Zerä

Progress 73%
	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 93% Adjectives 67% Syntax 53% Words 20 of 1500

Zeran Zerä
Type
?
Alignment
Nominative-accusative
Head direction
Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
No
Conjugations
No
Genders
Yes
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m		n		(ɲ)
Plosive	p b		t d		(c ɟ)	k g
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ	(ç ʝ)	x	χ
Affricate	pf bv		ts dz	tʃ dʒ		kx
Approximant	w				j
Flap or tap	pɾ bɾ	fɾ vɾ	tɾ dɾ	ɾ		kɾ gɾ
Lateral app.	pl bl	fl vl		l	(ʎ)	kl gl

Vowels

Open	Closed	Nasal	Semivowel
a	ə	an
ɛ	e	en
i		in	j
ɔ	o	on
u		un	w

Alphabet

Roman	Cyrillic	Pronunciation	Equivalent
B	Б	/b/	bell
C	Х	/x/	house - something like it
D	Д	/d/	day - but it is hard
F	Ф	/f/	force
G	Г	/g/	get - but it is hard
H	Я	/χ/	something like the French R
J	Ж	/ʒ/	measure
K	К	/k/	color - but it is hard
L	Л	/l/	light
M	М	/m/	man
N	Н	/n/	now
P	П	/p/	pull
R	Р	/ɾ/	rope - without the w-like sound
S	С	/s/	site
T	Т	/t/	tale - but it is hard
V	В	/v/	victory
X	Ш	/ʃ/	ship
Z	З	/z/	zap
W	Ђ	/w/	wait
Y	Ј	/j/	young
A	А	/a/	cow
E	Э	/ɛ/	red
I	И	/i/	sheep
O	Ө	/ɔ/	law
U	У	/u/	root
Â	І	/ə/	bird
Ê	Е	/e/	day
Ô	О	/o/	know
Ä	Ӓ	/an/	under
Ë	Ӟ	/en/	pen
Ï	Ӥ	/in/	been
Ö	Ӫ	/on/	fond
Ü	Ӱ	/un/	soon

There is no difference between upper case and lower case. They are seem only as different typographic fonts.

Phonotactics

• The stress is always in the penultimate syllable.
• The onset can only be one of the consonants, affricates or combinations with R/L.
• The nucleus always has a vowel and may begin or end with a semivowel.
• The coda must be nothing or a single unvoiced fricative (except x).
  • Some clusters are allowed between syllables and in the end of the word: ks kʃ ps pʃ px fx tx.
  • The word can end with an unvoiced affricate.
• The same vowel cannot be the next phoneme (aa, ee...).
• Some sequences are not allowed: sz sʃ ij wu.

Grammar

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Nouns	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No

Genders

The genders are:

• Everything: It is the global gender that includes everything. It is used when the specific gender is unknown.
  • Animal: It includes humans, animals, ghosts, gods, aliens and some other living things.
    • Collective: Those are the collective nouns, such as group, folk, team and company.
    • Male: Everything that is male.
    • Female: Everything that is female.
  • Object: Plants, objects and places.
  • Abstract: Abstract concepts, such as time, happiness and power.

The difference are in the determiners.

The gender Animal is used when one does not know if an person or animal is male or female. It is also used in the plural when both genders are included.

Pronouns

English	Zeran
I/Me	mï
You (singular)	sê
We/Us (excludes you)	nyus
We/Us (includes you)	töy
You (plural)	vôw

The definite articles without the noun are used as the third-person pronouns.

Honorifics

In some cases, the honorifics replace the second-person pronoun and the third-person pronoun and they are also used as vocative.

Person	Male	Female
parent, grandparent	dada	mämä
spouse	amu	kêra
boss, leader	lora	kwida
teacher	sësu	sôra
older one	lyega	sïra
very polite (other cases)	dôkô	zoyä

Determiners

The nouns do not change with the plural. The plural is marked in the determiners.

Definite articles

Gender	Singular	Plural
Everything	kow	kowx
Animal	zoy	zoyx
Collective	tura	turax
Male	xô	xôx
Female	le	lex
Object	bä	bäx
Abstract	sôy	sôyx

Indefinite determiners and correlatives

Role	Determiner	Place	Time	Noun
				Everything	Animal	Collective	Male	Female	Object	Abstract
Near me	lapse	lakse	latse	lakow	lazoy	latura	laxô	lale	labä	lasôy
Near you	jepse	jekse	N/A
Away from us (visible)	löpse	lökse	lötse
Away from us (non-visible)	drapse	drakse	dratse
a (singular)	txi (it means number one)	txikse	txitse
some (uncountable)	tximê	txiskse	txistse
some (plural)	txix	txixkse	txixtse
no/none/nothing	zedza (it means number zero)	dzâkse	dzâtse
all/every	alo	alokse	alotse
generic	hafkâ	hafâkse	hafâtse
question	pwa	pwakse	pwatse
relative (restrictive)	wê	wêkse	wêtse
relative (explicative)	yô	yôkse	yôtse

• tximê is used with uncountable nouns. It is also used with countable nouns when one does not know the quantity (if it is plural), and in the negative and in the interrogative (meaning "any").

Nouns

They are not inflected.

Adjectives

The adjective is always inserted after the noun, or in the beginning or in the end of the sentence. The adjectives are inflected with suffixes according to the case.

The noun can be omitted and the adjective can be inserted alone.

Number	Noun	Nominative	Objective	Prepositional
Singular	-	-ays	-eys	-oys
Plural	-	-aws	-ews	-ows

• The plural form is not used with nouns in the plural, it is used when the subject or object has multiple members.
• The prepositional case is used with nouns in adverbs or adnominals.

Verbs

The infinitive uses the suffix -af.

Nominal forms

Form	Suffix
Present participle	-äni
Past participle	-adju
Present gerund	-önu
Past gerund	-odji

• The infinitive can be used as a noun that names the action.
• The gerunds and the participles can be used as nouns. They can receive an adjective suffix to be used as adjectives.

Indicative

Tense	Perfective	Progressive	Habitual
Past	-ôy	-ow	-alo
Present	N/A	-ey	-ale
Future	-ïu	-üa	-ala

• The infinitive suffix is replaced with one of these suffixes.
• Stative verbs cannot be conjugated in the perfective.

Stage aspect

Aspect	Prefix
Inceptive	côs-
Pausative	sos-
Resumptive	ras-
Cessative (canceled)	käs-
Cessative (finished)	vus-

• The prefixes are optional.

Relative-tense aspect

The relative tenses are expressed with auxiliary verbs followed by the main verb in the infinitive. They can only be used in the past or future tenses and the aspect must be perfective

Aspect	Verb
Retrospective	hadaf
Prospective	ceklaf

Subjunctive

• Conjunctive
• Hypothetical
• Conditional

Imperative

Person	Suffix
You (singular)	-ay
You (plural)	-âw
We	-ädu

Verbal particles

These are particles inserted after the verb to change the verb.

Role	Particle
Negative	nütô
Interrogative	verö
Reflexive	hasde
Opposite	änö
Immediate	süne

• The interrogative is used in yes/no questions. It is not used in questions with other interrogative words.
• The negative does not mean opposite. "do not like" does not mean "dislike". The opposite does.
• Those particles can also be inserted after an adjective to change it.
• süne means immediate past or future.

Other auxiliary verbs

• bleskyaf: It means that a possibility exists (may).
• provonaf: Causative.
• ïmugaf: It means that something is in a state to start doing something.
• dêzaf: Any movement (go, come, leave, arrive).
• ïdzaf: The identity/Classification copula (to be a, to be the).
• likraf: The locative copula.
• sëtaf: The copula that represents states.
• fijucaf: The copula that represents characteristics.

Syntax

Basic sentence

Any word order related to subject-verb-object is possible. The first term has more emphasis, but it does not change the semantics. The grammatical function is marked with prepositions. The nominative does not use preposition.

Role	Preposition
Accusative	lï
Dative, lative	pwa
Ablative	pye
Reciprocal	rüka

Any term can be omitted from the sentence. If the subject is omitted, it means that it is known according to the context, or it is not important because the important info is the consequence for the object.

Adverbial particles

Many prepositions and particles have three cases: adverbial, nominative and objective. The two latter are adnominals that add info to the nouns.

Role	Adverbial	Nominative	Objective
Locative	zëy	zëna	zëynï
Instrumental	fëw	fëna	fëwnï
like	ges	gena	gesnï
instead	jox	joxna	jownï

Other prepositions

Role	Preposition
Genitive, possessive	djä

Relative clauses

They are started with a relative pronoun and ended with the particle puyu. There is no special rules regarding the relative clauses. The third-person pronoun can be used to refer to the noun which it is talking about or the term can be omitted.

Subordinate clauses

They start with the conjunction wäs and ends with the particle puyu.

Nested clauses do not end with multiple puyu. They end with a single puyu and may be ambiguous.

Vocabulary

No.	English	Zeran
1	I	mï
2	you (singular)	sê
3	he	—
4	we	—
5	you (plural)	vôw
6	they	—
7	this	lapse
8	that	—
9	here	lakse
10	there	—
11	who	—
12	what	—
13	where	—
14	when	—
15	how	—
16	not	—
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	—
23	two	—
24	three	—
25	four	—
26	five	—
27	big	—
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	luën
37	man (adult male)	vazas
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	tôrôrô
40	wife	—
41	husband	—
42	mother	—
43	father	—
44	animal	—
45	fish	kaözê
46	bird	vlôta
47	dog	inura
48	louse	—
49	snake	mädru
50	worm	—
51	tree	borê
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	gofus
55	seed	nëdra
56	leaf	hoydja
57	root	zarêtsu
58	bark	—
59	flower	jetay
60	grass	xêpê
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	wogatü
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	hovâ
68	horn	—
69	tail	hatxê
70	feather	fësta
71	hair	piluga
72	head	xayko
73	ear	otrê
74	eye	ôydax
75	nose	sabeya
76	mouth	sobüx
77	tooth	drapë
78	tongue	afirä
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	txöga
81	leg	muledjis
82	knee	—
83	hand	macöy
84	wing	bwaska
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	krôna
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	laris
148	moon	lulu
149	star	sutelya
150	water	wazu
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	umini
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	tera
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	—