Casuma

Progress 4%
	Stats Nouns 0% Verbs 0% Adjectives 0% Syntax 17% Words 34 of 1500

Casuma Casumą
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative-Accusative
Head direction
Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Casuma is a Germanic language spoken in western Europe. It is the official language in the Casum Republic, and a minority language in surrounding areas in England, France and Spain. 

General information

Casuma is a fusional nominative-accusative SVO language. It is spoken by approximately 90 million people in Casum and approximately 1 million in surrounding areas. It is an isolate within the Germanic language family. Notable features the retention of Proto-Germanic nasal vowels and the extremely conservative Germanic vocabulary. There are many loans in Casuma from Basque and the Celtic languages. Morphologically, Casuma has four noun cases and two grammatical numbers (three in the pronouns). In addition, verbs conjugate for person and number, three tenses, three moods, and two voices.  The three grammatical genders were only preserved in the pronouns.

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n		ŋ
Plosive	p b		t d		k g
Fricative	f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ	χ	h
Lateral app.			l
Lateral fric.			ɬ
Approximant				j	w
Trill			r
Affricate				t͡ʃ

• /d͡ʒ/ appears in loan words as dzh or dzz but is pronounced voiceless by most speakers.
• /l/, /m/, /n/, and /r/ can appear syllabically.

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Back
Close	i y			u
Near-close		ɪ
Close-mid	e			o
Mid			ə
Open-mid	ɛ			ɔ
Open				ɑ

Diphthongs

	-ɪ	-i	-u	-y
e	eɪ		eu
ɪ			ɪu
o			ou
ɔ		ɔi		ɔy
ɑ		ɑi	ɑu

In addition, /j/ and /w/ can form a diphthong before any vowel or a triphthong before a dipthong.

Nasal vowels

	Front	Back
Close	ĩ	ũ
Open-mid	ɛ̃	ɔ̃
Open		ɑ̃

There are also two nasal dipthongs /ɑ̃ĩ/ and /ɑ̃ũ/, spelled ąi/aį and ąu/aų respectively. 

Alphabet

The Casuma alphabet has 31 letters

Aa	Ąą	Ää	Bb	Dd	Ee	Ęę	Ff
/ɑ/	/ɑ̃/	/e/	/b/	/d/	/ɛ/	/ɛ̃/	/v/
Gg	Hh	Ii	Įį	Jj	Cc	Ll	Mm
/g/	/h/, /χ/	/i/	/ĩ/	/j/	/k/	/l/	/m/
Nn	Oo	Ǫǫ	Öö	Pp	Rr	Ss	Tt
/n/	/ɔ/	/ɔ̃/	/o/	/p/	/r/, /ɾ/	/s/	/t/
Uu	Ųų	Üü	Ww	Yy	Ÿÿ	Zz
/u/	/ũ/	/y/	/w/	/ə/	/ɪ/	/z/

• Loan words are often transcribed phonetically to avoid pronounciation errors. For example, center is spelled sentr, and jelly would be spelled dzheli.
• The letters Kk, Qq, Vv, and Xx can appear in loan words. Kk is pronounced /k/, Qq is pronounced /k/, Vv can be pronounced either /f/ or /v/, and Xx is pronounced /ks/. 

Digraphs and Trigraphs

Digraph	IPA	Notes
Th th	/θ/	td between vowels
Dh dh	/ð/	dd between vowels
Sh sh	/ʃ/	sz between vowels
Zh zh	/ʒ/	zz between vowels
Lh lh	/ɬ/	ll between vowels
Ff ff	/f/
Tsh tsh	/t͡ʃ/	tsz between vowels
Dzh dzh	/d͡ʒ/	only found in loanwords, dzz between vowels
Ng ng	/ŋ/	/ŋg/ is written ngg
Ch ch	/χ/

Grammar

Pronouns

	First person			Second person			Third person
	SING	DU	PL	SING	DU	PL	SING			PL
							MASC	FEM	NEUT	MASC	FEM	NEUT
NOM	ÿc	wä	wi	tu	jut	jus	äz	si	ÿt	juz
ACC	mÿc	änc	uns	tÿc	ÿnc	izwi	än		ijǫ
DAT	miz	änci	unsi	ticy	ÿncwy	izwy	äno	sim	äsy	imis
GEN	maÿn	äncis	unsez	tiz	ÿncwas	izwis	äson	esos	äzys	ezǫ

Determiners

Articles and determiners decline for case along with the noun.

The definite article

The definite article can be used with singular and plural forms of nouns.

NOM	sa
ACC	thi
DAT	tham
GEN	thas

The indefinite article

The indefinite article is the number 1. Similar to other Germanic languages, it cannot be used with plural forms of nouns. 

NOM	ain
ACC
DAT	ainy
GEN	ainu

Other determiners

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Nouns

Nouns in Casuma decline for four cases. 

• the Nominative case is the unmodified form of a noun and denotes the subject.
• the Accusative case marks the direct object
•  the Dative case marks the indirect object
• the Genetive case shows posession 

Nouns follow five different declension patterns depending on the ending of a noun: a noun can decline differently if it ends in a nasal consonant, a consonant other than a nasal, a front or near-front vowel, a central or back vowel, and a nasal vowel.

Nasal consonant endings

declension of döusn - "animal"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	döusn	döusnÿs
Accusative		döusni
Dative	döusny	döusnys
Genetive	döusnu	döusnam

Non-nasal consonant endings

declension of rÿpyblÿc - "republic"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rÿpyblÿc	rÿpyblÿcas
Accusative
Dative	rÿpyblÿcy	rÿpyblÿcyn
Genetive	rÿpyblÿcu	rÿpyblÿcin

Front and near-front vowel endings

The only truncation in this type of declension occurs in the accusative singular. 

declension of rügi - "rye"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rügi	rügin
Accusative	rüganų	rüginu
Dative	rügim	rügimä
Genetive	rügini	rüginǫ

Central and back vowel endings

declension of räcny - "rain"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	räcny	räcniwi
Accusative	räcnų	räcnun
Dative	räcnaz	räcnasi
Genetive	räcnys	räcniwǫ

Nasal vowel endings

In the nominative plural, the accusative, and the genetive singular, the nasal vowel will be replaced by it's non-nasal counterpart and then the bolded case ending will be added on. In the genetive plural -es will be infixed between the final consonant and the nasal vowel. In the dative case, the truncations will be the same no matter which nasal vowel the noun ends in. 

declension of bazą - "berry"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bazą	bazanis
Accusative	bazanu	bazanus
Dative	bazaų	bazaun
Genetive	bazas	bazesą

Adjectives

Adjectives in Casuma preceed the noun they modify and agree with it's case. There are two irregular adjectives (much) and (good). All other adjectives are regular and follow the same declension pattern depending on whether they end in a consonant, vowel, or nasal vowel.

example declension of shaun - "beautiful"
	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Nominative	shaun	shauny	shaunist
Accusative
Dative	shauna	shaunajo	shaunasto
Genitive	shaunas	shaunaszo	shaunashto

Nasal vowels retain their unnasalized variant in all declensions but the nominative-accusative comparative.

example declension of grautą - "great"
	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Nominative	grautą	grauter	grautan
Accusative
Dative	grauta	grautajǫ	grautast
Genitive	grautas	grautaszo	grautaszan

Verbs

The Casuma verb is fairly simple compared to other germanic languages. 11 strong verbs survive from Proto-Germanic and there are only 2 irregular verbs. Verbs conjugate for 3 moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative) and three tenses. The present and past tense are indicated by inflection of the verb, and the future tense is indicated by an auxillary verb. Dual-number pronouns take the plural conjugation.

To Be

The verb "to be" is completely irregular, as in many Indo-European languages.

Example conjugation of wäzan - "to be, to exist"
		Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
Present	1  sing	im	shǫ	-
	2 sing	iz	shęs	win
	3 sing	ist	she	wezoü
	1 plural	zum	shäm	-
	2 plural	zuth	sÿth	wäjydi
	3 plural	zįn	sį	wis
Past	1 sing	wä	wįz	-
	2 sing	wä	wäj	-
	3 sing	wäs	wäzi	-
	1 plural	wäsum	wäddim	-
	2 plural	wäzudh	wäst	-
	3 plural	wäzun	wäzin	-

Strong verbs

There are few strong verbs surviving in Casuma, and they take a different conjugation than weak verbs. These are zäwan (to see), helpan (to help), näman (to take), ghäban (to give), ätan (to eat), shäcan (to happen), näwsan (to use), and . 

Example conjugation of zäwan - "to see"
		Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
Present	1  sing	zäwy	zäwai	-
	2 sing	zÿws	zÿwais	zä(w)
	3 sing	zÿwt	zÿwait	zäwat
	1 plural	zäwam	zäwaim	-
	2 plural	zäwit	zäwait	zäwis
	3 plural	zäwan	zäwain	zäwa
Past	1 sing	zaw	zawi	-
	2 sing	zawt	zawis	-
	3 sing	zaw	zawi	-
	1 plural	zawu	zawim	-
	2 plural	zawut	zawit	-
	3 plural	zawan	zawin	-

Weak Verbs

Example conjugation of branjan  - "to set on fire"
		Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
Present	1  sing	branjo	branjaų	-
	2 sing	branjis	branjais	branji
	3 sing	branjith	branjai	branjatdau
	1 plural	branjam	branjaif	-
	2 plural	branjith	branjaith	branjä
	3 plural	branjan	branjain	branjana
Past	1 sing	branjato	branjatų	-
	2 sing	branjates	branjatis	-
	3 sing	branjat	branjatai	-
	1 plural	branjatim	branjait	-
	2 plural	branjatäth	branjatai	-
	3 plural	branjätan	branjatain	-

Participles

Participles are not formed differently if the verb is strong or weak. There are only 2 participles in Casuma: present and past.

	Participles of zäwan	Participles of branjan
Present	zäwans	branjans
Past	zäwödath	branjödath

Vocabulary

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Example text

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