imǧuzdë | -imusǧoşm | -imusǧof | -immiŋoǧs | -immiŋoǧm | -immiŋoǧë | -immiŋoǧn | -immiŋoǧb | ||
| Continuative | -imşoǧsj | -imşoǧm | -imşoǧë | -imşoǧn | -imşoǧpj | -mǧoşj | -mǧoşjm | -mǧoşë | -mǧoşjm | -mǧosp | -imŋosǧ | -imŋoǧm | -imŋaüǧ | -imŋoǧn | -imŋopjǧ | ||
| Terminative | -izjooǧs | -izooǧm | -izooǧmë | -izooǧn | -izǧoovm | -issǧoşj | -issǧoşjm | -issǧotjë | -issǧoşjm | -issǧotp | -issŋosǧ | -issŋoǧm | -issŋaüǧ | -issŋoǧn | -issŋoǧpp | ||
| Genericative | -idzoǧs | -idzoǧm | -idzoǧë | -idzoǧn | -idzobblǧ | -idzǧos | -idzǧosm | -idzǧaü | -idzǧosn | -idzǧop | -işŋosǧ | -işŋoǧm | -işŋaüǧ | -işŋoǧn | -işŋǧopt | ||
| Present | Perfective | -imoss | -imoom | -iimaü | -imone | -imonepj | -işmoş | -işmoşm | -işmodë | -işmoşm | -işmotp | -işmŋos | -işmŋom | -işmŋaü | -işmŋon | -işmŋop | |
| Retrospective | -inlozj | -inom | -innle | -inlon | -inlop | -isnodz | -isnodzm | -isnoddë | -isnodzm | -isnodv | -işŋŋos | -işŋŋom | -işŋŋaü | -işŋŋon | -işŋŋop | ||
| Pausative | -ivosj | -ivom | -ivaü | -ivon | -ivopj | -ivoş | -ivoşm | -ivottë | -ivoşm | -ivotf | -ivŋjos | -ivŋjom | -ivŋjaü | -ivŋjon | -ivŋjobl | ||
| Inceptive | -imosj | -imosm | -imosë | -imosn | -imosp | -imusoş | -imusoşm | -imuzdë | -imusoşm | -imusof | -immiŋos | -immiŋom | -immiŋaü | -immiŋon | -immiŋob | ||
| Continuative | -imoşj | -imoşm | -imodzë | -imoşm | -imospj | -moşj | -moşjm | -moşë | -moşjm | -mosp | -imŋos | -imŋom | -imŋaü | -imŋon | -imŋopj | ||
| Terminative | -izjoos | -izoom | -izoomë | -izoomn | -izoovm | -issjoşj | -issjoşjm | -issjotjë | -issjoşjm | -issjotp | -issŋos | -issŋom | -issŋaü | -issŋon | -issŋopp | ||
| Genericative | -idzos | -idzom | -idzaü | -idzon | -idzobl | -idzos | -idzosm | -idzaü | -idzosn | -idzop | -işŋos | -işŋom | -işŋaü | -işŋon | -işŋopt | ||
| Future | Perfective | -imiss | -imoosm | -iimosë | -imonsi | -imonespj | -işmos | -işmosm | -işmodzë | -işmsoşm | -işmsotp | -işmŋsos | -işmŋosm | -işmŋosë | -işmŋosn | -işmŋops | |
| Retrospective | -inloss | -inosm | -innles | -inlosn | -inlosp | -isnsodz | -isnozm | -isnodzë | -isnsodzm | -isnsodv | -işŋŋoss | -işŋŋosm | -işŋŋozë | -işŋŋosn | -işŋŋops | ||
| Pausative | -iivoss | -ivosm | -ivosë | -ivosn | -ivopj | -ivzoş | -ivzoşm | -ivoşë | -ivzoşm | -ivzotf | -ivŋoss | -ivŋjosm | -ivŋjozë | -ivŋjosn | -ivŋjoblz | ||
| Inceptive | -imoss | -imossm | -imossë | -imossn | -imozb | -imusos | -imussosm | -imuzzdzë | -imussoşm | -imsussof | -immiŋossj | -immiŋosm | -immiŋosë | -immiŋosn | -immiŋozb | ||
| Continuative | -imsoşj | -imsoşm | -imsoşë | -imsoşjm | -imsodz | -msoşj | -msoşjm | -moşës | -msoşjm | -msossp | -imŋsos | -imŋom | -imŋozës | -imŋosn | -imŋospj | ||
| Terminative | -izjoss | -izoosm | -izoomsë | -izoosjn | -izoozv | -issjosj | -issjozjm | -issjoşjës | -issosn | -izotp | -issŋossj | -issŋosm | -issŋaüs | -issŋosn | -issŋopps | ||
| Genericative | -idzoss | -idzosm | -idzosë | -idzosn | -idzozzb | -idzossj | -izosm | -idzosë | -idzossjn | -idzops | -işŋossj | -işŋosm | -işŋozës | -işŋons | -işŋsopt | ||
| Neg | Post | Perfective | -imosǧö | -imooǧmö | -iimëǧö | -imoǧnë | -imoǧnepjö | -işmǧoşö | -işmǧoşmö | -işmoǧdö | -işmǧoşmö | -işmǧotpö | -işmŋosǧö | -işmŋoǧmö | -işmŋoǧö | -işmŋoǧnö | -işmŋoǧpö |
| Retrospective | -inloǧsö | -inoǧmö | -innleǧö | -inloǧnö | -inloǧpjö | -isnǧodzö | -işmǧoşmö | -isnoǧddö | -isnǧodzmö | -isnǧodvö | -işŋŋosǧö | -işŋŋoǧmö | -işŋŋoǧö | -işŋŋoǧnö | -işŋŋopǧö | ||
| Pausative | -ivoǧsjö | -ivoǧmö | -iivoǧö | -ivoǧnö | -ivobǧö | -ivǧoşö | -ivǧoşmö | -ivottǧö | -ivǧoşmö | -ivǧotfö | -ivŋjoǧsö | -ivŋjoǧmö | -ivŋjoǧö | -ivŋjoǧnö | -ivŋjoblǧö | ||
| Inceptive | -imosǧö | -imsoǧmö | -imosǧö | -imoǧnö | -imoǧbö | -imusǧoşö | -imusǧoşmö | -imǧuzdö | -imusǧoşmö | -imusǧofö | -immiŋoǧsö | -immiŋoǧmö | -immiŋoǧö | -immiŋoǧnö | -immiŋoǧbö | ||
| Continuative | -imşoǧsjö | -imşoǧmö | -imşoǧö | -imşoǧnö | -imşoǧpjö | -mǧoşjö | -mǧoşjmö | -mǧoşö | -mǧoşjmö | -mǧospö | -imŋosǧö | -imŋoǧmö | -imŋaüǧö | -imŋoǧnö | -imŋopjǧö | ||
| Terminative | -izjooǧsö | -izooǧmö | -izooǧmö | -izooǧnö | -izǧoovmö | -issǧoşjö | -issǧoşjmö | -issǧotjö | -issǧoşjmö | -issǧotpö | -issŋosǧö | -issŋoǧmö | -issŋaüǧö | -issŋoǧnö | -issŋoǧppö | ||
| Genericative | -idzoǧsö | -idzoǧmö | -idzoǧö | -idzoǧnö | -idzobblǧö | -idzǧosö | -idzǧosmö | -idzǧoö | -idzǧosnö | -idzǧopö | -işŋosǧö | -işŋoǧmö | -işŋaüǧö | -işŋoǧnö | -işŋǧoptö | ||
| Present | Perfective | -imossö | -imoomö | -iimoö | -imonë | -imonepjö | -işmoşö | -işmoşmö | -işmodö | -işmoşmö | -işmotpö | -işmŋosö | -işmŋomö | -işmŋoö | -işmŋonö | -işmŋopö | |
| Retrospective | -inlozjö | -inomö | -innleö | -inlonö | -inlopö | -isnodzö | -isnodzmö | -isnoddö | -isnodzmö | -isnodvö | -işŋŋosö | -işŋŋomö | -işŋŋoö | -işŋŋonö | -işŋŋopö | ||
| Pausative | -ivosjö | -ivomö | -ivoö | -ivonö | -ivopjö | -ivoşö | -ivoşmö | -ivottö | -ivoşmö | -ivotfö | -ivŋjosö | -ivŋjomö | -ivŋjoö | -ivŋjonö | -ivŋjoblö | ||
| Inceptive | -imosjö | -imosmö | -imosö | -imosnö | -imospö | -imusoşö | -imusoşmö | -imuzdö | -imusoşmö | -imusofö | -immiŋosö | -immiŋomö | -immiŋoö | -immiŋonö | -immiŋobö | ||
| Continuative | -imoşjö | -imoşmö | -imodzö | -imoşmö | -imospjö | -moşjö | -moşjmö | -moşö | -moşjmö | -mospö | -imŋosö | -imŋomö | -imŋoö | -imŋonö | -imŋopjö | ||
| Terminative | -izjoosö | -izoomö | -izoomö | -izoomnö | -izoovmö | -issjoşjö | -issjoşjmö | -issjotjö | -issjoşjmö | -issjotpö | -issŋosö | -issŋomö | -issŋoö | -issŋonö | -issŋoppö | ||
| Genericative | -idzosö | -idzomö | -idzoö | -idzonö | -idzoblö | -idzosö | -idzosmö | -idzoö | -idzosnö | -idzopö | -işŋosö | -işŋomö | -işŋoö | -işŋonö | -işŋoptö | ||
| Future | Perfective | -imissö | -imoosmö | -iimosö | -imonsë | -imonespjö | -işmosö | -işmosmö | -işmodzö | -işmsoşmö | -işmsotpö | -işmŋsosö | -işmŋosmö | -işmŋosö | -işmŋosnö | -işmŋopsö | |
| Retrospective | -inlossö | -inosmö | -innlesö | -inlosnö | -inlospö | -isnsodzö | -isnozmö | -isnodzö | -isnsodzmö | -isnsodvö | -işŋŋossö | -işŋŋosmö | -işŋŋozö | -işŋŋosnö | -işŋŋopsö | ||
| Pausative | -iivossö | -ivosmö | -ivosö | -ivosnö | -ivopjö | -ivzoşö | -ivzoşmö | -ivoşö | -ivzoşmö | -ivzotfö | -ivŋossö | -ivŋjosmö | -ivŋjozö | -ivŋjosnö | -ivŋjoblzö | ||
| Inceptive | -imossö | -imossmö | -imossö | -imossnö | -imozbö | -imusosö | -imussosmö | -imuzzdzö | -imussoşmö | -imsussofö | -immiŋossjö | -immiŋosmö | -immiŋosö | -immiŋosnö | -immiŋozbö | ||
| Continuative | -imsoşjö | -imsoşmö | -imsoşö | -imsoşjmö | -imsodzö | -msoşjö | -msoşjmö | -moşësö | -msoşjmö | -msosspö | -imŋsosö | -imŋomö | -imŋozësö | -imŋosnö | -imŋospjö | ||
| Terminative | -izjossö | -izoosmö | -izoomsö | -izoosjnö | -izoozvö | -issjosjö | -issjozjmö | -issjoşjësö | -issosnö | -izotpö | -issŋossjö | -issŋosmö | -issŋaüsö | -issŋosnö | -issŋoppsö | ||
| Genericative | -idzossö | -idzosmö | -idzosö | -idzosnö | -idzozzbö | -idzossjö | -izosmö | -idzosö | -idzossjnö | -idzopsö | -işŋossjö | -işŋosmö | -işŋozësö | -işŋonsö | -işŋsoptö | ||
Participles[]
| Magical Participle | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voices | |||||||||||
| Anti- Passive |
Passive | Applicative | |||||||||
| Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | |||
| Pos | Perfective | -aşmusŋ | -aşmuŋ | -aşmufŋ | -amesŋ | -ameŋ | -amefŋ | -aşmnysŋ | -aşmnyŋ | -aşmnyfŋ | |
| Retrospective | -asnusŋ | -asnuŋ | -asnufŋ | -anlesŋ | -anleŋ | -anlefŋ | -aşmysŋ | -aşmyŋ | -aşmyfŋ | ||
| Pausative | -avusŋ | -avuŋ | -avufŋ | -avesŋ | -aveŋ | -avefŋ | -avnysŋ | -avnyŋ | -avnyfŋ | ||
| Inceptive | -amusŋ | -amuŋ | -amufŋ | -amessŋ | -amesŋ | -ameffŋ | -ammnysŋ | -ammnyŋ | -ammnyfŋ | ||
| Continuative | -musŋ | -muŋ | -mufŋ | -amëssŋ | -amëşŋ | -amëfŋ | -amŋysŋ | -amŋyŋ | -amŋyfŋ | ||
| Terminative | -assjusŋ | -assjuŋ | -assjufŋ | -azjëësŋ | -azjëëŋ | -azjëëfŋ | -assnysŋ | -assnyŋ | -assnyfŋ | ||
| Genericative | -adzusŋ | -adzuŋ | -adzufŋ | -adzeesŋ | -adzeeŋ | -adzeefŋ | -aşmysŋ | -aşmyŋ | -aşmyfŋ | ||
| Neg | Perfective | -aşmusŋö | -aşmuŋö | -aşmufŋö | -amesŋö | -ameŋö | -amefŋö | -aşmmysŋö | -aşmmyŋö | -aşmmyfŋö | |
| Retrospective | -asnusŋö | -asnuŋö | -asnufŋö | -anlesŋö | -anleŋö | -anlefŋö | -aşmysŋö | -aşmyŋö | -aşmyfŋö | ||
| Pausative | -avusŋö | -avuŋö | -avufŋö | -avesŋö | -aveŋö | -avefŋö | -avnysŋö | -avnyŋö | -avnyfŋö | ||
| Inceptive | -amusŋö | -amuŋö | -amufŋö | -amessŋö | -amesŋö | -ameffŋö | -ammnysŋö | -ammnyŋö | -ammnyfŋö | ||
| Continuative | -musŋö | -muŋö | -mufŋö | -amëssŋö | -amëşŋö | -amëfŋö | -amŋysŋö | -amŋyŋö | -amŋyfŋö | ||
| Terminative | -assjusŋö | -assjuŋö | -assjufŋö | -azjëësŋö | -azjëëŋö | -azjëëfŋö | -assnysŋö | -assnyŋö | -assnyfŋö | ||
| Genericative | -adzusŋö | -adzuŋö | -adzufŋö | -adzeesŋö | -adzeeŋö | -adzeefŋö | -aşmysŋö | -aşmyŋö | -aşmyfŋö | ||
| Articial Participle | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voices | |||||||||||
| Anti- Passive |
Passive | Applicative | |||||||||
| Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | |||
| Pos | Perfective | -eşmusŋ | -eşmuŋ | -eşmufŋ | -emesŋ | -emeŋ | -emefŋ | -eşmnysŋ | -eşmnyŋ | -eşmnyfŋ | |
| Retrospective | -esnusŋ | -esnuŋ | -esnufŋ | -enlesŋ | -enleŋ | -enlefŋ | -eşmysŋ | -eşmyŋ | -eşmyfŋ | ||
| Pausative | -evusŋ | -evuŋ | -evufŋ | -evesŋ | -eveŋ | -evefŋ | -evnysŋ | -evnyŋ | -evnyfŋ | ||
| Inceptive | -emusŋ | -emuŋ | -emufŋ | -emessŋ | -emesŋ | -emeffŋ | -emmnysŋ | -emmnyŋ | -emmnyfŋ | ||
| Continuative | -musŋ | -muŋ | -mufŋ | -emëssŋ | -emëşŋ | -emëfŋ | -emŋysŋ | -emŋyŋ | -emŋyfŋ | ||
| Terminative | -essjusŋ | -essjuŋ | -essjufŋ | -ezjëësŋ | -ezjëëŋ | -ezjëëfŋ | -essnysŋ | -essnyŋ | -essnyfŋ | ||
| Genericative | -edzusŋ | -edzuŋ | -edzufŋ | -edzeesŋ | -edzeeŋ | -edzeefŋ | -eşmysŋ | -eşmyŋ | -eşmyfŋ | ||
| Neg | Perfective | -eşmusŋö | -eşmuŋö | -eşmufŋö | -emesŋö | -emeŋö | -emefŋö | -eşmmysŋö | -eşmmyŋö | -eşmmyfŋö | |
| Retrospective | -esnusŋö | -esnuŋö | -esnufŋö | -enlesŋö | -enleŋö | -enlefŋö | -eşmysŋö | -eşmyŋö | -eşmyfŋö | ||
| Pausative | -evusŋö | -evuŋö | -evufŋö | -evesŋö | -eveŋö | -evefŋö | -evnysŋö | -evnyŋö | -evnyfŋö | ||
| Inceptive | -emusŋö | -emuŋö | -emufŋö | -emessŋö | -emesŋö | -emeffŋö | -emmnysŋö | -emmnyŋö | -emmnyfŋö | ||
| Continuative | -musŋö | -muŋö | -mufŋö | -emëssŋö | -emëşŋö | -emëfŋö | -emŋysŋö | -emŋyŋö | -emŋyfŋö | ||
| Terminative | -essjusŋö | -essjuŋö | -essjufŋö | -ezjëësŋö | -ezjëëŋö | -ezjëëfŋö | -essnysŋö | -essnyŋö | -essnyfŋö | ||
| Genericative | -edzusŋö | -edzuŋö | -edzufŋö | -edzeesŋö | -edzeeŋö | -edzeefŋö | -eşmysŋö | -eşmyŋö | -eşmyfŋö | ||
| Non-Moving Participle | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voices | |||||||||||
| Anti- Passive |
Passive | Applicative | |||||||||
| Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | |||
| Pos | Perfective | -üşmusŋ | -üşmuŋ | -üşmufŋ | -ümesŋ | -ümeŋ | -ümefŋ | -üşmnysŋ | -üşmnyŋ | -üşmnyfŋ | |
| Retrospective | -üsnusŋ | -üsnuŋ | -üsnufŋ | -ünlesŋ | -ünleŋ | -ünlefŋ | -üşmysŋ | -üşmyŋ | -üşmyfŋ | ||
| Pausative | -üvusŋ | -üvuŋ | -üvufŋ | -üvesŋ | -üveŋ | -üvefŋ | -üvnysŋ | -üvnyŋ | -üvnyfŋ | ||
| Inceptive | -ümusŋ | -ümuŋ | -ümufŋ | -ümessŋ | -ümesŋ | -ümeffŋ | -ümmnysŋ | -ümmnyŋ | -ümmnyfŋ | ||
| Continuative | -musŋ | -muŋ | -mufŋ | -ümëssŋ | -ümëşŋ | -ümëfŋ | -ümŋysŋ | -ümŋyŋ | -ümŋyfŋ | ||
| Terminative | -üssjusŋ | -üssjuŋ | -üssjufŋ | -üzjëësŋ | -üzjëëŋ | -üzjëëfŋ | -üssnysŋ | -üssnyŋ | -üssnyfŋ | ||
| Genericative | -üdzusŋ | -üdzuŋ | -üdzufŋ | -üdzeesŋ | -üdzeeŋ | -üdzeefŋ | -üşmysŋ | -üşmyŋ | -üşmyfŋ | ||
| Neg | Perfective | -üşmusŋö | -üşmuŋö | -üşmufŋö | -ümesŋö | -ümeŋö | -ümefŋö | -üşmmysŋö | -üşmmyŋö | -üşmmyfŋö | |
| Retrospective | -üsnusŋö | -üsnuŋö | -üsnufŋö | -ünlesŋö | -ünleŋö | -ünlefŋö | -üşmysŋö | -üşmyŋö | -üşmyfŋö | ||
| Pausative | -üvusŋö | -üvuŋö | -üvufŋö | -üvesŋö | -üveŋö | -üvefŋö | -üvnysŋö | -üvnyŋö | -üvnyfŋö | ||
| Inceptive | -ümusŋö | -ümuŋö | -ümufŋö | -ümessŋö | -ümesŋö | -ümeffŋö | -ümmnysŋö | -ümmnyŋö | -ümmnyfŋö | ||
| Continuative | -musŋö | -muŋö | -mufŋö | -ümëssŋö | -ümëşŋö | -ümëfŋö | -ümŋysŋö | -ümŋyŋö | -ümŋyfŋö | ||
| Terminative | -üssjusŋö | -üssjuŋö | -üssjufŋö | -üzjëësŋö | -üzjëëŋö | -üzjëëfŋö | -üssnysŋö | -üssnyŋö | -üssnyfŋö | ||
| Genericative | -üdzusŋö | -üdzuŋö | -üdzufŋö | -üdzeesŋö | -üdzeeŋö | -üdzeefŋö | -üşmysŋö | -üşmyŋö | -üşmyfŋö | ||
| Living Participle | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voices | |||||||||||
| Anti- Passive |
Passive | Applicative | |||||||||
| Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | |||
| Pos | Perfective | -öşmusŋ | -öşmuŋ | -öşmufŋ | -ömesŋ | -ömeŋ | -ömefŋ | -öşmnysŋ | -öşmnyŋ | -öşmnyfŋ | |
| Retrospective | -ösnusŋ | -ösnuŋ | -ösnufŋ | -önlesŋ | -önleŋ | -önlefŋ | -öşmysŋ | -öşmyŋ | -öşmyfŋ | ||
| Pausative | -övusŋ | -övuŋ | -övufŋ | -övesŋ | -öveŋ | -övefŋ | -övnysŋ | -övnyŋ | -övnyfŋ | ||
| Inceptive | -ömusŋ | -ömuŋ | -ömufŋ | -ömessŋ | -ömesŋ | -ömeffŋ | -ömmnysŋ | -ömmnyŋ | -ömmnyfŋ | ||
| Continuative | -musŋ | -muŋ | -mufŋ | -ömëssŋ | -ömëşŋ | -ömëfŋ | -ömŋysŋ | -ömŋyŋ | -ömŋyfŋ | ||
| Terminative | -össjusŋ | -össjuŋ | -össjufŋ | -özjëësŋ | -özjëëŋ | -özjëëfŋ | -össnysŋ | -össnyŋ | -össnyfŋ | ||
| Genericative | -ödzusŋ | -ödzuŋ | -ödzufŋ | -ödzeesŋ | -ödzeeŋ | -ödzeefŋ | -öşmysŋ | -öşmyŋ | -öşmyfŋ | ||
| Neg | Perfective | -öşmusŋö | -öşmuŋö | -öşmufŋö | -ömesŋö | -ömeŋö | -ömefŋö | -öşmmysŋö | -öşmmyŋö | -öşmmyfŋö | |
| Retrospective | -ösnusŋö | -ösnuŋö | -ösnufŋö | -önlesŋö | -önleŋö | -önlefŋö | -öşmysŋö | -öşmyŋö | -öşmyfŋö | ||
| Pausative | -övusŋö | -övuŋö | -övufŋö | -övesŋö | -öveŋö | -övefŋö | -övnysŋö | -övnyŋö | -övnyfŋö | ||
| Inceptive | -ömusŋö | -ömuŋö | -ömufŋö | -ömessŋö | -ömesŋö | -ömeffŋö | -ömmnysŋö | -ömmnyŋö | -ömmnyfŋö | ||
| Continuative | -musŋö | -muŋö | -mufŋö | -ömëssŋö | -ömëşŋö | -ömëfŋö | -ömŋysŋö | -ömŋyŋö | -ömŋyfŋö | ||
| Terminative | -össjusŋö | -össjuŋö | -össjufŋö | -özjëësŋö | -özjëëŋö | -özjëëfŋö | -össnysŋö | -össnyŋö | -össnyfŋö | ||
| Genericative | -ödzusŋö | -ödzuŋö | -ödzufŋö | -ödzeesŋö | -ödzeeŋö | -ödzeefŋö | -öşmysŋö | -öşmyŋö | -öşmyfŋö | ||
Verb forms[]
| Adjectival Modality | ||
|---|---|---|
| Passive | Active | |
| Gerundive | -pi | -psi |
| Supine | -döti | -dötši |
| Abilitative | -mŋi | -mma |
| Permissative | -do | -dzoo |
| Possabilitative | -my | -mǧy |
| Advisabilitative | -ŋu | -ŋtu |
| Prohobitative | -tko | -tto |
| Hypothetical | -efu | -effsu |
| Potensial /Optative |
-amü | -amtü |
| Dubative | -ëǧǧa | -ëǧta |
| Conditional | ||
| Verbal Modality | ||
|---|---|---|
| Passive | Active | |
| Gerundive | -pim | -psim |
| Supine | -dösm | -döşm |
| Abilitative | -mim | -mam |
| Permissative | -dom | -dzüm |
| Possabilitative | -mym | -mǧym |
| Advisabilitative | -ŋum | -ŋtum |
| Prohobitative | -tkom | -ttom |
| Hypothetical | -efum | -effsum |
| Potensial /Optative |
-amüm | -amom |
| Dubative | -ëǧǧam | -ëǧtam |
| Conditional | ||
All of these transforms the verb into an adjective like form which can also be used as nouns with copulas and is used for modality.
- Gerundive: Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object of the verb
- Abilative: Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object of the verb
- Permissative: Marks that the noun it modifies has the permission to be the object of the verb
- Possabilitative: Marks that the noun it modifies is possibly the object of the verb
- Advisabilitative: Marks that the noun it modifies is adviced to be the object of the verb
- Prohobative: Marks that the noun it modifies forbidden to be the object of the verb
- Hypothetical: Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object of the verb
- Potensial/Optative: Marks that the noun it modifies probably is or is wanted to be the object of the verb
- Dubative: Marks that the noun it modifies doubtfully is the object of the verb
- Conditional: Marks that the noun it modifies conditionally is the object of the verb
Declension table[]
Umbrean nouns are declined according to whether they are defined or undefined, which case they are, which gender and if its singular, Paucal and plural according to this table if they are regular
Name Amount Singular 1 Paucal 2-6 Plural 6<
Case Declension First Second Third Mag Liv Art Non Mag Liv Art Non Mag Liv Art Non Singular Erg -asj -ösj -y -üfj -ia -aö -ny -ios -az -ösj -iz -üv Acc -am -aöm -ymm -öm -amii -aöm -nym -om -adzm -ödz -izz -üvz Int -aë -öë -aë -aü -ëi -aö -ë -oë -am -özm -yzzm -üfjm Dat -na -nöö -ny -nü -ina -naö -nnë -nio -ǧa -ǧös -ǧyz -ǧüv Ref -ap -ub -yyp -op -apj -ab -nyp -op -ag -ök -ygb -ǧüm Paucal Erg -ssi -zu -ös -fji -asi -ös -en -sio -zi -uz -iv -üv Acc -ami -ömi -ym -ëmü -immi -ami -ym -iom -azmi -özmi -imi -üvmi Int -ni -ön -enëë -nlü -ni -anö -unë -ion -naz -ösj -niz -nlü Dat -ŋŋa -ŋii -ënn -ŋü -ŋii -ŋii -ëni -ŋo -ŋaz -ŋuz -ŋiv ŋüü Ref -pja -pja -pe -bü -pë -öp -up -pjo -bla -pjösj -bez -pav Plural Erg -im -öfm -im -üm -iasm -ösm -in -üfm -ma -mö -mi -mü Acc -ömm -umni -ymii -ëmn -inn -amn -ymii -omn -ënaz -ënöz -ëmiz -eŋüv Int -avl -övv -ivli -üffj -avj -ivli -nvli -iof -azz -öss -izz -üüv Dat -aa -öşaa -yş -üşi -aa -öşaa -nşi -oşi -dza -dzösj -dziz -şjü Ref -ia -öǧin -iǧǧi -üüž -iǧa -öin -iǧǧ -iǧ -aǧ -ǧös -ǧiz -ǧü
Defintiveness Suffix First Second Third Sg Pc Pl Sg Pc Pl Sg Pc Pl Proximal
DefiniteErg -t -t -eet -t -ttu -yyt -d -d -d Acc -n -nn -n -n -n -n -gu -gg -g Int -kt -ük -ük -tk -tu -ta -i -ti -d Dat -m -m -um -mm -m -m -dd -dd -dd Ref -s -ş -şyy -s -ss -sa -sja -d -t Medial Erg -tly -tly -otta -taa -tta -yta -dy -dy -dy Acc -nu -nnü -nu -nu -nu -nu -gu -ggy -gyy Int -kttjë -kttë -kttjë -tkö -tkö -tkö -isj -isj -izj Dat -mu -mu -mu -mmu -muu -muu -dii -dii -dii Ref -şy -şy -şyy -sa -ssa -sa -şy -şy -şy Distal Erg -töf -töf -ötëf -şja -şja -yşja -dzy -dzy -dzy Acc -nutt -nnüt -nutt -nutt -nutt -nutt -gus -ggys -gyys Int -ktës -ktës -ktës -tkjöǧ -tkjöǧ -tköǧ -iss -iss -izz Dat -mup -mup -mmup -mup -mup -mup -iidz -iidz -iidz Ref -şyfj -şyf -şyf -şyfj -şyf -şyf -şyfj -şyfj -şyf
Possessive Suffix First Decl Second Decl Third Decl Sg Pc Pl Sg Pc Pl Sg Pc Pl First Person Sg -dda -diss -dastl Pc -şo -şoom -şomm Pl -žu -žüş -ždüşj Second Person Sg -na -nisj -nasttl Pc -mo -moş -mmoş Pl -pse -psse -pem Third Person Sg -fta -ftiis -ftast Pc -ffo -ffjoo -fjom Pl -kso -ksi -ksüş
Predicate Temporative Permanent P N P N Base -m -z Comparative -mm -nm -zm -zn
Base Declension Gender Singular Puacal Plural None-Moving -Ø -s -ş Living -Ø -zzŋ -dzŋ Artificial -Ø -sŋ -şŋ Magical -Ø -sŋ -şŋ
Comperative
Superlative DeclensionGender Singular Puacal Plural Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative None-Moving -m -n -sm -zn -şm -şn Living -m -n -zm -zn -dzm -dzn Artificial -m -n -sm -sn -şm -dzn Magical -m -n -sm -zn -dzm -şn
Order[]
- quality
- quantity
- size
- age
- opinion
- shape
- color
- proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)
- purpose or qualifier