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Name: Wayaliss
Type: Flexional Alignment: Ergative–absolutive Head Direction: Final Number of genders: 2 Declensions: No Conjugations: Yes
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Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Nouns | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Characteristics[]
In comparison with its ancestor language, Wayaliss features some innovations such as definite articles and loss of grammatical cases in nouns and adjectives.
Phonology[]
All words are stressed on the last syllable.
Consonants[]
p [p] | t [t] | k [k] | |
b [b] | d [d] | g [g] | |
f [f] | v [v] | ||
s [s] | z [z] | ||
m [m] | n [n] | r [ʀ] | l [l] |
y [j] | w [w] | ||
x [x] | h [h] |
The semivowels y and w can be combined with the soft aspiration h, forming the groups hy and hw. The standar pronunciation has these as simple combinations of h plus semivowel, but many speakers pronounce them as voiceless approximants [j̊] (hy) and [ʍ] (hw).
While x [x] is somewhat rare, both h [h] and r [ʀ] are very common in the language.
Vowels[]
Vowels are:
a [ɑ] |
e [e] |
i [i] |
o [o] |
u [u] |
Stressed vowels are marked with an acute accent. The vowels e and o are generally closed.
Morphology[]
Articles[]
The definite article is no for masculine and me for feminine. It comes immediately before the nouns.
Nouns[]
There are two gender of nouns: masculine and feminine. Plural of nouns is highly irregular.
Except for the Absolutive, grammatical cases are expressed by means of prepositions:
- Ergative: e
- Accusative: ko
- Genitive: pe
- Dative: in
- Locative: hwa
- Instrumental: su
Masculine Nouns[]
Common plural endings:
- -wes
- -es
- -ws
- -ew
- -ges
- -ks
- -f
- -ns
Examples:
- nan "man", "person" - Plural: nanges
With article, case markers and plural ending:
- Indefinite
- Singular
- Accusative: ko nan
- Genitive: pe nan
- Dative: in nan
- Locative: hwa nan
- Instrumental: su nan
- Plural
- Accusative: ko nanges
- Genitive: pe nanges
- Dative: in nanges
- Locative: hwa nanges
- Instrumental: su nanges
- Singular
- Definite
- Singular
- Accusative: ko no nan
- Genitive: pe no nan
- Dative: in no nan
- Locative: hwa no nan
- Instrumental: su no nan
- Plural
- Accusative: ko no nanges
- Genitive: pe no nanges
- Dative: in no nanges
- Locative: hwa no nanges
- Instrumental: su no nanges
- Singular
Feminine Nouns[]
Common plural endings:
- -eges
- -eg
- -ges
- -eks
- -yes
- -ef
Examples:
- hwenereh "family" - Pl.: hwenereyes
With article, case markers and plural ending:
- Indefinite
- Singular
- Accusative: ko hwenereh
- Genitive: pe hwenereh
- Dative: in hwenereh
- Locative: hwa hwenereh
- Instrumental: su hwenereh
- Plural
- Accusative: ko hwenereyes
- Genitive: pe hwenereyes
- Dative: in hwenereyes
- Locative: hwa hwenereyes
- Instrumental: su hwenereyes
- Singular
- Definite
- Singular
- Accusative: ko me hwenereh
- Genitive: pe me hwenereh
- Dative: in me hwenereh
- Locative: hwa me hwenereh
- Instrumental: su me hwenereh
- Plural
- Accusative: ko me hwenereyes
- Genitive: pe me hwenereyes
- Dative: in me hwenereyes
- Locative: hwa me hwenereyes
- Instrumental: su me hwenereyes
- Singular
Adjectives[]
Adjectives are not declined at all.
Attributive adjectives come before the noun.
Comparative Form[]
Superiority[]
The suffix -el- is added to the stem of the adjective, resulting in a new adjective. Ex.:
- kamt "large", kamtel "larger"
- mup "new", mupel "newer"
- pun "good", punel "better"
Equality[]
Inferiority[]
Superlative[]
The prefix sen- is added to the stem of the adjective. Ex.:
- kamt "large", senkamt "the largest"
- mup "new", senmup "the newest"
- pun "good", senpun "the best"
Pronouns[]
Personal[]
The use of case particles with 1st and 2nd person pronouns is dialectical, but it is not considered completely wrong in the standard language.
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | Ergative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st p. sing. | o | (ko) o | (in) nu | (pe) ni | (e) nim |
2nd p. sing. | pu | (ko) pu | (in) du | (pe) di | (e) dim |
3rd p. sing. m. | yu | ko yu | in yu | pe yu | e yu |
3rd p. sing. f. | ey | ko ey | in ey | pe ey | e ey |
1st p. pl. | ves | (ko) ves | (in) ses | (pe) miks | (e) mins |
2nd p. pl. | pes | (ko) pes | (in) pes | (pe) piks | (e) pins |
3rd p. pl. m. | yes | ko yes | in yes | pe yes | e yes |
3rd p. pl. f. | yew | ko yew | in yew | pe yew | e yew |
Possessive[]
Possessive pronouns are declined like any other adjective.
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | nem | muv |
2nd | diy | puv |
3rd m., f. | viw | uy |
Demonstrative[]
- iv "this" (very near)
- sit "this" (not so near)
- gir "that" (far)
There are two manners of using the demonstratives:
- before the noun: iv nan "this man", gir nanges "those men"
- after the noun, which is preceeded by the definite article: no nan iv "this man", no nanges gir "those men".
These forms are equivalent and regular in the language, but the second (with the definite article) is used more in colloquial speech than in writing. Also, the form sit tends to be replaced by iv in colloquial speech.
Interrogative[]
- hyu "what"
- nu "who"
- gu "which"
- ne "how"
- tir "where"
- tu "when"
Relative[]
- hyu "that"
- nu "who"
Indefinite[]
- nuknu "some", "any"
- numnu "no", "none"
- uttu "all", "every"
- hyet "each", "every"
Numbers[]
Cardinal Numbers[]
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Ordinal Numbers[]
Ordinal numbers are regular adjectives.
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Conjunctions[]
Coordinating[]
- his "for"
- goy "and"
- ha "nor"
- vat "but"
- ho "or"
- hyad "yet"
- evna "so"
Correlative[]
- hapu … gi … "both … and … "
- ho … ho … "either … or … "
- hen … hen … "neither … nor … "
- wu … vat … "not … but … "
- vu … dapa … "not only … but also … "
Subordinating[]
- tibwa "after"
- dot "although"
- vi "if"
- vad "unless"
- yuk "so that"
- bada "therefore"
- sa "in spite of", "despite"
- his "because"
Verbs[]
Verb forms are reforced by the use of auxiliaries vil in the stative conjugation and kel in the active conjugation. Stative conjugation is used with intransitive verbs, having the subject in the absolutive case (that is, no case particle at all). The active conjugation is used with transitive verbs, with subject in the ergative case and direct object in the so called accusative case.
For the passive voice, the stative form is used, with the subject without any mark (nominative case) and the agent in the ergative case.
Sample Conjugation: petil "see"[]
Stative Conjugation[]
Present | Perfective | Aorist | Imperfective | Pluperfect | Future | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st p. sg. | va pet-i-ya | viwa pet-i-wa | vista pet-i-sta | vipa pet-i-pa | vila pet-i-la | viha pet-i-ha | - |
2nd p. sg. | ves pet-i-yes | viwes pet-i-wes | vistes pet-i-stes | vipes pet-i-pes | viles pet-i-les | vihes pet-i-hes | pet-i-es |
3rd p. sg. | va pet-i-yka | viwa pet-i-wka | vista pet-i-stka | vipa pet-i-pka | vila pet-i-lka | viha pet-i-hka | pet-i-ka |
1st p. pl. | vens pet-i-yns | viwnes pet-i-wnes | vistnes pet-i-stnes | vipnes pet-i-pnes | vilnes pet-i-lnes | vihnes pet-i-hnes | pet-i-nes |
2nd p. pl. | vets pet-i-yts | viwts pet-i-wts | vistdes pet-i-stdes | vipts pet-i-pts | vilts pet-i-lts | vihts pet-i-hts | pet-i-ts |
3rd p. pl. | va pet-i-yna | viwa pet-i-wna | vista pet-i-stna | vipa pet-i-pna | vila pet-i-lna | viha pet-i-hna | pet-i-na |
Participle | pet-i-ad | pet-i-t | pet-i-st | pet-i-tiw | pet-i-lan | pet-i-dol | - |
Active Conjugation[]
Present | Perfective | Aorist | Imperfective | Pluperfect | Future | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st p. sg. | keya pet-i-ya | kewa pet-i-wa | kesta pet-i-sta | kepa pet-i-pa | kela pet-i-la | kliha pet-i-liha | - |
2nd p. sg. | keyel pet-i-yel | kewel pet-i-wel | kestel pet-i-stel | kepel pet-i-pel | kelel pet-i-lel | klihel pet-i-lihel | pet-i-el |
3rd p. sg. | keyo pet-i-yo | kewo pet-i-wo | kesto pet-i-sto | kepo pet-i-po | kelo pet-i-lo | kliho pet-i-liho | pet-i-o |
1st p. pl. | keyuv pet-i-yuv | kewuv pet-i-wuv | kestuv pet-i-stuv | kepuv pet-i-puv | keluv pet-i-luv | klihuv pet-i-lihuv | pet-i-uv |
2nd p. pl. | keyay pet-i-yay | keway pet-i-way | kestay pet-i-stay | kepay pet-i-pay | kelay pet-i-lay | klihay pet-i-lihay | pet-i-ay |
3rd p. pl. | keya pet-i-ya | kewa pet-i-wa | kesta pet-i-sta | kepa pet-i-pa | kela pet-i-la | kliha pet-i-liha | pet-i-a |
Participle | pet-i-yew | pet-i-tey | pet-i-stey | pet-i-tey | pet-i-lay | pet-i-doy | - |
Irregular Verbs[]
- gunil "to eat":
- Act. Perf.: kewa gun-u-wa, kewel gun-u-wel, kewo gun-u-wo; kewuv gun-u-v, keway gun-u-way, kewa gun-u-wa.
- vepil "to know":
- Stat. Pres.: va vip-ya, ves vip-yes, va vip-ka; vens vip-i-ns, vets vip-i-ts, va vip-na.
- Stat. Perf.: viwa vep-wa, vistes vep-stes, viwa vep-ka; viwnes vep-nes, viwts vep-i-ts, viwa vep-na.
- Act. Pres.: keya vip-ya, keyel vip-yel, keyo vip-yo; keyuv vip-yuv, keyay vip-yay, keya vip-ya
- Act. Aor.: kesta vi-sta, kestel vi-stel, kesto vi-sto; kestuv vi-stuv, kestay vi-stay, kesta vi-sta
- pipil "to drink":
- Act. Pres.: keya pip-ya, keyel pip-yel, keyo pip-yo; keyuv pip-yuv, keyay pip-yay, keya pip-ya
- Act. Aor.: kesta pu-sta, kestel pu-stel, kesto pu-sto; kestuv pu-stuv, kestay pu-stay, kesta pu-sta
- atel "to go":
- Stat. Pres.: va etya, ves et-yes, va e-yka; vens at-e-yns, vets at-e-yts, va et-na
- Stat. Aor.: vista me-sta, vistes me-stes, vista me-stka, vistnes me-stnes, vistdes me-stdes, vista me-stna
- Act. Pres.: keya at-a, keyel at-el, keyo at-o; keyuv e-tuv, keyay e-tay, keya eta
- Act. Perf.: kewa o-wa, kewel o-wel, kewo o-wo; kewuv ato-wuv, keway at-o-way, kewa at-o-wa
- Act. Aor.: kesta me-sta, kestel me-stel, kesto me-sto; kestuv me-stuv, kestay me-stay, kesta me-sta
- pimel "to come":
- Stat. Pres.: va pem-a, ves pem-es, va p-e-yka; vens pim-e-yns, vets pim-e-yts, va pe-yna
- Act. Pres.: keya pem-a, keyel pem-el, keyo pem-o; keyuv pem-uv, keyay pem-ay, keya pem-a
- Act. Aor.: kesta pem-sta, kestel pem-stel, kesto pem-sto; kestuv pem-stuv, kestay pem-stay, kesta pem-sta
- buvil "can", "be able to":
- Stat. Pres.: va bi-ya, ves bi-yes, va bi-yka; vens bi-yns, vets bi-yts, va bi-yna
- Stat. Perf.: viwa bu-wa, viwes bu-wes, viwa bu-wka; viwnes bu-wnes, viwts bu-wts, viwa bu-wna
- Stat. Aor.: vista bu-sta, vistes bu-stes, vista bu-stka; vistnes bu-stnes, vistdes bu-stdes, vista bu-stna
- Part. Pres.: buvad; Part. Perf.: but; Part. Aor.: bust.
- Act. Pres.: keya bu-ya, keyel bu-yel, keyo bu-yo; keyuv bu-yuv, keyay bu-yay, keya bu-ya
- Act. Perf.: kewa bu-wa, kewel bu-wel, kewo bu-wo; kewuv bu-wuv, keway bu-way, kewa bu-wa
- Act. Aor.: kesta bu-sta, kestel bu-stel, kesto bu-sto; kestuv bu-stuv, kestay bu-stay, kesta bu-sta
- Part. Perf./Imperf.: bu-tey; Part. Aor.: bu-stey
Samples[]
Text | Pronunciation | Translation |
---|---|---|
No utt nanges va meviyna repel, se tekmetet goy telihegges. E yes keya dimiya lesewe goy gasase, goy va tipiyna esel han in uhol kwi ispeled pe hanatet. |
[no ut nɑŋ'ges vɑ mevij'nɑ ʀe'pel, se tekme'tet goj teliheg'ges]. [e jes ke'jɑ dimi'jɑ lese'we goj gasa'se, goj vɑ tipij'nɑ e'sel hɑn in u'hol kwi ispe'led pe hɑnɑ'tet]. | "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." |
Iv rake se hwa han pis viwa tisteget. Pe viw mepir pe geretet, pe viw pilevetet goy pe viw buveperetet pe oderessewe, ey viwa iskurit ne tisteg. | [iv ʀɑ'ke se hwɑ hɑn pis vi'wɑ tiste'get]. [pe viw me'piʀ pe geʀe'tet, pe viw pileve'tet goj pe viw buvepeʀe'tet pe odeʀesse'we, ej viwɑ isku'ʀit ne tis'teg]. | "This language was once featured. Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities, it has been voted as featured." |
Vocabulary[]
- Swadesh List: Here we give the Swadesh List for Wayaliss.
- Dornel-Wayaliss Swadesh List: a comparison between Dornel and Wayaliss.