Zonschévy

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Zonschévy
Type
Alignment	Nominative-Accusative
Head direction
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	0
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	96%
Statistics Nouns 100% Verbs 100% Adjectives 100% Syntax 100% Words of 1500
Creator	Laymnin

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Plosive			tʲ dʲ dⁿ		g		(ʔ)
Fricative	ɸ β	θʲ ðʲ	s z	ɕʲ ʑʲ	x		h
Affricate	pɸ bβ			tɕʲ dʑʲ	kx
Approximant	w			j
Trill			r			ʀ
Lateral app.			l

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y				u
Near-close		ɪ (ʏ)		(ʊ)
Close-mid	e				o
Mid			(ə)
Open-mid	ɛ œ
Open	a

Vowels are lengthened when preceding voiced consonants.

/ʏ/ is the unstressed form of /y/.

/ə/ is the unstressed form of /e/ and /ɛ/.

/ʊ/ is the unstressed form of /u/ and /o/.

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns are marked according to case and number.

There are 6 cases: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive, Reflexive, and the rare Prepositional case.

Pronouns

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person (F)	3rd person (M/N)	1st person pl.	2nd person pl.	3rd person pl.
Nominative	ybj	nebj	zhebj	kobj	ylebj	nelebj	selebj
Accusative	yvj	nevj	zhevj	kovj	ylevj	nelevj	selevj
Dative	ytj	netj	zhetj	kotj	yletj	neletj	seletj
Genitive	jit	nes	zhes	kio	yvle	nevle	slevle
Reflexive	ythj	nethj	zhethj	kothj	ylethj	nelethj	selethj
Prepositional	ychj	nechj	zhechj	kochj	ylechj	nelechj	selechj

Correlatives

	Proximal	Distal	Existential	Universal	Negatory	Interrogative1
Determiner	té	nel	wo	me	ké	he
Choice						hemi
Thing	téle	nele	wole	mele	kéle	hele
Person						hein
Time	tézh	nezh	wozh	mezh	kézh	hezh
Place	téske	nelske	woske	meske	kédske	heske
Manner	tégab	nelgab	wogab			hegab
Reason	témol	nelmol				hemol

¹ The Elective and Interrogative Forms are identical.

General Declension

	Nom.	Acc.	Dat.	Gen.	Ref.	Prep.
Singular	-(i)bj	-(i)vj	-(i)tj	-(i)wj	-(i)thj	-(i)chj
Plural	-(i)lebj	-(i)levj	-(i)letj	-(i)lewj	-(i)lethj	-(i)lechj

Diminutives and Augmentatives

Diminutive I (size/quantity)	-chu	-shu	-vu
Diminutive II (affectionate)	-chna	-shna	-vna
Diminutive III (respect)	-chi	-shi	-vi
Diminutive IV (strength/intensity)	-che	-she	-ve
Augmentative I (size/quantity)	uro-	uvo-	véo-
Augmentative II (authority)	dova-	deva-	krœna-
Augmentative III (reverence)	dovæ-	devæ-	krœnæ-
Augmentative IV (strength/intensity)	ura-	uva-	véa-

Verbs

All verbs have three components: the stem, the root vowel, and the N-ending. Verbs are conjugated to tense (past, present, future), aspect (simple, progressive, perfect), mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), and voice (active, passive). 

In most cases, except for some irregular auxiliary forms, the stem remains unmodified.

The root vowel determines the class of the verb and how the verb is conjugated.

The N-ending of a verb comes in two forms: -n, where nothing but -n comes after the root vowel, and -Cn, where consonant(s) and vowel(s) are between the root vowel and -n. The type of ending also affects how the verb is conjugated.

The verbs used for auxiliary purposes are: deyn (to do), heyn (to finish), zædn (to be like), bonn (to become), and zeyn (to be).

Class 1 (-ey-): Verbs of Motion

Class 1 verbs are mainly verbs that involve motion, progression, and comsumption.

Infinitive Form: -eyCn

Indicative
		Present	Past	Future
Active	Simple	-eyC1	-eyCo 1s	-eyCf 1 or -eynen
	Progressive	dey Inf.2	deys Inf.	deynen Inf.
	Perfect	hey ze-Inf.	heys ze-Inf.	heynen ze-Inf.
Passive	Simple	bon Inf.	zey Inf.
	Perfect	bon ze-Inf.	zey ze-Inf.

Subjunctive
		Present	Past	Future
Vowel Change	Simple	-œCt	-œCost	-œCf or -œh
	Perfect	hœt ze-Inf.	hœst ze-Inf.	hœh ze-Inf.
Auxiliary	Simple	zæd Inf.	zæts Inf.	zæth Inf.
	Perfect	zæd ze-Inf	zæts ze-Inf	zæth ze-Inf
Passive	Simple	bynk Inf.	zœt Inf.
	Perfect	bynk ze-Inf.	zœt ze-Inf.

¹C is the additional consonant, C^o is the unvoiced consonant, and C^f is the fricative consonant

²Inf. is the infinitive

Class 2 (-o/oy-): Verbs of Change

Class 2 verbs are mainly verbs that involve speech, perception and change.

Infinitive Form: -oCn, -oyCn

Indicative
		Present	Past	Future
Active	Simple	-o(y)C	-o(y)Cos	-eyCv 1j
	Progressive	dey Inf.	deys Inf.	deynen Inf.
	Perfect	hey ge-Inf.	heys ge-Inf.	heynen ge-Inf.
Passive	Simple	bon Inf.	zey Inf.
	Perfect	bon ge-Inf.	zey ge-Inf.

Subjunctive
		Present	Past	Future
Vowel Change	Simple	-yCk	-yCosk	-yCvjk
	Perfect	hœt ge-Inf.	hœst ge-Inf.	hœh ge-Inf.
Auxiliary	Simple	zæd Inf.	zæts Inf.	zæth Inf.
	Perfect	zæd ge-Inf	zæts ge-Inf	zæth ge-Inf
Passive	Simple	bynk Inf.	zœt Inf.
	Perfect	bynk ge-Inf.	zœt ge-Inf.

¹ C^v is the voiced consonant

Class 3 (-æ-): Verbs of State

Class 1 verbs are mainly verbs that involve modality, emotion, and thought.

Infinitive Form: -æCn

Indicative
		Present	Past	Future
Active	Simple	-æC	-æCos	-æCf  or -æh
	Progressive	dey Inf.	deys Inf.	deynen Inf.
	Perfect	hey be-Inf.	heys be-Inf.	heynen be-Inf.
Passive	Simple	bon Inf.	zey Inf.
	Perfect	bon be-Inf.	zey be-Inf.

Subjunctive
		Present	Past	Future
Vowel Change	Simple	-oCv	-oCosf	-oCfp
	Perfect	hœt be-Inf.	hœst be-Inf.	hœh be-Inf.
Auxiliary	Simple	zæd Inf.	zæts Inf.	zæth Inf.
	Perfect	zæd be-Inf	zæts be-Inf	zæth be-Inf
Passive	Simple	bynk Inf.	zœt Inf.
	Perfect	bynk be-Inf.	zœt be-Inf.

Universal Forms

Gerund	Attributive	Affirmative	Negative	Polar	Agent	Imperative	Optative
-es	-de + (case marker)	dodt	kédt	hemét	-(n)in	-(Co)tur	-(Co)tæ

Modality

Modal Verbs

Verb	rætn	nædn	kædn	jæln	bædn	gæln
Meaning	May (to be allowed)	Can (to be able)	May (to be possible)	Should (to suggest)	Must (to be compelled)	Would (to be willing)

Modal Particles

• ja, ha: (sentence-final) declarative
• ja: (precedes addressee) vocative, exclamatory
• ne: (sentence-final) makes a statement rhetorical
• cha: (sentence-final) suggestion
• jo: (sentence-final) gives the sentence a tone of reminding the addressee
• vu: (sentence-final) applies a diminutive tone to the entire sentence

Adjectives

All adjectives end in a vowel and precede the noun that they modify. If used as a predicative, the case ending is not required and the adjective comes after the subject.

Case Endings

	Nom.	Acc.	Dat.	Gen.	Ref.	Prep.
Singular	-b	-v	-t	-w	-th	-ch
Plural	-ble	-vle	-tle	-wle	-thle	-chle

Adverbs

-zæ is the ending attached to turn adjective into an adverb. Adverbs come before the verbs they modify.

Comparatives

		Nom.	Acc.	Dat.	Gen.	Ref.	Prep.
Comparative	Singular	-urb	-urv	-urt	-urw	-urth	-urch
	Plural	-urble	-urvle	-urtle	-urwle	-urthle	-urchle
Superlative	Singular	-dub	-duv	-dut	-duw	-duth	-duch
	Plural	-duble	-duvle	-dutle	-duwle	-duthle	-duchle

Adpositions

Most adpositions are prepositions, some of which have postpositional and adverbial forms. The noun that complements the adposition will decline based on the direction of motion designated by the speaker. If the direction of motion is toward a location, the noun will be accusative; if it is moving away, dative. Tf the motion is oblique to, or if there is no motion at all, the locative case is used.

List of Adpositions

	Prepos.	Postpos.	Adverb.		Prepos.	Postpos.	Adverb.
by, next to	vi			during	jon
near	vonj	vœnj		between	vren
with, in the company of	ve			through(out)	bron	brœn	gxen
by means of	ved			from	bon	bœn
back in time	voth	vœth	vyth	around	ben
behind, (adv.) back	bod		bœd	to	do
after in a sequence	vod	vœd	voth	until	vos	vœs
forward in time	veth		væt	for the purpose of	ryv
in front, (adv.) forward	czhe		den	for the sake of	fre
before in a sequence	ven		veth	at a place	tjo	cj
left (of)	dev		chev	at a time	czho	cj
right (of)	kreh		krœh	across	dum
in, (adv.) inside	nyth	nith	njev	against	dus
out, (adv.) outside	nat		nand	without	œnt
on, (adv.) over	dœft		dœnd	except	œd
above, (adv.) up	dœns	dœf	dof
off, (adv.) under	gœn	wœnd	wond
under, (adv.) down	wons	wœns	krœn

Conjunctions

List of Conjunctions

• no: but
• zo: because (of)
• ve: and
• gab: if
• za: as, in the same manner as

Numbers

Cardinal Numbers

• kéd: 0
• wyd, wy-: 1
• nyzh, ny-: 2
• sruf, sru-: 3
• zych, zy-: 4
• non, non-: 5
• xux, xu-: 6
• schot, scho-: 7
• bred, bre-: 8
• gox, go-: 9
• theb, ta-: 10
• tawyd/taud: 11
• tanyzh: 12
• nytheb, nyta-: 20
• srutheb, sruta-: 30
• zytheb, zyta-: 40
• nontheb, nonta-: 50
• xutheb, xuta-: 60
• schotheb, schota-: 70
• bretheb, breta-: 80
• gotheb, gota-: 90
• bov, ba-: 100
• sraps, sra-: 1000
• tasraps, tasra-: 10000
• siri, siri-: 10000 (archaic)

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers are formed adding the prefix i-.

Syntax

Due to the extensiveness of the case system, word order can be very flexible. However, the basic word order is SVO, where the indirect object precedes the direct object. The affirmative dodt and the negative kédt most come directly before the verb, even if word order is changed.

A more detailed version of word order:

• Subject
• Affirmative/Negative
• (Direct/Auxiliary) Verb
• Indirect Object
• Time
• Place
• Manner
• Direct Object
• Main Verb
• Adverb

Order of Importance

Instead of using SVO word order, words can arranged based on order of importance like a topic-comment system. The topic(s) would be placed at the beginning of the sentence, and would then be followed by a VSO comment. A sentence can have no more than two topics before the verb. Relative clauses follow topic-comment word order and are introduced by the marker da.

Questions

Questions are treated like topic-comment sentences, where the interrogative acts as the topic. If the question is polar, then the polar marker treated as the topic.

Subjunctive Word Order

Sentences with subjunctive forms of a verb can either have an SVO or VSO word order. VSO word order is more common in formal writing and old-fashioned speech, though there would be no distinction between a formal statement and the interrogative of the SVO form. Therefore, a question involving the subjunctive in the formal form must be introduced by the polar marker hemét.

Multiple Verbs

If there are multiple verbs in a sentence, the direct verb (the action that the subject performs) is treated as the verb of the sentence, and the main verb (the verb being influence by the action) is treated as an object that follows all other objects.

• Ex. Ybj kédt næd zhevj roln. (1st-person-nom. not can-pres. fem.-acc. call) [I cannot call her.] næd is the direct verb that influences the main verb roln. roln is treated as an object and is placed at the end of the sentence.
• Ex. Ybj kédt næts zhevj geroln heys. (1st-person-nom. not can-pres. fem.-acc. call-pluperf.) [I could not have called her.] The typical order of the present perfect heys geroln has been reversed due to the presence of næts. Note that the usage of heys in this sentence is permitted (though highly formal and almost never used in speech), and matches the conjugation of nædn.

A verb whose conjugation involves an auxiliary also follows this behavior. However, if the sentence is arranged based on topic-comment (with the main verb being the topic), then the direct verb is moved to the end.

• Ex. The question "Have you called her before?" can be written in two ways: Hey nebj zhevj geroln vyth? or Geroln nebj zhevy vyth hey?

Writing System

Pre-Reformation

Letter	A a	ay	B b	C c	D d	Ð ð	E e	Ä ä	ey	F f	G g	H h
Sound	a	aːı	bβ	tɕʲ	dʲ	ðʲ	ɛ, ə	e	eːı	ɸ	g	h
Letter	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n	O o	Ö ö	oy	P p	R r	S s
Sound	i, ı	dʑʲ	kx	l	m	n	o	œ	oːı	pɸ	r, ʀ	s
Letter	T t	Þ þ	U u	V v	Ƿ w	Ɣ ɣ	Ȝ y	Z z	Ʃ ʃ	Ʒ ʒ	Ü ü
Sound	tʲ	θʲ	u, ʊ	β	w, ʷ	x	j, ʲ	z	ɕʲ	ʑʲ	y, ʏ

Post-Reformation

Letter	A a	Æ æ	B b	C c	D d	dh	E e	É é	ey	F f	G g	H h
Sound	a	aːı	bβ	s	d	ðʲ	ɛ, ə	e	eːı	ɸ	g	h, x
Letter	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n	O o	Œ œ	oy	P p	R r	S s
Sound	i, ı	j, ʲ	kx	l	m	n	o	œ	oːı	pɸ	r, ʀ	s
Letter	T t	th	U u	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Z z	sh	zh	ch	czh
Sound	t	θʲ	u, ʊ	β	w, ʷ	x	y, ʏ	z	ɕʲ	ʑʲ	tɕʲ	dʑʲ

Vocabulary

http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Zonschevy/Lexicon

Example text

Sample Sentences

1. Czhe zheschj dovævchyl tjozey ybj tézhchj cj.
   1. In front of your-PREP seat-AUG appear I at this time-PREP.
   2. Before your throne, I now appear.
2. Ja gdeytur, zonrushchu, téske cj nebj dodt bon yletj hælen mezh.
   1. -VOC come-IMP, Spring-DIM, here you indeed PASS- us -loved always.
   2. O come, Spring, here you are always loved by us.
3. Kobj kédt da gekopln nebj heys, no dodt da beisljæn nebj heys.
   1. It not that said-PERF you had, but indeed that meant-PERF you had.
   2. It wasn't what you said, but it was what you meant.
4. Miryble soltable inilebj jon gunjodchj, zo kédt sæ deyend vogeyn.
   1. Many-PL-NOM drunk-ATTR-PL-NOM human-PL-NOM during September-PREP, because want-NEG work return.
   2. There are many drunk people during September, for they do not want to go back to work.
5. Zeylttur yl'bj wo!
   1. Drink-IMP we some!
   2. Let's drink.
6. Kopsh nebj zonschévy? Nebj kédt zæd ylevj lælemn.
   1. Speak you Zonschévy? You seem-NEG us understand.
   2. Do you speak Zonschévy? You don't seem to understand us.
7. Zwætur nand, ræpttur cj, geytur dof ve den.
   1. Sit-IMP out, stand-IMP at, move-IMP up and forward.
   2. Sit up straight, stand up straight, and walk steadily. (Made to fit the rhythm of 坐要直，立要正，行走要稳健)
8. Dzheytæ kobj bron sraps zyryl!
   1. Live-OPT he through thousand years!
   2. May he live a thousand years!

Text

Zonschévy	Gloss	Translation
Zo véakalpe rol ybj nevj.	Because of pain-AUG call I-SUB you-ACC	From deep affliction I cry out to you
Ja krœnæ, shloytæ jitvj rolesvj!	Lord-VOC, hear-OPT my call-GER	Lord God, hear my call;
Do ytj, greytæ nesbj thaneb shlanbj ,	To me, descend-OPT you-GEN-SUB kind ear	Incline your merciful ear here to me,
ve hylætæ jitvj wondoles.	And consider-OPT my beg-GER	and be open to my prayer!
Zo nebj dodt koyly, za nebj shæs,	Because you-SUB indeed see, as you-SUB believe,	Since You behold, according to Your will,
me keræesl' ve dagtl' da deyn bon,	all sins and acts of hatred that done-PASS,	what sin and injustice is done,
ja krœnæ, hein næd vi nechj ræptn?	Lord-VOC, who can by you-PREP stand?	who can, Lord, remain before you?